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South Carolina Geological Survey
                                                                                                                                            Educational Series #9
Types of Volcanoes
   Most people have never seen a real volcano but have learned about them through movies or books.
So when most people think of a volcano, they usually conjure up the Hollywood version: a huge,
menacing conical mountain that explodes and spews out masses of lava which falls on rampaging
dinosaurs, screaming cave people, or fleeing mobs of betogaed Romans - depending on their favorite
volcano disaster movie. While those types of volcanoes do indeed exist, they represent only one
"species" in a veritable zoo of volcano shapes and sizes.                                                             Composite Volcanoes
                                                                                                                      The most majestic of the volcanoes are composite
Fissure Volcano                                                                                                       volcanoes, also known as strato-volcanoes.
                                                                                                                      Composite volcanoes are tall, symetrically
Fissure volcanoes have no central crater at all. Instead,                                                             shaped, with steep sides, sometimes rising 10,000
giant cracks open in the ground and expel vast quantities                                                             feet high. They are built of alternating layers of
of lava. This lava spreads far and wide to form huge pools                                                            lava flows, volcanic ash, and cinders.
that can cover almost everything around. When
these pools of lava cool and solidify, the surface                                                                    Famous composite volcanoes include Mount Fuji
remains mostly flat. Since the source cracks                                                                          in Japan, Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen in
are usually buried, there is often nothing                                                                       California, Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier in
"volcano-like" to see - only a flat plain.                                                                       Washington State, Mount Hood in Oregon, and
                                                                                                                 Mount Etna in Italy.
A fissure eruption occured at the Los Pilas
volcano in Nicaragua in 1952.
                                                                                     Shield Volcanoes
                                                                                     Shield volcanoes can grow to be very big. In fact, the
                                                                                     oldest continental regions of Earth may be the remains of
                                  Cinder Cones                                       ancient shield volcanoes.
                                   Cinder cones are simple volcanoes which have
                                   a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and steep      Shield volcanoes are tall and broad with flat,
                                   sides. They only grow to about a thousand feet,   rounded shapes. They have low slopes and almost
                                   the size of a hill. They usually are created of   always have large craters at their summits. The
                                   eruptions from a single opening, unlike a         Hawaiian volcanoes exemplify the common type
                                   strato-volcano or shield volcano which can        of shield volcano. They are built by countless
                                   erupt from many different openings. Cinder        outpourings of lava that advance great distances
                                   cones are typically are made of piles of lava,    from a central summit vent or group of vents. The
                                   not ash. During the eruption, blobs ("cinders")   outpourings of lava are typically not accompanied
                                   of lava are blown into the air and break into     by pyroclastic material, which make the shield volcanoes
                                   small fragments that fall around the opening      relatively safe during eruptions.
                            of the volcano. The pile forms an oval-shaped small
                            volcano.                                                 Mauna Loa, a shield volcano on the "big" island of Hawaii, is the largest single
                                                                                       mountain in the world, rising over 30,000 feet above the ocean floor and
                Famous cinder cones include Paricutin in Mexico and                        reaching almost 100 miles across at its base. Other famous shield
               the one in the middle of Crater Lake in Oregon.                                  volcanoes include Kilauea, also in Hawaii, and Olympus Mons of Mars.

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Types of volcanoes

  • 1. South Carolina Geological Survey Educational Series #9 Types of Volcanoes Most people have never seen a real volcano but have learned about them through movies or books. So when most people think of a volcano, they usually conjure up the Hollywood version: a huge, menacing conical mountain that explodes and spews out masses of lava which falls on rampaging dinosaurs, screaming cave people, or fleeing mobs of betogaed Romans - depending on their favorite volcano disaster movie. While those types of volcanoes do indeed exist, they represent only one "species" in a veritable zoo of volcano shapes and sizes. Composite Volcanoes The most majestic of the volcanoes are composite Fissure Volcano volcanoes, also known as strato-volcanoes. Composite volcanoes are tall, symetrically Fissure volcanoes have no central crater at all. Instead, shaped, with steep sides, sometimes rising 10,000 giant cracks open in the ground and expel vast quantities feet high. They are built of alternating layers of of lava. This lava spreads far and wide to form huge pools lava flows, volcanic ash, and cinders. that can cover almost everything around. When these pools of lava cool and solidify, the surface Famous composite volcanoes include Mount Fuji remains mostly flat. Since the source cracks in Japan, Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen in are usually buried, there is often nothing California, Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier in "volcano-like" to see - only a flat plain. Washington State, Mount Hood in Oregon, and Mount Etna in Italy. A fissure eruption occured at the Los Pilas volcano in Nicaragua in 1952. Shield Volcanoes Shield volcanoes can grow to be very big. In fact, the oldest continental regions of Earth may be the remains of Cinder Cones ancient shield volcanoes. Cinder cones are simple volcanoes which have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and steep Shield volcanoes are tall and broad with flat, sides. They only grow to about a thousand feet, rounded shapes. They have low slopes and almost the size of a hill. They usually are created of always have large craters at their summits. The eruptions from a single opening, unlike a Hawaiian volcanoes exemplify the common type strato-volcano or shield volcano which can of shield volcano. They are built by countless erupt from many different openings. Cinder outpourings of lava that advance great distances cones are typically are made of piles of lava, from a central summit vent or group of vents. The not ash. During the eruption, blobs ("cinders") outpourings of lava are typically not accompanied of lava are blown into the air and break into by pyroclastic material, which make the shield volcanoes small fragments that fall around the opening relatively safe during eruptions. of the volcano. The pile forms an oval-shaped small volcano. Mauna Loa, a shield volcano on the "big" island of Hawaii, is the largest single mountain in the world, rising over 30,000 feet above the ocean floor and Famous cinder cones include Paricutin in Mexico and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base. Other famous shield the one in the middle of Crater Lake in Oregon. volcanoes include Kilauea, also in Hawaii, and Olympus Mons of Mars.