Chapter 9 – urinary system 10.12
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The document defines several terms and procedures related to the urinary system. It discusses blood urea nitrogen (BUN) tests, retrograde pyelograms, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), catheterization, and associated risks. The purpose is to provide information on various diagnostic tests and treatments involving the urinary system.
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Chapter 9 – urinary system
A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood from urea, which is produced when proteins break down. A BUN test, along with a creatinine test, can indicate how well the kidneys are functioning by checking if they are removing urea from the blood normally. Abnormal BUN levels may be caused by dehydration, kidney disease, liver disease, or a high-protein diet. Together, BUN and creatinine tests provide information about kidney health and function.
Topic laboratory and instrumental methods of studying the kidneys and urinar...
The document summarizes various laboratory and instrumental methods used to study the kidneys and urinary system in children. It describes the anatomy and development of the kidneys, functions of the kidneys, diagnostic investigations including urinalysis, uroflowmetry, ultrasound, CT, MRI, voiding cystourethrogram, retrograde urethrogram, and CT urography. These methods are used to diagnose conditions like kidney stones, renal masses, reflux, obstruction, and anatomical abnormalities.
Bladder stones
Bladder stones are abnormal crystals that form in the bladder when urine is not fully emptied. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, painful urination, and blood in the urine. Bladder stones are most common in men over 30 and are often caused by conditions that obstruct urine flow like an enlarged prostate. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, CT scan, or ultrasound. Treatment involves breaking up or surgically removing the stones and treating any underlying causes. Leaving bladder stones untreated can lead to urinary tract infections or bladder dysfunction.
Chapter 9
This document defines and describes four terms related to the urinary system: incontinence, hydronephrosis, nephrolithiasis, and polycystic kidneys. Incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control. Hydronephrosis is the distention of the kidney pelvis due to urine buildup caused by an obstruction, usually in the ureter. Nephrolithiasis occurs when salts solidify to form kidney stones. Polycystic kidneys involve the formation of multiple cysts in the kidney tissue, destroying normal tissue and potentially causing other organ problems.
The urinary system
The urinary system filters waste from the blood and removes it from the body via the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It also regulates water and electrolyte levels and pH. Common abbreviations used when discussing the urinary system include KUB for kidney-ureter-bladder x-ray, RP for retrograde pyelogram procedure, UTI for urinary tract infection, BUN for blood urea nitrogen test, and cysto for cystoscopy. Cystoscopy uses an endoscope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder.
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis is the dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidney. It can be caused by congenital abnormalities, such as ureteral atresia, or acquired issues like kidney stones. On imaging, the kidney appears enlarged with a distended pelvis and thinning of the renal parenchyma. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of obstruction, ranging from nephrostomy or pyeloplasty for mild hydronephrosis to nephrectomy if the kidney is non-functioning.
Urology finalized
This document summarizes urinary tract stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. It describes the presentations, investigations, and management of urinary tract stones and covers different stone types and locations. It outlines the symptoms of BPH including weak urinary stream and incomplete emptying. Medical treatments including alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are discussed. For prostate cancer, it mentions PSA screening and biopsy according to Gleason score for diagnosis and covers staging and treatments including surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy.
Renal calculi and hydronephrosis
This document discusses renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins by stating that renal stones are a frequent disorder that occur more commonly in males and can run in families. The main causes of stone formation include increased concentrations of stone constituents in urine, decreased urine flow, and absence of substances that inhibit stone formation. The most common types of stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid, and cystine. Risk factors for different stone types and the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and complications of kidney stones are also summarized.
Recommended
Chapter 9 – urinary system
A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood from urea, which is produced when proteins break down. A BUN test, along with a creatinine test, can indicate how well the kidneys are functioning by checking if they are removing urea from the blood normally. Abnormal BUN levels may be caused by dehydration, kidney disease, liver disease, or a high-protein diet. Together, BUN and creatinine tests provide information about kidney health and function.
