1) The document describes the methodology used in a study to design a footstep-powered electricity generator. It involves collecting primary data through observation and interviews to understand the problem and objectives.
2) The design of the generator is described, involving mechanical components like a rack and pinion system, gears, springs, and a DC generator. Mathematical analyses are presented to calculate design specifications like required spring force, torque on gears, permissible torque of shafts.
3) The working principle involves converting the linear motion of stepping on the plate into rotational motion using the rack and pinion, which then turns the DC generator to produce electricity via the mechanical energy of human footsteps.
Measurement of force and torque and pressure standardsMech-4u
Measurement of Force and Torque and pressure Standards,
Measuring Methods,
study of different types of forces and torque Measuring systems.
Description and working Principle of different types of Transducers for Measuring Pressure.
This ppt contains the information regarding the measurement of force and various instruments that are used for the measurement of force. This a topic in the fifth unit of Metrology and instrumentation for the third mechanical in JNTUACEP.
for detailed information or video of this ppt just follow the youtube link attached below
https://youtu.be/aCMXmWc2poU
1. The document discusses various methods for measuring force, torque, and strain. It describes load cells, cantilever beams, proving rings, and differential transformers that can be used to measure force.
2. Methods for measuring torque and power are also presented, including absorption dynamometers, prony brake dynamometers, hydraulic dynamometers, and eddy current dynamometers.
3. The concept of strain and strain gauges for measuring strain are briefly covered at the end.
This document provides information on various methods for measuring force, torque, power, flow and temperature. It discusses direct and indirect methods for measuring force, including using spring balances, accelerometers, hydraulic load cells, pneumatic load cells and strain gauge load cells. It also describes techniques for measuring torque using rope brakes, hydraulic dynamometers and strain gauge transducers. Flow measurement is discussed for devices like venturi meters, orifice meters and rotameters. Temperature measurement techniques include bimetallic strips, thermocouples and resistance thermometers.
Dynamometers are used to measure the torque and power of rotating shafts. There are three main types: absorption, transmission, and driving. Absorption dynamometers dissipate power as heat, transmission dynamometers transmit power for further use after measurement, and driving dynamometers can operate motors or generators. Common absorption dynamometers include Prony brakes, rope brakes, and hydraulic dynamometers which use friction to absorb power. Transmission dynamometers like belt and epicyclic train dynamometers measure power during transmission between shafts. Driving dynamometers are useful for testing devices like pumps and compressors.
Measurement of force and torque and pressure standardsMech-4u
Measurement of Force and Torque and pressure Standards,
Measuring Methods,
study of different types of forces and torque Measuring systems.
Description and working Principle of different types of Transducers for Measuring Pressure.
This ppt contains the information regarding the measurement of force and various instruments that are used for the measurement of force. This a topic in the fifth unit of Metrology and instrumentation for the third mechanical in JNTUACEP.
for detailed information or video of this ppt just follow the youtube link attached below
https://youtu.be/aCMXmWc2poU
1. The document discusses various methods for measuring force, torque, and strain. It describes load cells, cantilever beams, proving rings, and differential transformers that can be used to measure force.
2. Methods for measuring torque and power are also presented, including absorption dynamometers, prony brake dynamometers, hydraulic dynamometers, and eddy current dynamometers.
3. The concept of strain and strain gauges for measuring strain are briefly covered at the end.
This document provides information on various methods for measuring force, torque, power, flow and temperature. It discusses direct and indirect methods for measuring force, including using spring balances, accelerometers, hydraulic load cells, pneumatic load cells and strain gauge load cells. It also describes techniques for measuring torque using rope brakes, hydraulic dynamometers and strain gauge transducers. Flow measurement is discussed for devices like venturi meters, orifice meters and rotameters. Temperature measurement techniques include bimetallic strips, thermocouples and resistance thermometers.
Dynamometers are used to measure the torque and power of rotating shafts. There are three main types: absorption, transmission, and driving. Absorption dynamometers dissipate power as heat, transmission dynamometers transmit power for further use after measurement, and driving dynamometers can operate motors or generators. Common absorption dynamometers include Prony brakes, rope brakes, and hydraulic dynamometers which use friction to absorb power. Transmission dynamometers like belt and epicyclic train dynamometers measure power during transmission between shafts. Driving dynamometers are useful for testing devices like pumps and compressors.
Dynamometers are machines used to measure the torque and power of rotating devices like engines and motors. There are different types including electrical, hydraulic, and mechanical dynamometers. A dynamometer consists of an absorption unit with a rotor that is coupled to the device under test. It allows the device to rotate while applying a braking torque through various means to measure its performance characteristics.
An optical torsion meter measures torque on a shaft by using optical means to detect the angular twist between ends of the shaft. It has a shaft with castings at each end connected by a tension strip. Mirrors on the castings reflect a light beam through an optical system onto a calibrated scale. When torque is applied, the castings twist relative to each other, changing the mirror angles and deflecting the light beam. The amount of light beam deflection indicates the shaft's angle of twist and thereby the amount of torque. Optical torsion meters are used to measure torque in steam turbines and internal combustion engines.
the above PPT will give a brief idea of the measuring device used in the field of Mechanical Engineering with images related to the topics in the field of measurement.
