This document discusses different concepts related to improving the human species:
- Eugenics aims to improve human traits through selective breeding and reducing "undesirable" characteristics. Early supporters believed traits like illness could be bred out.
- Euthenics focuses on environmental improvements like education, sanitation and living conditions to enhance human well-being and functioning.
- Euphenics uses genetic engineering after birth to address genetic conditions and make phenotypic improvements, avoiding the negative connotations of eugenics. It aims to lessen the impact of genetic conditions over time.
This document discusses sex determination and sex expression in animals. It defines key terms like sex chromosomes, autosomes, and allosomes. It describes four main mechanisms of sex determination: sex characters, chromosomal sex determination, monogenic sex determination, and environmental sex determination. For chromosomal sex determination, it provides details on the XX-XY, XX-XO, XO-XX, and ZW-ZZ systems. It also discusses genic balance theory and sex mosaicism in Drosophila.
Population genetics considers the distribution and change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Genetic change occurs through mutations, gene flow between populations due to migration, genetic drift when small populations become isolated, and natural selection which influences which genotypes leave more offspring. Tracking allele frequencies in populations can provide information about evolution and disease risk.
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying human inherited diseases. Pedigrees make relationships within families easier to visualize, especially in large families. They are used to determine the mode of inheritance, such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, etc. The document then discusses why pedigrees are used for humans instead of other methods due to small family sizes and uncontrolled matings in humans. It provides examples of different modes of inheritance and discusses analyzing dominant and recessive pedigrees to determine genotypes.
The human genome project was a large, international scientific research project that began in 1990 with the goal of mapping the entire human genome and determining the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. It was coordinated by the US Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health. By 2003, the project had generated a rough draft of the human genome sequence and identified most human genes. The goals of the project included developing chromosome maps, sequencing the human genome, analyzing genetic variation, and identifying all human genes. The project has led to many medical and other applications such as improved disease diagnosis, drug development, and agriculture.
The document discusses the human genome project, which aimed to sequence the entire human genome and identify all human genes. It provides background on the human genome, describing its size, number of genes, and chromosomes. It details the goals and milestones of the human genome project from 1986 to 2003. Vectors like yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were used to clone large fragments of DNA for sequencing.
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
This document discusses different concepts related to improving the human species:
- Eugenics aims to improve human traits through selective breeding and reducing "undesirable" characteristics. Early supporters believed traits like illness could be bred out.
- Euthenics focuses on environmental improvements like education, sanitation and living conditions to enhance human well-being and functioning.
- Euphenics uses genetic engineering after birth to address genetic conditions and make phenotypic improvements, avoiding the negative connotations of eugenics. It aims to lessen the impact of genetic conditions over time.
This document discusses sex determination and sex expression in animals. It defines key terms like sex chromosomes, autosomes, and allosomes. It describes four main mechanisms of sex determination: sex characters, chromosomal sex determination, monogenic sex determination, and environmental sex determination. For chromosomal sex determination, it provides details on the XX-XY, XX-XO, XO-XX, and ZW-ZZ systems. It also discusses genic balance theory and sex mosaicism in Drosophila.
Population genetics considers the distribution and change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Genetic change occurs through mutations, gene flow between populations due to migration, genetic drift when small populations become isolated, and natural selection which influences which genotypes leave more offspring. Tracking allele frequencies in populations can provide information about evolution and disease risk.
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying human inherited diseases. Pedigrees make relationships within families easier to visualize, especially in large families. They are used to determine the mode of inheritance, such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, etc. The document then discusses why pedigrees are used for humans instead of other methods due to small family sizes and uncontrolled matings in humans. It provides examples of different modes of inheritance and discusses analyzing dominant and recessive pedigrees to determine genotypes.
The human genome project was a large, international scientific research project that began in 1990 with the goal of mapping the entire human genome and determining the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. It was coordinated by the US Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health. By 2003, the project had generated a rough draft of the human genome sequence and identified most human genes. The goals of the project included developing chromosome maps, sequencing the human genome, analyzing genetic variation, and identifying all human genes. The project has led to many medical and other applications such as improved disease diagnosis, drug development, and agriculture.
The document discusses the human genome project, which aimed to sequence the entire human genome and identify all human genes. It provides background on the human genome, describing its size, number of genes, and chromosomes. It details the goals and milestones of the human genome project from 1986 to 2003. Vectors like yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were used to clone large fragments of DNA for sequencing.
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
A gene library is a large collection of DNA fragments cloned from an organism. It contains genomic DNA or cDNA sequences. Gene libraries are constructed using molecular tools like restriction enzymes and ligases to cut and paste DNA fragments into vectors such as plasmids, phages, or artificial chromosomes. The choice of vector depends on the size of the genome being cloned. Libraries allow screening to identify genes of interest through techniques like hybridization or expression screening. cDNA libraries contain only expressed sequences without introns, making them preferable for cloning eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes.