Topic laboratory and instrumental methods of studying the kidneys and urinar...
The document summarizes various laboratory and instrumental methods used to study the kidneys and urinary system in children. It describes the anatomy and development of the kidneys, functions of the kidneys, diagnostic investigations including urinalysis, uroflowmetry, ultrasound, CT, MRI, voiding cystourethrogram, retrograde urethrogram, and CT urography. These methods are used to diagnose conditions like kidney stones, renal masses, reflux, obstruction, and anatomical abnormalities.
Bladder stones
Bladder stones are abnormal crystals that form in the bladder when urine is not fully emptied. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, painful urination, and blood in the urine. Bladder stones are most common in men over 30 and are often caused by conditions that obstruct urine flow like an enlarged prostate. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, CT scan, or ultrasound. Treatment involves breaking up or surgically removing the stones and treating any underlying causes. Leaving bladder stones untreated can lead to urinary tract infections or bladder dysfunction.
Chapter 9
This document defines and describes four terms related to the urinary system: incontinence, hydronephrosis, nephrolithiasis, and polycystic kidneys. Incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control. Hydronephrosis is the distention of the kidney pelvis due to urine buildup caused by an obstruction, usually in the ureter. Nephrolithiasis occurs when salts solidify to form kidney stones. Polycystic kidneys involve the formation of multiple cysts in the kidney tissue, destroying normal tissue and potentially causing other organ problems.
The urinary system
The urinary system filters waste from the blood and removes it from the body via the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It also regulates water and electrolyte levels and pH. Common abbreviations used when discussing the urinary system include KUB for kidney-ureter-bladder x-ray, RP for retrograde pyelogram procedure, UTI for urinary tract infection, BUN for blood urea nitrogen test, and cysto for cystoscopy. Cystoscopy uses an endoscope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder.
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis is the dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidney. It can be caused by congenital abnormalities, such as ureteral atresia, or acquired issues like kidney stones. On imaging, the kidney appears enlarged with a distended pelvis and thinning of the renal parenchyma. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of obstruction, ranging from nephrostomy or pyeloplasty for mild hydronephrosis to nephrectomy if the kidney is non-functioning.
Urology finalized
This document summarizes urinary tract stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. It describes the presentations, investigations, and management of urinary tract stones and covers different stone types and locations. It outlines the symptoms of BPH including weak urinary stream and incomplete emptying. Medical treatments including alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are discussed. For prostate cancer, it mentions PSA screening and biopsy according to Gleason score for diagnosis and covers staging and treatments including surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy.
Renal calculi and hydronephrosis
This document discusses renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins by stating that renal stones are a frequent disorder that occur more commonly in males and can run in families. The main causes of stone formation include increased concentrations of stone constituents in urine, decreased urine flow, and absence of substances that inhibit stone formation. The most common types of stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid, and cystine. Risk factors for different stone types and the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and complications of kidney stones are also summarized.
Urolithiasis
This document provides an overview of urolithiasis (urinary stones) according to Ayurvedic principles as described by Sushruta and Charaka. It begins with a brief introduction mentioning Sushruta included urolithiasis in the eight major diseases. It then describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system and formation of stones. Key points covered include the etiology of stone formation from vitiated doshas, epidemiological factors like diet, climate and occupation that can influence stone risk, and the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate stone development.
Hydronephrosis for students
Hydronephrosis is dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by obstruction of urine flow. It can be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic lesions and may be unilateral or bilateral. Chronic or incomplete obstruction can lead to cortical tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and thinning of the renal parenchyma over time. Acute obstruction may cause pain, while chronic or partial obstruction may have few symptoms until late stages with impaired urine concentration and renal function decline. Complete bilateral obstruction results in oliguria/anuria and requires relief of obstruction to survive.
