Volcanoes can be classified in several ways:
1) By frequency of eruption - active, dormant, or extinct
2) By shape and mode of eruption - shield, composite, caldera, cinder cone, lava domes
3) By lava composition - those with basic or acidic lava
Other types include supervolcanoes, flood basalt provinces, and submarine volcanoes. Volcanoes form due to pressure from magma escaping through cracks in the earth's crust.
Learning Competencies:
-explain how typhoons develop;
- infer why the Philippines is prone to typhoons;
-explain how landmasses and bodies of water affect typhoons;
A PowerPoint Presentation for Grade 9 teachers. This presentation is ONLY suggested guide for teachers to assist them on the discussion after the activities as suggested in the Learner's Module were performed. Please feel free to add comments and suggestions. Thanks!
Energy from Volcanoes ppt. is the next topic/ lesson from grade 9 LM Module 1 Quarter 3. The presentation is a discussion guide for teachers about geothermal energy and gives video suggestions in order for the students to understand the lesson well especially in showing how geothermal energy is harnessed. Feedbacks, reactions and suggestions are very much welcomed. Thanks!
Learning Competencies:
-explain how typhoons develop;
- infer why the Philippines is prone to typhoons;
-explain how landmasses and bodies of water affect typhoons;
A PowerPoint Presentation for Grade 9 teachers. This presentation is ONLY suggested guide for teachers to assist them on the discussion after the activities as suggested in the Learner's Module were performed. Please feel free to add comments and suggestions. Thanks!
Energy from Volcanoes ppt. is the next topic/ lesson from grade 9 LM Module 1 Quarter 3. The presentation is a discussion guide for teachers about geothermal energy and gives video suggestions in order for the students to understand the lesson well especially in showing how geothermal energy is harnessed. Feedbacks, reactions and suggestions are very much welcomed. Thanks!
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Characteristics of different volcanoes and their types
1. Characteristics of Different Types of Volcanoes and Features
Submitted by :- Manoj Kumar Saini
ID No. :- Ag/Pg/0016/19
Submitted to :- Er. Pawan Kumar
College of Agriculture
Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, NH-75, Near Pahuj Dam,
Gwalior Road, Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) - 284003
2.
3. A volcano is a landform (usually a mountain)
where molten rock erupts in the Earths crust.
A lot of pressure underground pushes up the
molten rocks.
As pressure in the molten rock (magma) builds
up, it needs to escape somewhere.
This pressure in the molten rock (magma)
comes from the mantle of the Earth and reaches
the crust through cracks.
The molten rock rushes out through a vertical
tunnel called a vent and fills a hollow crater at the
top.
Once the magma erupts through the earths
surface, it is called lava.
As lava cools, it solidifies and forms rocks.
4. Characteristics of volcanoes
A volcano is formed by eruptions of lava and ash.
Volcanoes are usually cone shaped mountains or hills.
When magma reaches the Earths surface it is called lava, when the lava cools, it forms rock.
Volcanic eruptions can happen at destructive and constructive boundaries, but not at conservative boundaries or collision
zone.
Some volcanoes happen underwater, along the seabed or ocean floor.
Common volcanic gases comprise of water vapour, carbon di oxide sulphur di oxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride
and hydrogen sulphide.
Large volcanic eruptions can reflect radiation from the sun and drop average temperatures on earth by around half a
degree.
Pumice a unique rock (igneous) that can float in water.
It can also used in abrasive and is sometimes used in beauty salons for scrubbing.
5.
6. Based on the
frequency of
eruption
Active
volcanoes
Dormant
volcanoes
Extinct
volcanoes
Based on the
mode of
eruption
Fissure
volcanoes
Shield
volcanoes
Composite
volcanoes
caldera
Cinder cones
volcanoes
Lava domes
volcanoes
Based on the
characteristics of
lava
Volcanoes
with basic
lava
Volcanoes
with acidic
lava
8. Introduction
Most people have never seen a real volcano
but have learn about them through movies or
books.
So when most people think of a volcano, they
usually conjure up the Hollywood version: a
huge, menacing conical mountain that explodes
and spews out masses of lava which falls on
rampaging dinosaurs, screaming cave people, or
fleeing mobs of betogaed Romans – depending
on their favorite volcano disaster movie.
While those types of volcanoes do indeed exist,
they represent only one species in a veritable zoo
of volcano shape and sizes.
9. Volcanoes type based on frequency eruption
If at the present time it is excepted to erupt or is erupting already.
There are a total of close to 1500 of such volcanoes on the planet. Every year
someone where between 50 and 70 volcanoes will erupt.
Example:- Kilauea which has been erupting since 1983
A dormant volcano is also excepted to have an eruption sometime in the future. Sometimes the difference between a
dormant volcano and active volcano that is preety small. That is because even though a volcano can be dormant for
hundred of years it is steel excepted to have an eruption in the future.629
10. An extinct volcano is a volcano that no one expects will
ever have another eruption. One such volcano is also
located on Hawaii's Big Island and its name is Kohala.
The last time that Kohala erupted was close to 60,000
years ago. As of now scientists do not believe that
volcano will ever be active again.
Example:- Mauna Kea is a volcano which is located on Big island and its last eruption took place 3500-4000 years
ago. However scientists believe that it will erupt again. A dormant volcano could be very dangerous because people
in the surrounding areas are usually not prepared and complacent leaving close to the mountain. Before its eruption
in 1980, Mount St. Helens was dormant
11. Volcano types based on mode of eruption
Fissure volcanoes have no central crater at all.
Instead giant cracks open in the ground and expel
vast quantities of lava.
This lava spreads far and wide to form huge pools
that can cover almost everything around.
When these pools of lava cool and solidify, hat
surface remains mostly flat.