This document discusses different types of torsion meters used to measure torque. It defines torque as a twisting force that tends to cause rotation, with the unit being Newton meters. Torque can be computed by measuring the force F at a known radius r, using the formula T = Fr. Common torsion meters mentioned include:
1. Mechanical torsion meters, which measure torque by varying a known mass or distance to equal the torque value to be measured.
2. Optical and electrical torsion meters, which measure shaft twist using optical sensors or strain gauges attached to the shaft to compute torque based on the twist angle.
3. Electrical torsion meters provide two measurements - shaft speed from a count
1. Force can be measured using several principles including balancing against gravitational force, translating to fluid pressure, applying to an elastic member, or applying to a known mass and measuring acceleration.
2. Scales and balances measure force by balancing the unknown force against a known gravitational force on a standard mass. Multi-lever scales use a system of levers and counterweights to indirectly measure the applied force.
3. Elastic force meters like proving rings, beams, and springs measure the deflection or strain caused by an applied force. The deflection or strain is then related to the magnitude of the applied force.
The document discusses different types of dynamometers used for measuring shaft power and torque. It describes absorption dynamometers such as Prony brakes, rope brakes, and hydraulic brakes which measure power by absorbing it and dissipating it as heat. It also covers transmission dynamometers like belt dynamometers and epicyclic train dynamometers which measure torque transmitted through the shaft. Specific examples of commonly used dynamometers like the Prony brake and rope brake are explained in detail, outlining their construction, working principles, and power measurement formulas.
The document discusses various types of displacement transducers. It describes the basic components and working of linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), which are widely used inductive transducers to convert linear motion into electrical signals. LVDTs have a primary winding at the center surrounded by two secondary windings, and use a movable iron core to vary the voltages induced in the secondary windings depending on its position. This allows linear displacement to be measured as changes in the output voltage. The document also briefly mentions other displacement transducers such as potentiometers, capacitive, piezoelectric, and photoelectric transducers.
This document discusses torque, factors that affect torque such as force and distance from the axis of rotation, and calculating torque. It also covers the three classes of levers and calculating muscular torque. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating torque produced by objects on levers and muscular torque required to counteract torques on joints.
There are six simple machines: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. They allow a smaller force to overcome a larger force or move a load a greater distance. The actual mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the output force to the input force. The ideal mechanical advantage is the ratio of the input distance to the output distance. Due to friction and other losses, the efficiency of a machine is the ratio of its output work to its input work and is always less than 100%. Simple machines allow work to be done more easily by changing either the size, direction, or point of application of a force.
The document discusses balancing of reciprocating masses in engines. It describes:
1. The various forces acting on reciprocating parts and how the inertia force is balanced by an opposing force on the crankshaft, leaving an unbalanced force.
2. Methods to partially balance the primary unbalanced force using a balancing mass on the crank, which changes the direction of the maximum unbalanced force.
3. How balancing is applied to two-cylinder locomotives, reducing variation in tractive force, swaying couple, and hammer blow.
1. The document discusses moments, which describe the turning effect of forces. A moment is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
2. It provides examples of calculating moments and using the principle of moments, which states that for an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.
3. Determining the center of mass of an object allows it to be balanced on a pivot. The center of mass can be found experimentally by balancing irregular objects on different points and identifying where the lines intersect.
PHYSICS CLASS XII Chapter 1 - Rotationall dynamics Pooja M
1. The document discusses rotational dynamics and circular motion. It defines concepts like angular velocity, moment of inertia, centripetal force, and radius of gyration.
2. Examples of circular motion discussed include vehicles moving in circular tracks, wells of death, and vehicles on banked roads. The forces and equations of motion are analyzed.
3. Vertical circular motion under gravity is also examined, like a point mass attached to a string or rod moving in a vertical circle. Dynamics of a vehicle on a convex overbridge are also covered.
4. Moment of inertia is introduced as an analogous concept to mass for rotational motion. Formulas are given for moment of inertia of objects like rings, discs, and
Dynamometers are devices used to measure torque and power. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers which measure power by absorbing it, and transmission dynamometers which measure torque transmitted through a shaft. Examples of absorption dynamometers include Prony brake, rope brake, and hydraulic dynamometers. Transmission dynamometers include belt transmission, epicyclic gear train, and torsion dynamometers. Torsion dynamometers work by measuring the angle of twist in a shaft which is directly proportional to the transmitted torque.
The turning effect of a force applied to a rotational system at a distance from the axis of rotation. The moment is equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance between its line of action and the axis of rotation.
More slides at http://bit.ly/2PIOIQM
Measurement of speed:
Mechanical Tachometers
Electrical Tachometers
Stroboscope
Non contact type of Tachometers.
