lecture note by Sir mohamad hisyam ismail

1. EDU555
CURRICULUM & INSTRUCTION
Educational Emphasis
(Scientific Skills)

2. Scientific Skills
0 Logical operations of thinking in investigations. They
are either;
0 Basic (Science Process Skills)
0 Integrated (Manipulative Skills)
0 Basic Process Skills
0 Observing, comparing, classifying, quantifying, inferring,
predicting and communicating.
0 Integrated Process Skills
0 Embodied in experimenting which includes hypothesizing,
controlling variables and classifying data.

3. Basic Process Skills
Science Process Skills (SPS)

4. 1. OBSERVING
most basic and fundamental of the process skills.
One cannot compare, classify or perform the
other process skills without being a good
observer. We observe objects or events through
our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste and
hearing.
Example: Describing a pencil as yellow

5. The Process of observing can be:
0 Qualitative – this is identifying and naming
the properties of an object such as its shape,
color, size, texture, smell, and sound.
0 Quantitative – This kind of observation
involves measurement.
0 Change – it could be the result of crushing,
pounding, burning, cutting, decaying, etc.

6. 2. COMPARING
Comparing is using
observable properties in
discovering similarities of
and differences between
objects and phenomena.
Through comparison, we
are able to identify
relationships among
objects and phenomena
observed.

7. 3. CLASSIFYING
There is an overwhelming number of things
around us – nonliving and living things. Order can
be attained by observing similarities, differences
and interrelationships and by grouping them
accordingly to suit some purpose.
Example: Placing all rocks having certain grain size
or hardness into one group.

8. 4. INFERRING
While observing is getting information by using one
or more senses, inferring is explaining or
interpreting an observation.
Example: Saying that the person who used a
pencil made a lot of mistakes because the eraser
was well worn.

9. 5. PREDICTING
Predicting is the process of using past observations or data
along with other kinds of scientific knowledge to forecast
event or relationships. A statement not based on
observation is not a prediction. It is simply a guess.
Interpolation – is predicting new data based on and within a trend/ pattern of
previously observed data.
Extrapolation - is predicting new data outside or beyond the range of previously
observed data.

10. 6. QUANTIFYING
Quantifying is making and manipulating quantitative
observations.
This involves:
1. Using numbers
2. measuring
3. using time and space
Example: Using a meter stick to measure the length
of a table in centimeters.

11. 7. COMMUNICATING
Expressing ideas in many forms, such as orally, in writing or
with graphs, diagrams, tables of data or photographs is a
way of communicating.
Example: Describing the change in height of a plant over
time in writing or through a graph.

12. Integrated Process Skills
Manipulative Skills

13. MANIPULATIVE SKILLS
These skills involve using
equipment and materials
properly and accurately,
preparing setups for
investigation, and handling
specimen carefully.

14. THANK YOU