Science the source cracks are usually buried, there
are often nothing “volcano” like to see – only a flat
plain.
Example:-A fissure eruption occurred at the Los Pilas
volcano in Nicaragua in 1952.
1. Fissure volcanoes
12. 2. Shield volcanoes
How to identify:-
They are not very steep but are far and wider.
They extend to great height as well as distance.
They are the largest of all volcanoes in the world as the lava flows to a far distance. The Hawaiian volcanoes
are the most famous examples.
Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas.
If you were to fly over top of a shield volcano, it would resemble a warrior’s shield, hence the name.
These volcanoes are mostly made up of basalt (less viscous), a type of lava that is very fluid when erupted. For
this reason, these volcanoes are not steep.
They are of low explosive in general, but if somehow water gets into the vent they may turn explosive.
The upcoming lava moves in the form of a fountain and throws out the cone at the top of the vent and
develops into cinder cone
Example :-
Mauna Loa, a shield volcano on the “Big” Island of Hawaii, is the largest single mountain in the world, rising over
30,000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100miles across at its base.
Other famous shield volcanoes include Kilauea, also in Hawaii, and Olympus Mons of Mars.
13.
14. 2.Composite volcanoes
The most majestic of the volcanoes are composite volcanoes.
Shape:- Cone shaped with moderately steep sides and sometimes
have small craters in their summits.
Volcanologists call these “strato-” or composite volcanoes because
they consist of layers of solid lava flows mixed with layers of sand-
or gravel-like volcanic rock called cinders or volcanic ash.
They are characterized by the eruption of a cooler and more
viscous lavas than basalt.
These volcanoes often result in explosive eruptions.
Along with lava, large quantities of pyroclastic materials and
ashes find their way to the ground.
This material accumulates in the vicinity of the vent openings
and leading to the formation of layers, and this makes the mount
appears as composite volcanoes.
Example:-
Famous composite volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan,
Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen in California, Mount St. Helens
and Mount Rainier Washington State, Mount Hood in Oregon, and
Mount Etna in Italy.
15. 3.Caldera
These are the most explosive of the
earth’s volcanoes.
They are usually so explosive that
when they erupt they tend to collapse
on themselves rather than building any
tall structure.
The collapsed depressions are called
calderas.
Their explosiveness indicates that its
magma chamber is large and in close
vicinity.
A caldera differs from a crater in such
a way that a caldera is a huge
depression caused by a collapse after a
large-scale eruption, whereas a crater is
a small, steep side, volcanic depression
bored out by an eruptive plume.
Example:- Yellowstone Caldera, Valles
caldera, Mount Mazama caldera.
16. 4.Cinder cone volcanoes
Cinder cones are simple volcanoes which have a bowl shaped
crater at the summit and steep sides.
Cinders are extrusive igneous rocks. A more modern name
for cinder is Scoria
They only grow to about a thousand feet, the size of a hill.
The usually are created of eruptions from a single opening,
unlike a strato-volcano or shield volcano which can erupt from
many different openings.
Cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of tephra
(volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a
volcanic vent.
These volcanoes consist almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders
and almost no lava.
They have very steep sides and usually have a small crater on
top.
Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.
Famous cinder cones include Paricutin in Mexico and the one in
the middle of Crater Lake in Oregon.
17. 5.Lava domes volcano
Lava dome volcanoes are formed by
relatively small, bulbous masses of lava too
viscous to flow any great distance;
consequently, on extrusion, the lava piles
over and around its vent.
A domes grows largely by expansion from
within. As it grows its outer surface cools and
hardens, the shatters, spilling loose
fragments down its sides.
Some domes form craggy knobs or spines
over the volcanic vent, whereas others form
short, steep sided lava flows known as “
coulees.”
volcanic domes commonly occur within
the craters or on the flanks of large
composite volcanoes.
18. 1.Basic lava
Lava will be rich in metallic minerals and has low melting point .
Hence it has greater fluidity, i.e., less viscosity.
Lava flows far and wide with greater speed.
They forms Shield volcanoes.
2.Acidic lava
Lava rich in in silica and has a relatively high melting point.
They are highly viscous and solidifies quickly.
They forms high volcanic structures with steep slope known as Composite volcanoes
Volcano type based on characteristics of lava
19. Other type of volcanoes
1.Super volcanoes
A super volcano usually has a large caldera and can produce devastation on an enormous,
sometimes continental, scale .
Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due
to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere .
They are the most dangerous type of volcano. Because of the enormous area they may cover, Super
volcanoes are hard to identify centuries after an eruption.
example:-
Yellowstone national caldera in Yellowstone National and Valles caldera in New Mexico ( both
western united states).
Lake Taupo in New Zealand ; Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia; Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania; and
Krakatoa near Java and Sumatra, Indonesia
20.
21. Submarine volcanoes are common features of the ocean
floor. In shallow water, active volcanoes disclose their
pressure by blasting steam and rocky debris high above the
oceans surface.
In the oceans deep, the tremendous weight of the water
above prevents the explosive release of steam and gases;
however, they can be detected by hydrophones and
discoloration of water because of volcanoes gases .
Pillow lava is a common eruptive product of submarine
volcanoes and is characterized by thick sequence of
discontinuous pillow-shaped masses which form under water.
Even large submarine eruptions may not disturb the ocean
surface due to the rapid cooling effect and increased
buoyancy of water(as compared to air) which often causes
volcanic vents to form steep pillars on the ocean floor
hydrothermal vents are common near these volcanoes, and
some support peculiar ecosystem based on dissolved
minerals.
2.Submarine Volcanoes
22. These volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that flows for long
distances.
The Deccan Traps from India, presently covering most of the
Maharashtra plateau, are a much larger flood basalt province.
3.Flood Basalt Provinces
Fig. Deccan Traps from India