Stress & strain Measurements:
Various types- Electrical Strain Gauge.
Gauge factor
Method of usage of resistance strain gauge for bending compressive & Tensile strains
Usage for Measuring torque.
Strain gauge Rosettes.
Torque is a rotational force that depends on three main factors: the distance from the axis of rotation (lever arm), the angle of the applied force, and the magnitude of the applied force. Torque causes an object to rotate and is measured in Newton-meters. Systems in rotational equilibrium have no net torque, meaning the sum of all torques acting on the object is zero. This allows seesaws and diving boards to remain balanced. Solving rotational equilibrium problems involves drawing free body diagrams and setting the sum of torques equal to zero.
Torque is the rotational counterpart of force that causes an object to rotate about its axis. Torque is calculated as the product of the lever arm, or distance from the axis of rotation, and the applied force. A seesaw provides an example where balancing requires the right combination of mass and distance from the center to equalize the torque. Torque is calculated in the example of a 500 Newton force applied to a 25 cm wrench at a right angle, yielding a torque of 125 Newton-meters.
This document describes a semi-perpetual motion machine designed by Harsh Gupta. It works on the principle of centripetal force using a system of gears, shafts and bearings. The central gear provides rotation to three outer gears. Weights are added to the outer gears to provide a high rotational force from a small manual input. While perpetual motion violates thermodynamics, this design aims to generate more power output than input using centrifugal and rotational forces. Potential applications include power generation for irrigation in times of drought.
The document describes the design and fabrication of a motorized automated object lifting jack. Key components include a DC motor coupled via gears to a lead screw, which converts rotational motion to linear motion for lifting objects. Limit switches and control switches automate the lifting process. The system is powered by batteries and intended to increase efficiency and reduce labor compared to manual screw jacks. The three sentence summary is: The document outlines the design of a motorized object lifting jack, which uses a DC motor and lead screw to automate lifting of vehicles and heavy objects, increasing efficiency over manual screw jacks through components like limit switches and batteries for power.
Dynamometers are machines used to measure the torque and power of rotating devices like engines and motors. There are different types including electrical, hydraulic, and mechanical dynamometers. A dynamometer consists of an absorption unit with a rotor that is coupled to the device under test. It allows the device to rotate while applying a braking torque through various means to measure its performance characteristics.
An optical torsion meter measures torque on a shaft by using optical means to detect the angular twist between ends of the shaft. It has a shaft with castings at each end connected by a tension strip. Mirrors on the castings reflect a light beam through an optical system onto a calibrated scale. When torque is applied, the castings twist relative to each other, changing the mirror angles and deflecting the light beam. The amount of light beam deflection indicates the shaft's angle of twist and thereby the amount of torque. Optical torsion meters are used to measure torque in steam turbines and internal combustion engines.
the above PPT will give a brief idea of the measuring device used in the field of Mechanical Engineering with images related to the topics in the field of measurement.
This document discusses different types of torsion meters used to measure torque. It defines torque as a twisting force that tends to cause rotation, with the unit being Newton meters. Torque can be computed by measuring the force F at a known radius r, using the formula T = Fr. Common torsion meters mentioned include:
1. Mechanical torsion meters, which measure torque by varying a known mass or distance to equal the torque value to be measured.
2. Optical and electrical torsion meters, which measure shaft twist using optical sensors or strain gauges attached to the shaft to compute torque based on the twist angle.
3. Electrical torsion meters provide two measurements - shaft speed from a count
1. Force can be measured using several principles including balancing against gravitational force, translating to fluid pressure, applying to an elastic member, or applying to a known mass and measuring acceleration.
2. Scales and balances measure force by balancing the unknown force against a known gravitational force on a standard mass. Multi-lever scales use a system of levers and counterweights to indirectly measure the applied force.
3. Elastic force meters like proving rings, beams, and springs measure the deflection or strain caused by an applied force. The deflection or strain is then related to the magnitude of the applied force.
The document discusses different types of dynamometers used for measuring shaft power and torque. It describes absorption dynamometers such as Prony brakes, rope brakes, and hydraulic brakes which measure power by absorbing it and dissipating it as heat. It also covers transmission dynamometers like belt dynamometers and epicyclic train dynamometers which measure torque transmitted through the shaft. Specific examples of commonly used dynamometers like the Prony brake and rope brake are explained in detail, outlining their construction, working principles, and power measurement formulas.
The document discusses various types of displacement transducers. It describes the basic components and working of linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), which are widely used inductive transducers to convert linear motion into electrical signals. LVDTs have a primary winding at the center surrounded by two secondary windings, and use a movable iron core to vary the voltages induced in the secondary windings depending on its position. This allows linear displacement to be measured as changes in the output voltage. The document also briefly mentions other displacement transducers such as potentiometers, capacitive, piezoelectric, and photoelectric transducers.
This document discusses torque, factors that affect torque such as force and distance from the axis of rotation, and calculating torque. It also covers the three classes of levers and calculating muscular torque. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating torque produced by objects on levers and muscular torque required to counteract torques on joints.
