This document describes different types of volcanoes including composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and spatter cones. Composite volcanoes are tall and conical, built up from layers of lava and rock fragments. Shield volcanoes are wide and gently sloping due to fluid basaltic lava. Cinder cones form steep hills above vents and are built from ejected lava fragments. Spatter cones consist of welded lava clots that form around vents. Volcanic eruptions depend on factors like silica and water content, which influence lava viscosity and explosivity. Eruptions can range from gentle lava flows to violent ejections of pyroclastic material.
This document looks at volcanoes in detail. It starts with the definition of volcanoes and the labeling of the different parts of a volcano. Then it looks at the different extrusive and intrusive volcanic features. It also looks at the positive and negative effects of volcanic activity
A PowerPoint Presentation for Grade 9 teachers. This presentation is ONLY suggested guide for teachers to assist them on the discussion after the activities as suggested in the Learner's Module were performed. Please feel free to add comments and suggestions. Thanks!
This document looks at volcanoes in detail. It starts with the definition of volcanoes and the labeling of the different parts of a volcano. Then it looks at the different extrusive and intrusive volcanic features. It also looks at the positive and negative effects of volcanic activity
A PowerPoint Presentation for Grade 9 teachers. This presentation is ONLY suggested guide for teachers to assist them on the discussion after the activities as suggested in the Learner's Module were performed. Please feel free to add comments and suggestions. Thanks!
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
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3. Composite Volcanoes
Composite volcanoes, also called
strato volcanoes, are formed by
alternating layers of lava and rock
fragments. This is the reason they
are called composite.
Strato-volcanoes often form
impressive, snow-capped peaks
which are often exceeding 2500m in
height, 1000sq.km in surface, and
400km3 in volume.
Although strato-volcanoes are
usually large and conical, we can
distinguish different shapes of them:
concave (like Agua), pyramidal (like
Stromboli), convex-concave (like
Vesuvius), helmet-shaped (like
Mount Rainier), collapse caldera
(like Graciosa), nested (like El Piton
in Teide), multiple summits (like
Shasta), elongated along a fissure
(like Hekla).
4. Shield Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes are huge in size. They
are built by many layers of runny lava
flows. Lava spills out of a central vent or
group of vents. A broad shaped, gently
sloping cone is formed. This is caused
by the very fluid, basaltic lava which
can't be piled up into steep mounds
Shield volcanoes may be produced by
hot spots which lay far away from the
edges of tectonic plates. Shields also
occur along the mid-oceanic ridge,
where sea-floor spreading is in progress
and along subduction related volcanic
arcs.
The eruptions of shield volcanoes are
characterized by low-explosivity lava-
fountaining that forms cinder cones and
spatter cones at the vent. Famous
shield volcanoes can be found for
example in Hawaii (e.g. Mauna Loa and
Kilauea).
5. Cinder Cones
A cinder cone is a steep conical hill formed above
a vent. Cinder cones are among the most
common volcanic landforms found in the
world. They aren't famous as their eruptions
usually don't cause any loss of life. Cinder cones
are chiefly formed by Strombolian eruptions. The
cones usually grow up in groups and they often
occur on the flanks of strato volcanoes and shield
volcanoes.
Cinder cones are built from lava fragments called
cinders. The lava fragments are ejected from a
single vent and accumulate around the vent when
they fall back to earth.
Cinder cones grow rapidly and soon approach
their maximum size. They rarely exceed 250m in
height and 500m in diameter.
The shape of a cinder cone can be modified
during its (short) life. When the position of the
vent alters, aligned, twin or secant cones
develop. Nested,buried or breached cones are
formed when the power of the eruption varies.
A great example of a cinder cone is Paricutín in
Mexico. It was born in February 20, 1943 in a
corn field and grew to 300 feet in 5 days.
6. Spatter Cones
When hot erupting lava contains just
enough explosive gas to prevent the
formation of a lava flow, but not
enough to shatter it into small
fragments the lava is torn by
expanding gases into fluid hot clots,
ranging in size from 1cm to 50cm
across, called spatter.
When the spatter falls back to Earth
the clots weld themselves together
and solidify forming steep-sided
accumulations. These
accumulations focused on an
individual vent are called spatter
cones.
7. Different Types of Volcanic
Eruptions
1. low water, low silica - runny
lava flows (not viscous)
2. low water, high silica (very
viscous) - pasty lava - often building
domes
3. high water, low silica(not
viscous) - fountain of runny lava
4. high water, high silica
(very viscous) - explosion
8. Impacts and Effects of
Volcanoes
The sudden violence of volcanic eruptions causes catastrophe
and devastation. Various notorious eruptions of volcanoes in
the past, such as Mount Pelée, Tambora, Krakatau and
Pinatubo have demonstrated the devastating impact of volcanic
activity on nearby landscapes and communities. Many people
got killed. A big number of people had to abandon their homes
and land forever. Even the whole world's climate was changed
for a while as a result of an eruption!
These effects of volcanic eruptions are mostly the result of
certain hazards. Volcanoes provide different hazards during an
eruption. Each hazard poses different risks affecting different
areas.
9. How Volcanoes Erupt
An eruption begins when pressure on a magma chamber forces magma up through the conduit and out the
volcano's vents. When the magma chamber has been completely filled, the type of eruption partly depends
on the amount of gases and silica in the magma. The amount of silica determines how sticky (level of
viscosity) the magma is and water provides the explosive potential of steam.
Obstacles also influence the type of eruption. When the pipe is blocked by a stopple or an accumulation of
pumice, the pressure in the pipe will build up very high resulting in an explosion.
When magma reaches earth's surface it is called lava. It may pour out in gentle streams called lava flows or
erupt violently into the air. Rocks ripped loose from the inside of the volcano or torn apart by the gas may be
shot into the air with the lava. These rocks blown out of a volcano are called pyroclastic rocks. The rock
fragments fall back to earth in many different shapes and sizes:
– Dust - particles less than 1/100 inch in diameter
Dust particles may be carried great distances. In a powerful eruption they may be carried around the
earth several times.
– Ash - fragments less than 1/5 inch in diameter
Most volcanic ash falls to the surface and cemented together by water to form a rock called volcanic tuff.
– Bomb - A rounded piece of newly hardened lava which takes shape while flying through the air.
– Block - A piece of lava that has sharp corners.
– Cinder - Bubbly rock formed by liquid lava cooling in the air.
– Pumice - Cinder so bubbly that it floats in water.
Volcanic activity is classified by how often a volcano erupts. A volcano may be active, intermittent, dormant,
or extinct. Active volcanoes erupt constantly. Intermittent volcanoes erupt fairly regularly. Dormant
volcanoes are inactive, but not long enough to determine whether they will erupt again or not. Extinct
volcanoes have been inactive since the beginning of recorded history.