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There are several types of chemical messengers in the body including neurotransmitters, hormones, and neurohormones. Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine are involved in functions such as muscle movement, mood, learning, and attention. They work by transmitting signals across synapses. Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel farther to target cells to regulate various bodily functions through glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive organs. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control hormone production and release in other glands. Disruptions in these chemical signaling systems can lead to diseases and disorders that impact movement, cognition, and other physiological processes.
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Melatonin Transcription:
Melatonin controls the circadian rhythm as well as the deep stages of sleep.
Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and declines significantly when a person reaches age 40.
Melatonin levels peak at night and decrease throughout the day with the help of natural sunlight.
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Culprits of Low Melatonin Levels:
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Your brain releases happy chemicals when you see something good for survival. You define survival with neural pathways built from experience. They can lead to behaviors that are not really good for survival. You can build new pathways, but it's not easy. It helps to know how the old ones got there. Neurons connect from emotion and repetition. Emotions are chemicals controlled by the brain structures we've inherited from earlier mammals. You cannot just ignore your animal brain because it's part of your operating system. Your three brains have to work together, even though they're not on speaking terms.
Meet Your Happy Chemicals: Dopamine, Serotonin, Endorphin, Oxytocin
We all have "happy habits." We repeat behaviors that triggered our happy chemicals in the past, even without conscious intent. Habits have power because brain chemicals pave neural pathways. Our brain expects to feel good by doing things that felt good before. Unfortunately, good things have side effects. We can end up feeling bad despite our efforts to feel good. Fortunately, we can rewire ourselves to replace an unwanted habit with a healthier habit. Here is a simple plan for choosing a new habit and repeating it until it feels natural. You can stimulate more happy chemicals with fewer side effects. It's not easy, but you can do it in 45 days it you commit.
Excretion of drugs and kinetics of elimination
1) There are various routes of drug excretion including urine, feces, exhaled air, saliva, sweat and milk.
2) Renal excretion is the major route and involves glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Drug clearance and kinetics of elimination such as first and zero order can be used to design dosage regimens.
3) Repeated drug administration may use loading and maintenance doses to rapidly reach and maintain therapeutic drug levels under the plateau and target level principles.
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Life Science Chapter 21 The Nervous System
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The document discusses the structure and function of neurons and the nervous system in 3 paragraphs:
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2) It provides an overview of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also mentions the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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The document summarizes key aspects of neuroscience and the nervous system in 3 paragraphs:
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A hormone is a signaling molecule produced by glands that is transported via bloodstream to regulate physiology. The endocrine system uses hormones while the nervous system uses neurons. Hormones act slowly over long periods while neurons act fast. Major glands include the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and adrenals. Hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone and others which target specific cells and tissues to perform various functions like growth, metabolism, and development.
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The document discusses several topics related to brain mechanisms of movement:
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2) The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and learned motor behaviors through connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
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The document discusses neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. It defines the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. The major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system are amino acids like glutamate and GABA, and amines like dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. Neurotransmitters are synthesized and stored in neurons, then released into the synaptic cleft to activate receptors on the receiving neuron. This activation can be excitatory or inhibitory. The document discusses the synthesis, receptors, and functions of several important neurotransmitters like GABA, glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine.
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The document discusses the anatomy and function of the adrenal medulla. It notes that the adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells that are derived from neural crest cells and act as a sympathetic ganglion. The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. It summarizes the biosynthesis pathway of catecholamines from tyrosine and discusses how the hormones signal through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to produce various effects in different tissues.
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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow separation of document structure (HTML) from presentation (formatting). CSS defines styles that can be applied to structural elements like headings, paragraphs, and tables. A CSS file contains rules that assign property-value pairs to selectors like tags. For example, a rule could set all <h1> tags to be Verdana font, size 2em, and red color. CSS rules cascade from broad to specific scope and can override each other. This allows base styles to be overridden for specific sections.
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The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral system connects the CNS to muscles and organs. The peripheral system includes the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic divisions. The brain is divided into left and right hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum, and each hemisphere contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes specialized for different functions.
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E-mail etiquette guidelines include:
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Computer viruses work by attaching themselves to other programs and replicating when those programs are run. There are different types of malware including viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Viruses first emerged when personal computers became widespread and people shared software over bulletin boards and floppy disks. Early viruses embedded themselves in executable files or boot sectors to automatically spread. Later, email viruses and worms that exploited security vulnerabilities allowed malware to spread more easily over networks. Spyware is generally not designed to damage computers but can track users and change browser settings without permission. People can help protect themselves by using antivirus software, avoiding unknown programs, and practicing safe web browsing habits.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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