There are six simple machines: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. They allow a smaller force to overcome a larger force or move a load a greater distance. The actual mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the output force to the input force. The ideal mechanical advantage is the ratio of the input distance to the output distance. Due to friction and other losses, the efficiency of a machine is the ratio of its output work to its input work and is always less than 100%. Simple machines allow work to be done more easily by changing either the size, direction, or point of application of a force.
The document discusses balancing of reciprocating masses in engines. It describes:
1. The various forces acting on reciprocating parts and how the inertia force is balanced by an opposing force on the crankshaft, leaving an unbalanced force.
2. Methods to partially balance the primary unbalanced force using a balancing mass on the crank, which changes the direction of the maximum unbalanced force.
3. How balancing is applied to two-cylinder locomotives, reducing variation in tractive force, swaying couple, and hammer blow.
1. The document discusses moments, which describe the turning effect of forces. A moment is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
2. It provides examples of calculating moments and using the principle of moments, which states that for an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.
3. Determining the center of mass of an object allows it to be balanced on a pivot. The center of mass can be found experimentally by balancing irregular objects on different points and identifying where the lines intersect.
PHYSICS CLASS XII Chapter 1 - Rotationall dynamics Pooja M
1. The document discusses rotational dynamics and circular motion. It defines concepts like angular velocity, moment of inertia, centripetal force, and radius of gyration.
2. Examples of circular motion discussed include vehicles moving in circular tracks, wells of death, and vehicles on banked roads. The forces and equations of motion are analyzed.
3. Vertical circular motion under gravity is also examined, like a point mass attached to a string or rod moving in a vertical circle. Dynamics of a vehicle on a convex overbridge are also covered.
4. Moment of inertia is introduced as an analogous concept to mass for rotational motion. Formulas are given for moment of inertia of objects like rings, discs, and
Dynamometers are devices used to measure torque and power. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers which measure power by absorbing it, and transmission dynamometers which measure torque transmitted through a shaft. Examples of absorption dynamometers include Prony brake, rope brake, and hydraulic dynamometers. Transmission dynamometers include belt transmission, epicyclic gear train, and torsion dynamometers. Torsion dynamometers work by measuring the angle of twist in a shaft which is directly proportional to the transmitted torque.
The turning effect of a force applied to a rotational system at a distance from the axis of rotation. The moment is equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance between its line of action and the axis of rotation.
More slides at http://bit.ly/2PIOIQM
Measurement of speed:
Mechanical Tachometers
Electrical Tachometers
Stroboscope
Non contact type of Tachometers.
Stress & strain Measurements:
Various types- Electrical Strain Gauge.
Gauge factor
Method of usage of resistance strain gauge for bending compressive & Tensile strains
Usage for Measuring torque.
Strain gauge Rosettes.
Torque is a rotational force that depends on three main factors: the distance from the axis of rotation (lever arm), the angle of the applied force, and the magnitude of the applied force. Torque causes an object to rotate and is measured in Newton-meters. Systems in rotational equilibrium have no net torque, meaning the sum of all torques acting on the object is zero. This allows seesaws and diving boards to remain balanced. Solving rotational equilibrium problems involves drawing free body diagrams and setting the sum of torques equal to zero.
Torque is the rotational counterpart of force that causes an object to rotate about its axis. Torque is calculated as the product of the lever arm, or distance from the axis of rotation, and the applied force. A seesaw provides an example where balancing requires the right combination of mass and distance from the center to equalize the torque. Torque is calculated in the example of a 500 Newton force applied to a 25 cm wrench at a right angle, yielding a torque of 125 Newton-meters.
This document describes a semi-perpetual motion machine designed by Harsh Gupta. It works on the principle of centripetal force using a system of gears, shafts and bearings. The central gear provides rotation to three outer gears. Weights are added to the outer gears to provide a high rotational force from a small manual input. While perpetual motion violates thermodynamics, this design aims to generate more power output than input using centrifugal and rotational forces. Potential applications include power generation for irrigation in times of drought.
The document describes the design and fabrication of a motorized automated object lifting jack. Key components include a DC motor coupled via gears to a lead screw, which converts rotational motion to linear motion for lifting objects. Limit switches and control switches automate the lifting process. The system is powered by batteries and intended to increase efficiency and reduce labor compared to manual screw jacks. The three sentence summary is: The document outlines the design of a motorized object lifting jack, which uses a DC motor and lead screw to automate lifting of vehicles and heavy objects, increasing efficiency over manual screw jacks through components like limit switches and batteries for power.