Urolithiasis
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
Diagnostic Procedures Of The Urinary System
The document summarizes several common diagnostic procedures for the urinary system:
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) tests measure nitrogen levels in the blood to evaluate kidney function. A urine culture examines a urine sample for bacteria that may be causing a urinary tract infection. A Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (KUB) x-ray produces images of the kidneys, ureters and bladder without dye. A retrograde pyelogram uses dye injected into the urethra to outline the urinary structures, while a cystoscopy visually examines the bladder using a cytoscope.
Renal calculus by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
RENAL CALCULUS AETIOLOGY
Males- radio-opaque gall stones
Females - Radiolucent gall stones
Diet:Vitamin A deficiency
it causes desquamation of epithelium
which acts as a nidus for stone formation.
Climate:
In hot climate urinary solutes will increase with decrease in colloids,
Urinary pathology
The document discusses several conditions that affect the urinary system, including:
1. Wilm's tumor, a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children between ages 3-4. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
2. Polycystic kidney disease, a genetic disorder where cysts develop within the kidneys, causing high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other issues.
3. Kidney stones, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain when passing through the ureters. Treatment depends on stone size and symptoms.
Hydronephrosis | SurgicoMed.com
Hydronephrosis is a condition where the kidneys become swollen due to a blockage that prevents urine from exiting properly. It is typically caused by kidney stones, tumors, or narrowing of the ureters. Common symptoms include flank pain, nausea, frequent urination, and fever with infection. Treatment aims to drain urine from the kidneys to relieve pressure and remove the underlying cause of blockage, often through procedures to insert stents or bypass the obstruction site. Without treatment, hydronephrosis can lead to permanent kidney damage or failure.
Urology department
This document discusses several common urologic disorders identified by the American Urological Association Foundation. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlarged prostate that is very common in older men. Incontinence is a loss of bladder control that results in unwanted urine release. Urinary tract infections are caused by undesirable microbes attacking the urinary tract and causing infection, and are more common in women. Kidney stones develop when crystals in urine collect particles that can block urine flow and cause pain.
Urinary system disorders.pptx1
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and disorders that can affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys and nephrons. Some key urinary disorders summarized include:
1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are common in women and caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract. Symptoms can include painful urination.
2. Kidney stones, solid mineral deposits that can block the urinary tract. Treatment includes shockwave lithotripsy to break up stones.
3. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate common in aging men that causes urinary problems. Treatments include medications
Urology
Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the urinary tract and male reproductive system. It covers conditions of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and male genitals. Common diseases treated in urology include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, incontinence, and cancers of the urinary system. Urology departments are staffed by urologists, nurses, and have various equipment like cystoscopes, uretroscopes, and holmium lasers. NABH standards for urology focus on communication between staff, respecting patient privacy, and informing patients of critical test results
Anorectal diseases
This document provides information on the anal region (guda) including its anatomy, measurements, blood supply, relations, and diseases like piles (hemorrhoids) and fistula-in-ano. It describes the components and measurements of the guda, the classification and management of piles and fistula-in-ano according to Ayurveda and modern medicine. Clinical features, examination, and investigations for piles and fistula-in-ano are also summarized.
Imaging in urology: part 1 kub & ivp
Imaging in urology: part 1 kub & ivp
by Ahmad Al-Sabbagh & revised by M.A. Wadood
sorry, previous upload was unsuccessful
Disorders of urinary system
a urinary system
the function of the urinary system
nephritis
treatment
drug safe for use
urinary incontinence
Urinary retention and incontinence
URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS ARE ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT GROUP OF DISORDERS THAT NEEDS A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING. THE MOST BASIC OF THEM ARE URINARY RETENTION AND INCONTINENCE. THIS PRESENTATION DEALS WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THESE DISORDERS IN AN ILLUSTRATED MANNER.
Cholelithiasis anaphysio
The liver produces bile which aids in digestion. Bile contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments and other components. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver before releasing it into the small intestine in response to fat ingestion. Bile emulsifies fat to allow for absorption in the small intestine. Bile salts are formed from cholesterol in the liver and secreted in bile and excreted in feces. Bile travels from the liver through bile ducts to the common bile duct and pancreatic duct, then to the duodenum.