The Ethics Review Board must balance the reproductive autonomy and health interests of patients with concerns about eugenics and discrimination. PGD may be permitted to avoid passing on serious genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis but not for traits like height. Producing cord cells to help an existing child with Fanconi's anemia could be allowed if the procedure is limited and does not become a gateway to other uses. Sex selection for family balancing requires further discussion due to societal implications.
Chromosome analysis evaluates the number and structure of a person's chromosomes to detect abnormalities. It can detect both numerical changes, such as an abnormal number of chromosomes, and structural changes, such as deletions or duplications. Techniques for chromosome analysis include fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). FISH uses fluorescent probes to detect specific chromosome segments or genes, while CGH and array CGH compare DNA samples to detect copy number variations between them. Chromosome analysis is used to diagnose conditions like Down syndrome, leukemia, and Prader-Willi syndrome.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants starting in 1854. He discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (now called genes) that are passed unchanged from parents to offspring. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel deduced his two laws of inheritance: 1) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and sort independently into gametes, and 2) The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes assort independently of one another when gametes are formed.
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of other genes. There are different types of epistatic interactions: dominant epistasis occurs when a dominant allele of one gene masks the effect of alleles at another gene locus; recessive epistasis occurs when a recessive allele of one gene hides the effects of alleles at another locus; and duplicate recessive genes, or complementary genes, produce the same phenotype only when both genes have homozygous recessive alleles. Epistasis can modify expected Mendelian ratios from crosses.
The Human Genome Project began in 1990 as a joint effort between the Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health to map the entire human genome. By 2001, both the publicly funded Human Genome Project and private company Celera Genomics had completed mapping the genome, which contains approximately 26,000 genes. DNA sequencing techniques like Sanger sequencing were used to determine the precise order of nucleotides in DNA and advance biological and medical research. The genome provides instructions to build a human through genes and proteins, with implications for medicine, biotechnology, and life sciences.
The document discusses eugenics, which aims to improve human populations through genetics and inheritance. It defines eugenics as controlling reproduction to improve human characteristics. Eugenics was coined by Francis Galton and aimed to increase desirable traits and decrease undesirable ones. There are two types - positive eugenics encourages reproduction of desirable people, while negative eugenics limits reproduction of undesirable people through methods like sterilization and marriage restrictions. Many countries historically implemented eugenics policies including birth control, genetic screening, and compulsory sterilization.
The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project that aimed to determine the complete sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA. It was launched in 1990, formally began in 1990, and was declared complete in 2003. The goals were to map all human genes, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs in human DNA, and address related ethical issues. Key outcomes included identifying approximately 22,300 protein-coding genes in humans and applications in molecular medicine, cancer research, and forensics.
This document discusses chromosome and gene mapping techniques. It describes how gene mapping is used to identify the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Two main types of maps are discussed - genetic maps based on linkage and physical maps using actual distances in base pairs. Molecular markers are described as polymorphic DNA sequences used to map genes. Methods for genetic mapping like linkage analysis and calculating recombination fractions are explained.
Karyotyping is a technique used in cytogenetics to examine chromosomes and identify genetic abnormalities that can cause disorders or disease. It involves collecting a cell sample, treating the cells to synchronize them in metaphase, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing the number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes to create a karyotype. Abnormal karyotypes can provide information about genetic conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The main purpose is to detect changes in chromosome number or structure that can help diagnose these genetic disorders.
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that become visible during cell division and carry genetic material. They are composed of chromatin fibers that coil and fold to make chromosomes visible under a light microscope during cell division. Each species has a definite number of chromosomes represented as 2n in somatic cells. Chromosomes contain features like chromatids, centromeres, telomeres, and secondary constrictions that play important structural and functional roles.
Chromosomal abnormalities are alterations in a person's karyotype that can be detected by studying their chromosomes. There are two main types: numerical abnormalities which involve changes in chromosome number like monosomy, trisomy, Klinefelter syndrome, and Down syndrome; and structural abnormalities which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions. Common numerical abnormalities result in conditions such as Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Down syndrome which can cause intellectual disabilities and other health issues.
This document discusses three types of genetic transfer in bacteria: transduction, conjugation, and transformation. It focuses on transduction, describing how bacteriophages can transfer genetic material from one bacteria to another. There are two types of transduction - generalized, where any bacterial gene can be transferred randomly, and specialized, where only certain genes are transferred. The document provides details on the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and how this relates to generalized and specialized transduction. It also briefly discusses conjugation, the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via direct contact through plasmids.
This document provides information about lethal genes and gene therapy. It defines lethal genes as genes that reduce viability or cause death. It describes different types of lethal alleles such as early onset, late onset, conditional, and semi-lethal. Examples of dominant and recessive lethal genes are discussed, including diseases like Huntington's disease and conditions in mice coat color. Gene therapy is introduced as a way to insert normal genes to treat diseases caused by defective genes. The two main approaches of gene therapy - ex vivo and in vivo - are outlined. Viral and non-viral vectors used to deliver genes are also summarized.