Final Project_ Design and FEM Analysis of Scissor JackMehmet Bariskan
The document describes the design and finite element analysis of a scissor jack. It includes an overview of scissor jack components and operation, as well as calculations of forces and stresses on members. A series of mesh refinement studies were performed on the carrier member, lifting arms, and shaft screw to determine maximum stresses and displacements under expected loading conditions.
inclined car parking lift mechanism system by 070 batch (IOE Pulchowk)Dinesh Rawal
The document describes the design, fabrication and testing of an inclined car parking lift mechanism. It includes sections on the objectives, literature review, methodology, design calculations, components, working principle, results and analysis, costing, and conclusions. The key points are:
1. The project aims to design a vehicle lifting mechanism for easy movement on an inclined surface and analyze its operating cost.
2. A review of literature on lift systems from 1929 to present day showed they are powered by electric motors or hydraulic pumps to efficiently park vehicles.
3. The methodology involved concept development, data collection, design, fabrication, testing, and analysis of stress, velocity and operating costs with varying payloads.
4.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PLANETARY DRIVE MAGNET PEDAL POWER HUB-DYNAMOmsejjournal
This paper presents a low speed permanent magnetic based generator which is suitable for supplying
generating power from bicycle motion and application in providing energy for bicycle front and rear lights
or electronics devices.The dynamo have a hub axel, a hub housing rotatable mounted around the hub axel
with bearing, a planetary drive that increases the rotational speed of the permanent magnet, and the
power generating mechanism with coil fitted to hub axel that has connected to the output connector. In
such a hub dynamo, the magnet rotates faster than the bicycle wheel so that power output is high even at
the normal bicycle speeds.
This document is a project report submitted for a diploma in mechanical engineering. It describes the fabrication of a conveyor automation system. The project was carried out by 6 students under the guidance of their professor. The report includes sections on the project planning, fabrication details, working mechanism, list of materials, cost estimation, drawings, and conclusions. It summarizes the construction of the conveyor belt system, which uses a DC motor, sensors, and a microcontroller to automatically move objects along the belt and eject them when detected by a sensor.
Brakes use friction between brake pads or shoes and the drum or disc to convert kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy, slowing the vehicle down. There are different types of brakes such as air brakes and hydraulic brakes. Dynamometers are used to measure the power output of engines. There are absorption dynamometers which absorb all the engine's energy as heat and transmission dynamometers which transmit the energy for work. Common absorption dynamometers are prony brake and rope brake dynamometers, while common transmission dynamometers are epicyclic train, belt transmission, and torsion dynamometers.
IRJET - Fabrication of Pendulum Machine for Generation of Electricity through...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and construction of a pendulum machine to generate electricity through oscillatory motion. It consists of a pendulum bar connected to an upper arm that oscillates and drives a rack and pinion gear system. This system is connected to a dynamometer which converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy that can be stored in a battery. When the pendulum is displaced and swings back and forth, it causes the upper arm to move up and down. This vertical motion is converted to rotational motion by the rack and pinion gears, and the dynamometer then converts this to electricity. The device aims to harness the kinetic energy of the swinging pendulum in an eco-friendly way to generate renewable electricity for small-scale
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document analyzes the deflection of beams with different cross-sectional shapes (I-beam, rectangular, C-channel) under various loads. It describes the objectives, methodology, and results of analytical, experimental, and numerical analyses of beam deflection. The experimental results show deflection increases with load and varies between sections, while analytical and numerical results have small percentage differences compared to experimental values. In conclusion, the C-channel beam has less deflection and lower cost compared to I-beam and rectangular sections.
Worm gears allow rotational speed and torque to be controlled. They are commonly used for tuning stringed musical instruments, in elevator machinery, and differentials in vehicles. Worm gears provide mechanical advantage through gear reduction, allowing smaller rotational forces to overcome larger resistive loads.
Self Power Generating Electrical BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes a design for a self-power generating electrical bicycle. The bicycle generates its own power through a dynamo connected to the rear wheel and flywheel. This powers a motor that drives the rear wheel, eliminating the need for external charging. The system includes a DC generator, permanent magnet DC motor, flywheel for storing rotational energy, housing to connect components, and multi-crank freewheel to drive the rear wheel from the motor. This design aims to overcome limitations of electric bicycles that have a limited range from external battery charging.
The robot, called Mickey's Playhouse, uses an Archimedes screw design to gather balls in the center of the table and score them into a goal. The screw transports balls horizontally then dumps them down an angled scoring screw. Analysis showed the motor provides enough torque to rotate the screw system. Testing found the actual torque was lower than calculations, likely due to friction and flex in the 3D printed components. Overall, the screw design successfully gathered and scored balls, though the time between intake and scoring was slightly longer than the target.
This document describes a system that generates electricity from the kinetic energy of human footsteps. The system uses a rack and pinion mechanism to convert the vertical motion of footsteps into rotational motion. Gears and chains transfer this rotational motion to turn a dynamo, which generates electricity. The electricity is stored in a battery. The system aims to harness wasted kinetic energy from crowded places to generate power for small-scale applications. It provides clean, renewable energy without pollution.