Surgeical interventions on urinary system in horses
This document discusses surgical procedures related to the urinary system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the urinary system. It then discusses various surgical procedures that may be performed, such as removing kidney stones using lithotripsy or surgery. It also covers procedures for removing tumors in the bladder or ureters and reconstructive surgeries after removing part of the bladder. Surgical techniques for accessing and removing stones from the kidneys or ureters are provided.
Urinary Diseases
The document discusses various diseases and disorders of the urinary system. It describes urinary tract infections as being commonly caused by E. coli and symptoms including frequent, painful urination. It also discusses kidney diseases like acute glomerulonephritis which is caused by bacterial or viral infections and can lead to decreased urine output. Finally, it summarizes end-stage renal disease as when the kidneys can no longer remove waste from the blood, requiring dialysis or transplant.
Diseases of excretory system
This document discusses various diseases of the excretory system including the kidney and bladder. It covers topics such as hematuria, its causes and types. Diagnostic tests for hematuria including urine culture, ultrasound, cystoscopy, and IVU are outlined. Causes of hematuria include injuries, infections, tumors, and other medical conditions. Management depends on identifying and treating the underlying cause, and may include antibiotics, surgery, chemotherapy or other treatments. Other topics covered include horseshoe kidney, polycystic kidney disease, renal cysts, injuries to the kidney, ureteral abnormalities, and renal calculi.
The Different Disorders of the Urinary System
The document discusses several disorders of the urinary system, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), which cause inflammation in the urethra (urethritis), bladder (cystitis), or kidneys (pyelonephritis); urinary incontinence, which affects millions of Americans, especially women and older people; kidney stones, which form in the kidneys and cause pain; and cancers like kidney cancer and bladder cancer. It also mentions nephritis, which is inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys, and urethritis, an infection of the urethra caused by a sexually transmitted germ.
renal abscess by waheed
This document discusses renal abscesses, including defining it as a collection of pus around the kidney caused by infection. It lists the etiology as bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and risk factors as diabetes, pregnancy, elderly age, and autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include fever, chills, loin pain, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated white blood cells and hemoglobin changes, urine tests, ultrasound identifying enlarged kidney size or abscess, and CT/MRI distinguishing intra-renal from extra-renal abscesses. Treatment consists of antibiotics administered orally or intravenously, percutaneous drainage of large abscesses, and nephrectomy in some cases
Renal function tests
The document discusses various functions of the kidney and renal function tests. The kidney functions include excretion of waste, regulation of salt/water balance, regulation of acid-base balance, and production of hormones. Renal function tests provide information on glomerular function, renal blood flow, and tubular function. Common tests include urine analysis, creatinine clearance tests, urea clearance tests, and inulin clearance tests which help assess glomerular filtration rate and renal function.
Clinical laboratory test
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION IS EFFECTIVE IN SLIDE SHOW. THIS WILL INEFFECTIVE WITHOUT SLIDE SHOW.
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION CONTAINS DETAIL, MECHANISM BEHIND THE CLINICAL LABORATORY TEST.
IN THIS PRESENTATION MECHANISM OF LABORATORY TEST ARE DESCRIBE IN ANIMATED MANNER THAT OTHER EASILY UNDERSTOOD.
THIS PRESENTATION CONTAINS VARIOUS TEST LIKE
HEMATOLOGY TEST, LIVER FUNCTION TEST, KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST.
TEST LIKE, BLEEDING TIME, CLOTTING TIME, PROTHROMBINE TIME, ESR, BUN, TRANSFERINE, FERITINE, AST, ALT, SGPT, SGOT, LIPID, GFR, INULINE TESTS ARE DESCRIBE IN ANIMATED MANNER.
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Urolithiasis
This document provides an overview of urolithiasis (urinary stones) according to Ayurvedic principles as described by Sushruta and Charaka. It begins with a brief introduction mentioning Sushruta included urolithiasis in the eight major diseases. It then describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system and formation of stones. Key points covered include the etiology of stone formation from vitiated doshas, epidemiological factors like diet, climate and occupation that can influence stone risk, and the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate stone development.