Sex determination is controlled by sex chromosomes. In humans and many other species, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness, while its absence results in femaleness. There are two main systems - heterogametic males which include humans and heterogametic females found in some insects and fish. The ratio between X chromosomes and autosomes also influences sex determination in some species through a genic balance mechanism.
This document discusses molecular probes, including their definition, types, preparation, and labeling. It describes the three main types of probes - oligonucleotide probes, DNA probes, and RNA probes. It explains how to prepare probes from genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic oligonucleotides, and RNA. Methods of radioactive labeling including nick translation and oligonucleotide labeling are covered. Non-radioactive labeling using biotin and digoxigenin is also discussed. Finally, applications of molecular probes in identification of recombinant clones, fingerprinting, in situ hybridization, and medical research are summarized.
This document provides an overview of phylogenetic analysis, including:
1) Phylogenetic analysis involves inferring evolutionary relationships between taxa by building phylogenetic trees and analyzing character evolution.
2) Phylogenetic trees show the branching patterns and relationships between taxa, with internal nodes representing hypothetical ancestors.
3) Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into questions like human evolution, disease transmission, and the origins of genetic elements.
Haplogroups are groups of people that share a common ancestor based on a particular genetic mutation they share. While members of the same haplogroup share one ancestor, they can look physically different. Crossing over in chromosomes means chromosomes swap chunks of DNA, giving each new generation a different combination of genes from their parents. The Y chromosome is inherited unchanged from father to son throughout generations, while mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from mothers and passed from mothers to their children, but only daughters pass it on further. Both the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA are used to determine haplogroups, which can provide clues about human migration patterns.
This document discusses karyotyping, which involves pairing and ordering chromosomes to provide a genome-wide snapshot of an individual. Karyotypes can reveal chromosomal abnormalities like changes in number (e.g. Down syndrome) or structure (e.g. deletions, duplications). Clinical cytogeneticists analyze human karyotypes to detect genetic anomalies involving large amounts of DNA. Karyotyping is becoming a diagnostic tool for birth defects, genetic disorders, and cancers.
Eugenics is the scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding,” which gained popularity during the early 20th century. Eugenicists worldwide believed that they could perfect human beings and eliminate so-called social ills through genetics and heredity.
The document discusses eugenics, its definition, history, ethical issues, and views in different religions. It defines eugenics as the science of improving human hereditary qualities through selective breeding. It discusses the history of eugenics ideas and movements. It outlines ethical concerns around eugenics and discusses views on eugenics in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
A gene library is a large collection of DNA fragments cloned from an organism. It contains genomic DNA or cDNA sequences. Gene libraries are constructed using molecular tools like restriction enzymes and ligases to cut and paste DNA fragments into vectors such as plasmids, phages, or artificial chromosomes. The choice of vector depends on the size of the genome being cloned. Libraries allow screening to identify genes of interest through techniques like hybridization or expression screening. cDNA libraries contain only expressed sequences without introns, making them preferable for cloning eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes.
The Ethics Review Board must balance the reproductive autonomy and health interests of patients with concerns about eugenics and discrimination. PGD may be permitted to avoid passing on serious genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis but not for traits like height. Producing cord cells to help an existing child with Fanconi's anemia could be allowed if the procedure is limited and does not become a gateway to other uses. Sex selection for family balancing requires further discussion due to societal implications.
Chromosome analysis evaluates the number and structure of a person's chromosomes to detect abnormalities. It can detect both numerical changes, such as an abnormal number of chromosomes, and structural changes, such as deletions or duplications. Techniques for chromosome analysis include fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). FISH uses fluorescent probes to detect specific chromosome segments or genes, while CGH and array CGH compare DNA samples to detect copy number variations between them. Chromosome analysis is used to diagnose conditions like Down syndrome, leukemia, and Prader-Willi syndrome.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants starting in 1854. He discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (now called genes) that are passed unchanged from parents to offspring. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel deduced his two laws of inheritance: 1) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and sort independently into gametes, and 2) The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes assort independently of one another when gametes are formed.
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of other genes. There are different types of epistatic interactions: dominant epistasis occurs when a dominant allele of one gene masks the effect of alleles at another gene locus; recessive epistasis occurs when a recessive allele of one gene hides the effects of alleles at another locus; and duplicate recessive genes, or complementary genes, produce the same phenotype only when both genes have homozygous recessive alleles. Epistasis can modify expected Mendelian ratios from crosses.
The Human Genome Project began in 1990 as a joint effort between the Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health to map the entire human genome. By 2001, both the publicly funded Human Genome Project and private company Celera Genomics had completed mapping the genome, which contains approximately 26,000 genes. DNA sequencing techniques like Sanger sequencing were used to determine the precise order of nucleotides in DNA and advance biological and medical research. The genome provides instructions to build a human through genes and proteins, with implications for medicine, biotechnology, and life sciences.