This document describes a system that generates electricity from the kinetic energy of human footsteps. The system uses a rack and pinion mechanism to convert the vertical motion of footsteps into rotational motion. A series of gears, chains, and sprockets transfers this rotational motion to power a dynamo that generates electricity. The electricity is stored in a battery. The system aims to harness wasted kinetic energy from crowded areas to generate useful power, providing an eco-friendly alternative energy source. It has the potential to help address electricity shortages, especially during power outages.
The document summarizes a seminar on footstep power generation. It describes how the up and down motion of footsteps on pressure plates can be used to generate electricity. The basic principle is that when a pedestrian steps on a plate, it dips down and rotates a shaft connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The system has applications in places with heavy foot traffic like train stations, airports, and parking lots. It provides a renewable source of energy without pollution and can power lights, fans and other small devices. While initial costs are high, it efficiently captures wasted kinetic energy from walking.
Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of melon shelling machineeSAT Journals
The document describes the design, fabrication, and testing of a melon shelling machine. It discusses the methodology used, including design calculations for components like the shelling cylinder, shaft, belt drive, and bearings. Testing showed the machine achieved 62.5-70.95% shelling efficiency depending on whether a flat bar or flexible rubber was used for shelling. While the flexible rubber achieved higher shelling, it also resulted in more partially shelled seeds. Overall, the machine was successful in improving melon shelling performance compared to traditional methods.
This document describes an automatically retracting side stand system for motorcycles. The system uses a sprocket connected to the motorcycle's chain drive. As the chain rotates during driving, it causes the sprocket to rotate. This rotation actuates a lifting lever which pushes up on the side stand, retracting it automatically. The system is designed to be simple and efficient using few inexpensive parts. It prevents safety issues caused by forgetting to raise the side stand before turning. The estimated total cost to implement this system is around 1,205 Indian rupees.
Similar to Chapter three methdology and materials (20)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Chapter three methdology and materials
1. CHAPTER THREE: - METHODOLOGY
Data collection method
In this study to collect the necessary data we use primary sources. Among the primary sources
observation and direct interviews will be used to collect data from prospective person. To
accomplish this study the following data collection methods are used:-
1) Primary data: - primary data are those which are collected for the first time and this happen
to be original in character. We used primary data collection methods to define the thesis
parts.
A. Observation: - Direct observation of problem is used as a means of study and collects
some essential data. We observed that there is shortage of power in our country and it is best
solution to that to design free energy source.
B. Interview: - The design of the interview questions was based on the thesis objectives.
Interview was the major instrument we used in order to collect some information from
mechanical engineering lab assistants about the structure of the design. We asked an oral
interview that can answer our objectives.
2) Secondary data: - are those which are already available i.e. data which have already been
collected and analyzed by someone.
A. Internet access: - we used internet as a data collection method to refer different sources
to get some reference.
B. Document: - we used to read documents as a reference to study more about the analysis
and components of parts.
Material and methods
Mechanical footstep arrangement is used to generate the electric power by the foot step of human
movement. As we all know today human power demand is increased, so the footstep
arrangement is used to generate the electrical power by the process of mechanical energy is
2. converted into electrical energy in order to compensate the electric power demand.
Source: http://www.irjet.net
Fig.3.1 Schematic Representation of Foot Step
In this thesis work we are converting Mechanical energy into Electrical energy by utilize the
wasted energy in a useful way. By using Rack and Pinion arrangement we are converting motion
of the steps into rotational motion of the dynamo. In first foot step we are using rack and pinion
arrangement directly to rotate the shaft. But in second step we are using spur and pinion gear
mechanism to obtain better efficiency. Through Dynamo the rotational energy is converted into
electrical energy. This electrical energy output will be stored in the battery.
COMPONENTS USED FOR DESIGN
The foot step arrangement is constructed by steel plate or other material which is placed within
the surface areas and mainly placed in the crowed areas like at malls, walkways and other
different places. The material used for the construction of foot step arrangement is
Top Plate
Base plate
Rack and Pinion section
Gear arrangement
Springs
3. DC Generator
Shaft
LEDs
Bolts and nuts
L-bracket
Left /right support
Rod support
Top plate: plate where human footsteps and transfer the impact to the rack and pinion
arrangement.
Fig.3.2 Top plate
4. Base plate: it is a metal plate which carries the whole body of the design.
Fig.3.3 Base plate
Springs: A coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device which is
typically used to store energy and subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a
force between contacting surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the
shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded. It main purpose is to
return the upper plate to its original position after the load is removed.
5. Fig.3.4 spring
L-bracket: is used to support the main structure and used to connect left/right side support to
the base plate.
7. Left /right support: used to support the top plate the spring as well as the rod that connect
with the top plate.
Fig 3.6 Left /right support
8. Rod support: used to guide the rod which connect to top plat and make it move in right path of
back and forth.
Fig 3.7 Rod support
Rack and Pinion: A rack and pinion gears system is composed of two gears. The normal
round gear is the pinion gear and the straight or flat gear is the rack. A rack and pinion is
types of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into
9. linear motion. The circular pinion engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar which is called the
“rack“
Fig.3.8 Pinion and Rack
Gears: A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth which mesh with another toothed
part to transmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a
power source. Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical
advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine.