Hydronephrosis for students
Hydronephrosis is dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by obstruction of urine flow. It can be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic lesions and may be unilateral or bilateral. Chronic or incomplete obstruction can lead to cortical tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and thinning of the renal parenchyma over time. Acute obstruction may cause pain, while chronic or partial obstruction may have few symptoms until late stages with impaired urine concentration and renal function decline. Complete bilateral obstruction results in oliguria/anuria and requires relief of obstruction to survive.
Urolithiasis
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
Diagnostic Procedures Of The Urinary System
The document summarizes several common diagnostic procedures for the urinary system:
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) tests measure nitrogen levels in the blood to evaluate kidney function. A urine culture examines a urine sample for bacteria that may be causing a urinary tract infection. A Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (KUB) x-ray produces images of the kidneys, ureters and bladder without dye. A retrograde pyelogram uses dye injected into the urethra to outline the urinary structures, while a cystoscopy visually examines the bladder using a cytoscope.
Renal calculus by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
RENAL CALCULUS AETIOLOGY
Males- radio-opaque gall stones
Females - Radiolucent gall stones
Diet:Vitamin A deficiency
it causes desquamation of epithelium
which acts as a nidus for stone formation.
Climate:
In hot climate urinary solutes will increase with decrease in colloids,
Urinary pathology
The document discusses several conditions that affect the urinary system, including:
1. Wilm's tumor, a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children between ages 3-4. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
2. Polycystic kidney disease, a genetic disorder where cysts develop within the kidneys, causing high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other issues.
3. Kidney stones, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain when passing through the ureters. Treatment depends on stone size and symptoms.
Hydronephrosis | SurgicoMed.com
Hydronephrosis is a condition where the kidneys become swollen due to a blockage that prevents urine from exiting properly. It is typically caused by kidney stones, tumors, or narrowing of the ureters. Common symptoms include flank pain, nausea, frequent urination, and fever with infection. Treatment aims to drain urine from the kidneys to relieve pressure and remove the underlying cause of blockage, often through procedures to insert stents or bypass the obstruction site. Without treatment, hydronephrosis can lead to permanent kidney damage or failure.
Urology department
This document discusses several common urologic disorders identified by the American Urological Association Foundation. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlarged prostate that is very common in older men. Incontinence is a loss of bladder control that results in unwanted urine release. Urinary tract infections are caused by undesirable microbes attacking the urinary tract and causing infection, and are more common in women. Kidney stones develop when crystals in urine collect particles that can block urine flow and cause pain.
Urinary system disorders.pptx1
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and disorders that can affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys and nephrons. Some key urinary disorders summarized include:
1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are common in women and caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract. Symptoms can include painful urination.
2. Kidney stones, solid mineral deposits that can block the urinary tract. Treatment includes shockwave lithotripsy to break up stones.
3. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate common in aging men that causes urinary problems. Treatments include medications
Urology
Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the urinary tract and male reproductive system. It covers conditions of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and male genitals. Common diseases treated in urology include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, incontinence, and cancers of the urinary system. Urology departments are staffed by urologists, nurses, and have various equipment like cystoscopes, uretroscopes, and holmium lasers. NABH standards for urology focus on communication between staff, respecting patient privacy, and informing patients of critical test results
Anorectal diseases
This document provides information on the anal region (guda) including its anatomy, measurements, blood supply, relations, and diseases like piles (hemorrhoids) and fistula-in-ano. It describes the components and measurements of the guda, the classification and management of piles and fistula-in-ano according to Ayurveda and modern medicine. Clinical features, examination, and investigations for piles and fistula-in-ano are also summarized.