The document discusses eugenics, which aims to improve human populations through genetics and inheritance. It defines eugenics as controlling reproduction to improve human characteristics. Eugenics was coined by Francis Galton and aimed to increase desirable traits and decrease undesirable ones. There are two types - positive eugenics encourages reproduction of desirable people, while negative eugenics limits reproduction of undesirable people through methods like sterilization and marriage restrictions. Many countries historically implemented eugenics policies including birth control, genetic screening, and compulsory sterilization.
The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project that aimed to determine the complete sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA. It was launched in 1990, formally began in 1990, and was declared complete in 2003. The goals were to map all human genes, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs in human DNA, and address related ethical issues. Key outcomes included identifying approximately 22,300 protein-coding genes in humans and applications in molecular medicine, cancer research, and forensics.
This document discusses chromosome and gene mapping techniques. It describes how gene mapping is used to identify the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Two main types of maps are discussed - genetic maps based on linkage and physical maps using actual distances in base pairs. Molecular markers are described as polymorphic DNA sequences used to map genes. Methods for genetic mapping like linkage analysis and calculating recombination fractions are explained.
Karyotyping is a technique used in cytogenetics to examine chromosomes and identify genetic abnormalities that can cause disorders or disease. It involves collecting a cell sample, treating the cells to synchronize them in metaphase, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing the number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes to create a karyotype. Abnormal karyotypes can provide information about genetic conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The main purpose is to detect changes in chromosome number or structure that can help diagnose these genetic disorders.
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that become visible during cell division and carry genetic material. They are composed of chromatin fibers that coil and fold to make chromosomes visible under a light microscope during cell division. Each species has a definite number of chromosomes represented as 2n in somatic cells. Chromosomes contain features like chromatids, centromeres, telomeres, and secondary constrictions that play important structural and functional roles.
Chromosomal abnormalities are alterations in a person's karyotype that can be detected by studying their chromosomes. There are two main types: numerical abnormalities which involve changes in chromosome number like monosomy, trisomy, Klinefelter syndrome, and Down syndrome; and structural abnormalities which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions. Common numerical abnormalities result in conditions such as Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Down syndrome which can cause intellectual disabilities and other health issues.
This document discusses three types of genetic transfer in bacteria: transduction, conjugation, and transformation. It focuses on transduction, describing how bacteriophages can transfer genetic material from one bacteria to another. There are two types of transduction - generalized, where any bacterial gene can be transferred randomly, and specialized, where only certain genes are transferred. The document provides details on the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and how this relates to generalized and specialized transduction. It also briefly discusses conjugation, the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via direct contact through plasmids.
This document provides information about lethal genes and gene therapy. It defines lethal genes as genes that reduce viability or cause death. It describes different types of lethal alleles such as early onset, late onset, conditional, and semi-lethal. Examples of dominant and recessive lethal genes are discussed, including diseases like Huntington's disease and conditions in mice coat color. Gene therapy is introduced as a way to insert normal genes to treat diseases caused by defective genes. The two main approaches of gene therapy - ex vivo and in vivo - are outlined. Viral and non-viral vectors used to deliver genes are also summarized.
Sex determination is controlled by sex chromosomes. In humans and many other species, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness, while its absence results in femaleness. There are two main systems - heterogametic males which include humans and heterogametic females found in some insects and fish. The ratio between X chromosomes and autosomes also influences sex determination in some species through a genic balance mechanism.
This document discusses molecular probes, including their definition, types, preparation, and labeling. It describes the three main types of probes - oligonucleotide probes, DNA probes, and RNA probes. It explains how to prepare probes from genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic oligonucleotides, and RNA. Methods of radioactive labeling including nick translation and oligonucleotide labeling are covered. Non-radioactive labeling using biotin and digoxigenin is also discussed. Finally, applications of molecular probes in identification of recombinant clones, fingerprinting, in situ hybridization, and medical research are summarized.
This document provides an overview of phylogenetic analysis, including:
1) Phylogenetic analysis involves inferring evolutionary relationships between taxa by building phylogenetic trees and analyzing character evolution.
2) Phylogenetic trees show the branching patterns and relationships between taxa, with internal nodes representing hypothetical ancestors.
3) Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into questions like human evolution, disease transmission, and the origins of genetic elements.
Haplogroups are groups of people that share a common ancestor based on a particular genetic mutation they share. While members of the same haplogroup share one ancestor, they can look physically different. Crossing over in chromosomes means chromosomes swap chunks of DNA, giving each new generation a different combination of genes from their parents. The Y chromosome is inherited unchanged from father to son throughout generations, while mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from mothers and passed from mothers to their children, but only daughters pass it on further. Both the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA are used to determine haplogroups, which can provide clues about human migration patterns.
This document discusses karyotyping, which involves pairing and ordering chromosomes to provide a genome-wide snapshot of an individual. Karyotypes can reveal chromosomal abnormalities like changes in number (e.g. Down syndrome) or structure (e.g. deletions, duplications). Clinical cytogeneticists analyze human karyotypes to detect genetic anomalies involving large amounts of DNA. Karyotyping is becoming a diagnostic tool for birth defects, genetic disorders, and cancers.