Fig.3.9 Gear arrangement
DC generator: DC generator is an electrical generator. This DC generator produces direct
current with the use of a commutator. The DC generator uses rotating coils of wire and
10. magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current. The
commutator is needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic
field, the magnetic flux through it, and thus the potential induced in it, reverses with each
half turn, generating an alternating current. It main purpose is by attaching with one of the
gear to generate electricity.
Shaft: Is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to
transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a
machine which absorbs power. The pinion of the rack is mounted on this shaft as well as the
gear arrangement with transfers the mechanical power to the dc generator. it holds the gears,
upper plate and other parts together.
Fig.3.10 shaft
LEDs: it is a device that indicates that whether electricity is generated or not by giving light
when a foot step is applied. It is connected directly to the DC generator part.
Bolt: is a form of mechanical thread fastener with external male thread. It used to hold two or
materials together.
MECHANICAL DESIGN
The analysis contains only the structure, and the design will be performed efficiently when all
the dimensions, loads and requirements are met completely. The design for whole device comes
with top plate, base plate, 3 gears, and 1 rack with pinion, rod supports, left/right side support,
spring and generator.
11. DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSES
I. The amount of force that can apply on the top plate and springs
Now we assume that the maximum weight of human being is 100kg so we assume that
the amount of gravity is 9.81 m/𝑠2
from the force that applied on the top plate is
F=mass × acceleration=100kg×9.81 m/𝑠2
=981N
First we are going to calculate the reaction force that act on the left and right side spring.
Fig.3.11Reaction force at the top plate
Equilibrium equation
∑𝑓𝑥=0
∑ 𝑚𝐴=0
F×16cm + 𝑅𝐵×32cm=0
12. ∑ 𝑚𝐵=0
F×16cm - 𝑅𝐴×32cm =0
Reaction at point B
𝑅𝐵=
(981𝑁×16cm )
32cm
= 490.5N
Reaction at point A
𝑅𝐴=
(100×16cm)
32cm
= 490.5N
Bending moment
𝑀1 (at 16cm)= 490.5N×16cm
=7848Ncm=78.48Nm
𝑅𝐴 And 𝑅𝐵 these reaction forces are the force that act on the spring by the weight of man who
walks on the top plate
And 𝑀1 is the bending monument of the top plate when 100kg amount of weight is applied on
the top plate of the machine at a distance of 16cm away from reaction forces.
II. Now we can calculate or design the spring that we use in the machine
Using hooks law for the spring we can find the spring constant
Force (𝐹) =490.5N
Length of the spring (L) =10cm
Distance for compression (X) =5cm
To find the spring constant use this equation
𝑅𝐵 Or 𝑅𝐴=𝐾 ∗ X where k=spring constant, X= the distance moved by the sprig when force
(𝐹) exert on it
𝑅𝐵=𝐾 ∗ X
𝐾=
𝑅𝐵
𝑋
=
490.5𝑁
10𝑐𝑚
=490.5kN/m
We use the spring that has a spring constant (k) = 490.5kN/m
13. III. The weight of top plate
The given parameters’ are
Height (H) = 15cm
Length (L) = 40cm
Width (W) =0.5cm
Density of steel =7850
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
Here we can find the volume (V) and the weight (𝑊
𝐺 ) of the top plate.
V=L×W×H= 0.15×0.005×0.4=3× 10−5
𝑚3
Weight =density × volume
𝑊𝐺 =3× 10−5
𝑚3
× 7850
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑊𝐺 =1.8𝑘𝑔
IV. Tangential force on the rack
If we use the rack for the vertical application than the tangential force of the rack is given
by
𝐹𝑟=𝑚𝑔 + 𝑚𝑎+𝐹𝑒
Where
𝐹𝑟 =Tangential force of rack
𝐹𝑒=pressing force for the application
𝑚= moved mass; includes mass of top plate and any other mass that has effect on the rack
𝑔 =Force of gravity
𝑎=maximum acceleration that the machine experience but in our case the only acceleration is “g”
since there is no velocity change.
𝐹𝑟=𝑚(𝑔 + 𝑎) + 𝐹𝑒=1.8kg (9.81𝑚
𝑠2
⁄ +0) +981N
𝐹𝑟=17.658N + 981N=998.658N
14. V. Torque on the pinion
The torque on the pinion is simply multiply the tangential force of the rack by radius of
the pinion
We take the diameter of the pinion is 2.5cm our reason to take this dimension it is when
the crack move 5cm our pinion will rotate two full rotation so we can produce maximum
amount of torque.