Eugenics is the scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding,” which gained popularity during the early 20th century. Eugenicists worldwide believed that they could perfect human beings and eliminate so-called social ills through genetics and heredity.
The document discusses eugenics, its definition, history, ethical issues, and views in different religions. It defines eugenics as the science of improving human hereditary qualities through selective breeding. It discusses the history of eugenics ideas and movements. It outlines ethical concerns around eugenics and discusses views on eugenics in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Gene counselling a developing field has more effect on both the developing and developed countries. So this ppt provides the basic idea about genetic counselling
This document provides an overview of ethical issues related to interference with human reproduction, with a focus on abortion. It defines key terms like abortion, miscarriage, and types of abortion. It outlines viewpoints on abortion from ancient philosophers like Aristotle and Hippocrates. It discusses ethical positions like conservative, liberal, and moderate. It covers religious approaches in various faiths and international abortion laws. The document is meant to provide context and background on the complex ethical debates surrounding abortion.
This document discusses eugenics, which aims to improve the genetic composition of populations. It was coined by Francis Galton in 1883 from the Greek words for "good" or "well" and "born." Eugenics involves selective breeding and reproductive choices to achieve societal goals like decreasing hereditary disease and improving health. Both positive eugenics, which encourages reproduction among genetically advantaged groups, and negative eugenics, which aims to reduce fertility among genetically disadvantaged groups, have been proposed. However, negative eugenics is now widely considered immoral. Other eugenic measures discussed include genetic counseling, marriage restrictions, birth control, early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and segregation of mentally ill individuals. The
This document discusses several topics related to the sanctity of human life including abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and capital punishment. It provides definitions and classifications for these topics. For abortion, it defines types including induced and spontaneous, and discusses motivations such as personal, societal, and maternal/fetal health reasons. For contraception, it outlines common methods like hormonal, barrier, IUDs, and sterilization. For euthanasia, it classifies types as voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary and discusses passive versus active forms.
The document discusses various topics related to genetics and stem cell research including:
- The goals of the Human Genome Project which aimed to map all human genes between 1990-2003.
- Ethical, legal and social implications of the project including issues around genetic privacy and discrimination.
- Three types of genetic disorders - single gene, chromosomal abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders.
- The use of genetic counseling and karyotypes to understand genetic risks.
- Arguments for and against embryonic stem cell research focusing on when human life begins and whether embryos should be used for medical research.
This document is a letter from the Ancestral Health Team thanking attendees of the 2011 Ancestral Health Symposium and providing information about supporting the Ancestry nonprofit organization. It encourages donations to support future symposia and the development of the Ancestral Health Society, including an academic journal. It also provides contact information and websites to stay connected including AncestryFoundation.org, facebook.com/AncestralHealthSymposium, and the email ancestralhealth@gmail.com.
Eugenics is defined as improving the human species through technology and was first coined by Francis Galton in 1883 based on Darwin's work. It aimed to increase reproduction of genetically "favored" individuals and decrease reproduction of the "unwanted". There were debates around positive vs negative eugenics and whether practices should be voluntary or compulsory. While early eugenics focused on traits like intelligence, today it is debated whether practices like genetic screening and abortions based on defects constitute eugenics. Critics argue eugenics risks human rights violations and loss of genetic diversity.
The document discusses various topics related to human reproduction including contraception, sterilization, abortion, assisted reproduction, and surrogacy. It outlines the goals of presenting on these topics and provides definitions. For each topic, it discusses relevant moral and ethical considerations including individuals' reproductive rights and health issues. The document also describes different techniques within assisted reproduction such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and related ethical debates.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and foods (GMFs) including their techniques, benefits, risks, and perspectives from various religions. It notes that GMFs are typically transgenic plant products that are engineered for traits like pest resistance, vitamin content, or drought tolerance. While offering potential benefits, they may pose environmental or human health risks. Most major scientific organizations say currently available GMOs are safe, but religious views on GMOs vary and are still debated among scholars.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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4. Euthenics
Euthenics is the study of the
improvement of human
functioning and well-being by
improvement of living
conditions.
Human well being in present
generation.
5. Improvement” is conducted by altering
external factors :-
education
controllable environment
prevention and removal of contagious
disease and parasites, environmentalism,
education regarding employment, home
economics, sanitation, and housing.
6. Euthenics is a branch of science that
aims to better different aspects of the
environment in order to improve
humans' wellbeing and/or the wellbeing
of other living things.
Keep in mind that the environment
includes many different components
such as food, water, organisms, and air
quality.
7. Examples of
Euthenics
Water treatment plants are examples of euthenics
in action.
Though many of us enjoy the benefits of
treatment plants without a thought, you wouldn't
take it for granted if you lived somewhere
without adequate sewer systems.
Water treatment plants clean water that is
contaminated. We get clean drinking water so
that we don't have to drink water containing
harmful bacteria, parasites, carcinogens, or
mutagens.