T=𝐹𝑟×𝑟𝑃 where: - 𝐹𝑟 =tangential force of rack
𝑟𝑃 =radius of pinion
𝑇=torque on the pinion
T=998.658N × 1.25cm =12.48Nm
VI. The maximum permissible torque for the shaft with known dimension
The maximum Permissible shear stress on the shaft is (𝜏) 90Mpa that the shaft material can
handle
𝑑2= 1.25cm → 𝑐2= 0.75cm where: - 𝑑2=outer diameter of the shaft
𝑐2=outer radius of the shaft
𝑑1= 0.75cm → 𝑐1= 0.375cm 𝑑1=inner diameter of the shaft,
𝑐2=inner radius of the shaft
First find the value of inertia “J”
J=
𝜋
2
(𝐶2
4
− 𝐶1
4
) =
𝜋
2
((0.00754
− 0.003754
))
J =4.657×10−9
𝑚4
Now find the maximum torque using the equation
𝜏 =
𝑇𝑐2
𝐽
= where: - 𝑇𝑚 = the maximum torque that the material can handle
𝑇𝑚 =
𝜏𝐽
𝑐
=
90𝑀𝑝𝑎 ×4.657 ×10−9
𝑚4
0.0075𝑚
𝜏=given maximum permissible torque
𝑇𝑚= 55.884 Nm
So as we see the maximum torque that the material can handle is greater than that of the machine
will experience (T<𝑇𝑚) when it implement so our shaft is safe to use.
15. VII. EMF generated by the DC generator
Since we use wave winded type of generator we use the formula given by
Reasons why we choose wave winded type of generator
Basic comparison Lap winded generator wave winded generator
Definition The coil is lap back to the
succeeding coil.
The coil of the winding form the
wave shape.
EMF Less More
Winding Cost High (because more
conductor is required)
Low
Efficiency Less High
Parallel Path The numbers of parallel
path are equal to the total
of number poles.
The number of parallel paths is
equal to two.
Uses In low voltage, high
current machines.
In high voltage, low current
machines.
𝐸𝑔 =
ψZPn
60𝐴
where: - Z=number of conductor=P×A
P=number of pole
𝑛=speed of rotor
𝐸𝑔=EMF generated
𝐴=number of parallel path in this case it is half of
the number of pole
We use wave winded generator that have 4 pole and number of conductor 4
First we calculate the speed of rotor using the formula of
The velocity or the speed is 0.5m/s because the downward and upward movement of the
rack is occur with is a second and it move only 5cm so speed
𝑛=
𝑠
𝑡
where: - s =the distance moved by the rack
t= time taken to move that distance
𝐸𝑔 =
0.2×4×8×0.5
60×2
=0.3v
16. VIII. The weight of base plate
The given parameters’ are
Height (H) = 20cm
Length (L) = 35cm
Width (W) =0.5cm
Density of steel =7850
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
Here also we can find the volume (V) and the weight (𝑊𝐺 ) of the top plate.
V=L×W×H= 0.20×0.005×0.35=3.5× 10−4
𝑚3
Weight =density × volume
𝑊𝐺 =3.5× 10−4
𝑚3
× 7850
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑊𝐺 =2.75𝑘𝑔
IX. Volume of a box for the device.
Here we are going to calculate the box for a device or a total place where covered by the
device when it implemented in real world.
Length of the device (L) = 40cm
Height of the device (H) = 35cm
Width of the device (W) = 25cm
Now we can find the volume (V) of the device
V=L×W×H=400cm×35cm×25cm=0.4375𝑚3
When we implemented the machine will cover 0.4375𝑚3
this amount of volume.
17. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The basic working principle of this project is based on the rack and pinion arrangement to
implements this we adjust the steel plates above and below the gear system and moveable
springs. The spring, rack and pinion arrangement is fixed below the foot step which is mounted
on base. Spring system is used for return mechanism of upper plate after release of load. The
upper plate is mounted on two springs; the weight impact is converted into electrical power. The
shaft along with pinion is supported by end bearings. The shaft along with pinion is supported by
end bearings a gear is provided there also. When the pressure is applied, the rack pressures the
pinion to move and the linear motion is converted into rotational motion a gear is coupled to the
shaft. The weight impact is converted into electrical power with proper control unit. To the
pinion shaft DC generator is provided and LEDs are coupled to it. The gear wheel which is
provided in shaft is coupled to the DC generator. . From the DC generator the wires are taken.
These wires are connected to LEDs, to display the output power. Thus Mechanical energy is
converted in to Electrical energy.
The working of mechanical Foot Step power generation is demonstrated:
I. When force is applied on the plate by standing on plate the spring gets compressed.
II. The rack moves vertically down.
III. The pinion meshed with the rack gear results in circular motion of the pinion gear.
IV. For one full compression the pinion Moves one semicircle, when the force applied on the
plate released the pinion reverses and moves another semicircle.
V. When the force is released from the plate pinion reverses and moves another circle and cause
rotation of gear pairs.
VI. The generator attached to the last gear hence results in the dc power generation. The power
generated by the foot step generator can be stored in an energy storing device.
18. The complete diagram of the footstep power generation is given below
Fig.3.12 Flow diagram of power generation
Human foot on the top
plate
Rack and pinion
arrangement
Gear pairs
Dynamo or generator
LEDs