Water treatment plants carry out euthenics
because they keep all types of diseases down by
cleaning the water that we drink, shower in, and
use for cooking.
8. Another common example of euthenics is the
use of vaccines. Vaccines prevent people from
developing certain diseases.
Vaccines include gene vaccines and vaccines that
can help prevent cancer.
The bigger premise behind widespread vaccine
use is that we can eliminate deadly and
debilitating diseases altogether by making sure
everyone is vaccinated.
9. Genetically
modifiedfruits
andvegetables
Euthenics has been at work for some time
now in our food supply.
Scientists have created genetically modified
vegetables and fruits that grow faster and stay
edible for a longer period of time.
Scientists have also altered fruits and
vegetables by creating some that naturally
repel insects to prevent them from
consuming the food before we do.
These euthenic measures have helped our
species because there is more food available
for us to consume.
10. Lawsforfoetus
protection
Laws for the protection of the foetus from
environmental harm may be described as euthenics
e.g.
• Government-required warnings on alcohol and
cigarette containers that drinking or smoking while
pregnant may harm the fetus.
Adding iodine to salt (to prevent thyroid deficiency),
vitamin D to milk (to prevent rickets),
Folic acid to cereal products (to prevent spina bifida)
are other examples, as is vaccinating women for
rubella to prevent rubella in the fetus (rubella may
damage the fetus).
11. Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.
Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation.
Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better
men now, and thus inevitably creating a better
race of men in the future. Euthenics is the term
proposed for the preliminary science on which
Eugenics must be based.
12. Terminology
One of the first known authors to make
use of the word euthenics was Ellen
Swallow Richards (1842-1911) in her
book The Cost of Shelter (1905). She
used the word euthenics to mean “the
science of better living.”
In 1926, the Daily Colonist summarized
euthenics as “efficient living.”
In 1967, Technology Week went on to
define euthenics as “man’s
environmental opportunity,” “his
education.”
13. Eugenics
Eugenics is science of
improving human species
by selectively mating
people with specific
desirable heriditary traits.
14. History
In1869, an English scientist, Sir
Francis Galton (also cousin of
Charles Darwin) coined the phrase
eugenics, which is now defined as
the study of human genetics and of
particular methods to improve
mental and physical characteristics
that are inherited.
In his book Hereditary Genius.
15. Positiveand
negative
eugenics
Individuals with traits such as dwarfism or
Down syndrome. This is defined as “negative
eugenics.”
The movie Gattaca provides a fictional example
of a dystopian society that uses eugenics to
decide what people are capable of and their place
in the world.
Negative eugenics aimed to eliminate, through
sterilization or segregation, those deemed
physically, mentally, or morally "undesirable".
This includes abortions, sterilization, and other
methods of family planning.
16. Positive
Eugenics
The encouragement of the procreation of those
individuals who are healthy and intelligent
would be defined as “positive eugenics.”
Positive eugenics is aimed at encouraging
reproduction among the genetically advantaged;
For example, the reproduction of the intelligent,
the healthy, and the successful.
17.
18. Eugenics
movementin
U.S
The eugenics movement began in the U.S. in the late 19th century.
However, unlike in Britain, eugenicists in the U.S. focused on
efforts to stop the transmission of negative or “undesirable” traits
from generation to generation.
In response to these ideas, some US leaders, private citizens, and
corporations started funding eugenical studies.
The ERO spent time tracking family histories and concluded that
people deemed to be unfit more often came from families that
were poor, low in social standing, immigrant, and/or minority.
Further, ERO researchers “demonstrated” that the undesirable
traits in these families, such as pauperism, were due to genetics,
and not lack of resources.
19. Rules to
establish
Eugenics
Stricter immigration rules were
enacted,
but the most ominous resolution was a
plan to sterilize “unfit” individuals to
prevent them from passing on their
negative traits.
During the 20th century, a total of 33
states had sterilization programs in
place.
20. Sterilization
While at first sterilization efforts targeted
mentally ill people exclusively,
later the traits deemed serious enough to
warrant sterilization included alcoholism,
criminality chronic poverty, blindness,
deafness, feeble-mindedness, and promiscuity.
21. It was also not uncommon for African American
women to be sterilized during other medical
procedures without consent. Most people subjected
to these sterilizations had no choice, and because
the program was run by the government, they had
little chance of escaping the procedure.
It is thought that around 65,000 Americans were
sterilized during this time period.
The eugenics movement in the U.S. slowly lost
favor over time and was waning by the start of
World War II.
23. Nazi
Eugenics
Nazi Eugenics
Biological campaign on improvement of Aryan race
or Germanic Ubermenschen is part of Nazi
ideology.
400, 000 people were sterilized.
300, 000 people were killed.
Hadamar clinic
Action T4
Gas chamber and buses.
Grafeneck castle.
24.
25. Criticism
A criticism of eugenics policies is that, regardless of
whether negative or positive policies are used,
they are susceptible to abuse because the genetic
selection criteria are determined by whichever group
has political power at the time.
Furthermore, many criticize negative eugenics in
particular as a violation of basic human rights.
Another criticism is that eugenics policies eventually lead
to a loss of genetic diversity.
thereby resulting in inbreeding depression due to a loss of
genetic variation.
It have severe effects on Evolution.
26. Loss of genetic diversity
Eugenic policies may lead to a loss of genetic
diversity. Further, a culturally-accepted
"improvement" of the gene pool may result in
extinction, due to increased vulnerability to
disease, reduced ability to adapt to environmental
change, and other factors that may not be
anticipated in advance.
27. Islamand
Eugenics
Both Islamic law and tradition generally
condemn abortion, which is permitted only if
the mother's life is endangered
Both religious law and tradition do include
references to a man's choosing an appropriate
wife, but these concerns have been interpreted
as moral and social, rather than eugenic.
A woman may be married for four reasons:
for her property, her status, her beauty, and
her religion; so try to get one who is
religious"
28. There is no law to suggest choosing a
marriage partner with the intention of
improving the progeny through the
control of hereditary factors
Moreover, in the case of a person
drinking wine, the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
regarded it permissible to annul the
marriage contract, especially, if the
person was alcoholic
29. Sex selection is not acceptable except for
medical reasons in gender related disease.
Some jusists permit gene manipulation if
abnormalities with physical or physiological
harm.
surgeries to treat congenital deformaties to
restore normal shape or function of organ is
permissible.
30. Islam permits prenatal diagnosis as good
if it is used to treat fetus against risks.
If deformed child is born to Muslim
Islam tells parents to accept it with love
and affection.
Kill not your children on plae of want
we provide sustanance for you and for
them.
31. Choose well your mate (for your
semen) as (the hidden) traits can
reappear.
32. There came a person to the Prophet ﷺfrom
Banu Fazara and said: My wife has given birth
to a child who is black, whereupon Allah’s
Apostle ﷺsaid: Have you any camels? He said:
Yes. He again said: What is this [sic: read
their] colour? He said: They are red. He said:
Is there a dusky one among them? He said: Yes,
there are dusky ones among them[.] He said:
How has it come about? He said: It is perhaps
the strain (`irq) to which it has reverted,
whereupon he (the Prophet) said: It is perhaps
the strain (`irq) to which he (the child) has
reverted
33. Eugenicsin
Judaism
It is thought that Eugenics implementation is
allowed in Judaism after Nazi Hitlerian era.
It is prohibited in Jewish law to marry a women
from family of epileptics or lepers lest illness.
On basis of higher frequency of defective births
resulting from blood relatives.
Rabbi Judah in his ethical will prohibit
marriages between first cousins.
eugenics is permissible in Judaism when used
for treatment or prevention of disease.
34. Cristanity and
Eugenics
Amy Laura Hall written an interesting
article titled For Shame that cristian
should welcome rather than stigmatize
favor of one trait is eugenics.
Auther of Fewer and Better Babies
predict that working class parents who
produced more than two children would
eventually be considered anti social as
criminal of communities.
35.
36. Genetic
couseling
Genetic counseling is the process of advising
individuals and families affected by or at risk of
genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt
to the medical, psychological and familial implications
of genetic contributions to disease.
The process integrates:
Interpretation of family and medical histories to
assess the chance of disease occurrence or
recurrence
Education about inheritance, testing,
management, prevention, resources
Counseling to promote informed choices and
adaptation to the risk or condition.
37. Genetic
counselors
Many health conditions run in families. Doctors call
these “genetic” or “hereditary” conditions. If you
have a parent or grandparent with a serious health
problem, you may want to know if you’re at high
risk for the disease. Likewise, you may want to
know if you or your partner could pass along a
hereditary condition to your baby.
To get some answers to these questions, you might
consider genetic counseling. Genetic counselors do
more than just help you understand the chances that
a hereditary condition could pass from one
generation to another. They can also help you deal
with the emotional side of how genetic conditions
can affect a family.
38. Where Will the
Counseling Take
Place?
e?
Genetic counselors usually work in a hospital or clinic. But
they also work in public health departments, laboratories,
universities, and other educational institutions. Some of the
areas they specialize in include:
Infertility
Cancer
Cardiovascular health
Cystic fibrosis
Fetal intervention and therapy
Hematology
Pediatrics
Personalized medicine
Prenatal health
39. Role of Genetic Counselors
Genetic counselors help identify families
at possible risk of a genetic condition.
gathering and analyzing family history
and inheritance patterns and calculating
chances of recurrence.
40. Howwill
someone know
that sheneeds
counseling
Someone might consider genetic counselling if you have an
inherited condition or there is a chance you have an
inherited condition because it runs in your family.
If a women Is pregnant she might want to speak with a
genetic counsellor about the likelihood of your baby
having any congenital disorders.
Other reasons you might want to have genetic
counselling include:
if prenatal tests reveal an abnormality or a risk of an
abnormality with fetus
if Someone is thinking of having a child with a relative.
if Someone been exposed to a chemical or environmental
agent during pregnancy and want to know if it may cause
birth defects
41. What canbe
expectedin
genetic
counseling
sessions
Genetic counselling sessions usually combine
many different elements:
talking about your family and any illnesses or
conditions that are common in your family
learning about specific conditions and how they
are inherited
finding out what tests are available
talking about how to manage and prevent the
condition
learning what support and resources exist.
42. Processof
genetic
counseling
In general, a genetic counseling session aims to:
Increase the family’s understanding of a genetic
condition
• Discuss options regarding disease
management and the risks and benefits of
further testing and other options
Help the individual and family identify the
psychosocial tools required to cope with
potential outcomes.
Reduce the family’s anxiety
43. Patient Education
Many patients rely heavily on their primary healthcare
providers for information related to their condition.
In general, though, patients will require information providers
may not have.
Before providing patients with any educational materials,
providers should be sure to check that the information is current
and produced by a credible source.
44. Reasonsfor
genetic
counseling
Based on your personal and family health history,
your doctor can refer you for genetic counseling.
There are different stages in your life when you
might be referred for genetic counseling:
Planning for Pregnancy: Genetic counseling
before women to become pregnant can address
concerns about factors that might affect your baby
during infancy or childhood or your ability to
become pregnant, including
Genetic conditions that run in your family or
your partner’s family
History of infertility, multiple miscarriages, or
stillbirth
45. Tests during
pregnancy
During Pregnancy: Genetic counseling during
pregnancy can address certain tests.
Any abnormal test results, such as a blood test,
ultrasound, Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS),
or amniocentesis
Maternal infections, such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
and other exposures such as medicines drugs, chemicals,
and x-rays
Genetic screening that is recommended for all pregnant
women, which includes cystic fibrosisexternal
icon, sickle cell disease, and any conditions that run in
your family or your partner’s family
46. Caring for Children: Genetic counseling can
address concerns if your child is showing signs
and symptoms of a disorder that might be
genetic, includingAbnormal newborn
screening results
Birth defects
Intellectual disability or developmental
disabilities
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Vision or hearing problems
47. Stepsthatare
beingtaken
Managing Your Health: Genetic counseling for
adults includes specialty areas such as cardiovascular,
psychiatric, and cancer.
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
(HBOC) syndrome
Lynch syndrome (hereditary colorectal and other
cancers)
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Muscular dystrophy and other muscle diseases
Inherited movement disorders such as Huntington’s
diseaseexternal icon
Inherited blood disorders such as sickle cell disease
48. It has been described that
almost all monogenic disorders can be
eradicated
/ eliminated by genetic counselling or
awareness
among people. Genetic clinics can also deal
with
a number of clinical problems such as birth
defects, developmental delay, autism, epilepsy,
short stature, etc.
49. Clinicalgenetics
inPakistan
There is a vast scope of clinical genetics in
Pakistan because of consanguinity.
which is as high as 80 percent .
The common practice of preference to marry a
cousin and / or near or
distant blood relative has led to a culture of
marriage bondage within intra caste or isonym
groups all over Pakistan.
50. Our rural population
is almost totally ignorant of deleterious effects
of consanguinity.
In urban areas less than 20 percent people
know about harmful effects of the so called
“cousin marriage”
51. Recent studies have explained severity of such
disorders in Pakistan
polydactyly and inherited retinal disease.
Elite class of Pakistani community, including
doctors, lawyers, medical students and
members of parliament are very positive for
genetic diagnosis at an early stage.
It was also found that the families of patients
suffering genetic disorders also showed very
positive attitudes for genetic diagnosis as they
are well aware about their sufferings
52. It has also been surveyed that 77% of our elite
class favours premarital screening of carriers of
recessive Disease
As genetic counselling is still not a part of
Pakistani healthcare system,
it has been described that more than 90% of
our medical doctors are ready to refer their
routine patients to the genetic counsellors if
they found some possible genetic defects.
53. Some common genetic disorders are
Thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, Duchene
muscular dystrophy, hereditary breast
cancer (BRCA1, BRCA 2), Huntington
disease, deafness, etc.
Disorders due to chromosomal aberrations are many and
worldwide:
some very common are: Down syndrome, DiGeorge
syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome), fragile X
syndrome, Turner syndrome,
54. Many disorders cannot occur unless both
the mother and father pass on their genes,
such as cystic fibrosis; this is known
as autosomal recessive inheritance.
Other autosomal dominant diseases can be
inherited from one parent, such
as Huntington disease and DiGeorge
syndrome.(heart problems, specific facial
features, frequent infections, developmental
delay, learning problems and cleft palate.)
55. Yet other genetic disorders are caused by an
error or mutation occurring during the cell
division process (e.g. aneuploidy) and are not
hereditary.
56. Types of genetic
counselling
Psychiatric genetics
Adult genetics
ART geneticc
Cardiovascular genetics
Hereditary cancer genetics
Neurogenetics
Pediatric genetics
Prenatal genetics