Imaging in urology: part 1 kub & ivp
Imaging in urology: part 1 kub & ivp
by Ahmad Al-Sabbagh & revised by M.A. Wadood
sorry, previous upload was unsuccessful
Disorders of urinary system
a urinary system
the function of the urinary system
nephritis
treatment
drug safe for use
urinary incontinence
Urinary retention and incontinence
URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS ARE ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT GROUP OF DISORDERS THAT NEEDS A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING. THE MOST BASIC OF THEM ARE URINARY RETENTION AND INCONTINENCE. THIS PRESENTATION DEALS WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THESE DISORDERS IN AN ILLUSTRATED MANNER.
Cholelithiasis anaphysio
The liver produces bile which aids in digestion. Bile contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments and other components. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver before releasing it into the small intestine in response to fat ingestion. Bile emulsifies fat to allow for absorption in the small intestine. Bile salts are formed from cholesterol in the liver and secreted in bile and excreted in feces. Bile travels from the liver through bile ducts to the common bile duct and pancreatic duct, then to the duodenum.
Surgeical interventions on urinary system in horses
This document discusses surgical procedures related to the urinary system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the urinary system. It then discusses various surgical procedures that may be performed, such as removing kidney stones using lithotripsy or surgery. It also covers procedures for removing tumors in the bladder or ureters and reconstructive surgeries after removing part of the bladder. Surgical techniques for accessing and removing stones from the kidneys or ureters are provided.
Urinary Diseases
The document discusses various diseases and disorders of the urinary system. It describes urinary tract infections as being commonly caused by E. coli and symptoms including frequent, painful urination. It also discusses kidney diseases like acute glomerulonephritis which is caused by bacterial or viral infections and can lead to decreased urine output. Finally, it summarizes end-stage renal disease as when the kidneys can no longer remove waste from the blood, requiring dialysis or transplant.
Diseases of excretory system
This document discusses various diseases of the excretory system including the kidney and bladder. It covers topics such as hematuria, its causes and types. Diagnostic tests for hematuria including urine culture, ultrasound, cystoscopy, and IVU are outlined. Causes of hematuria include injuries, infections, tumors, and other medical conditions. Management depends on identifying and treating the underlying cause, and may include antibiotics, surgery, chemotherapy or other treatments. Other topics covered include horseshoe kidney, polycystic kidney disease, renal cysts, injuries to the kidney, ureteral abnormalities, and renal calculi.
The Different Disorders of the Urinary System
The document discusses several disorders of the urinary system, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), which cause inflammation in the urethra (urethritis), bladder (cystitis), or kidneys (pyelonephritis); urinary incontinence, which affects millions of Americans, especially women and older people; kidney stones, which form in the kidneys and cause pain; and cancers like kidney cancer and bladder cancer. It also mentions nephritis, which is inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys, and urethritis, an infection of the urethra caused by a sexually transmitted germ.
renal abscess by waheed
This document discusses renal abscesses, including defining it as a collection of pus around the kidney caused by infection. It lists the etiology as bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and risk factors as diabetes, pregnancy, elderly age, and autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include fever, chills, loin pain, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated white blood cells and hemoglobin changes, urine tests, ultrasound identifying enlarged kidney size or abscess, and CT/MRI distinguishing intra-renal from extra-renal abscesses. Treatment consists of antibiotics administered orally or intravenously, percutaneous drainage of large abscesses, and nephrectomy in some cases
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Renal function tests
The document discusses various functions of the kidney and renal function tests. The kidney functions include excretion of waste, regulation of salt/water balance, regulation of acid-base balance, and production of hormones. Renal function tests provide information on glomerular function, renal blood flow, and tubular function. Common tests include urine analysis, creatinine clearance tests, urea clearance tests, and inulin clearance tests which help assess glomerular filtration rate and renal function.
Clinical laboratory test
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION IS EFFECTIVE IN SLIDE SHOW. THIS WILL INEFFECTIVE WITHOUT SLIDE SHOW.
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION CONTAINS DETAIL, MECHANISM BEHIND THE CLINICAL LABORATORY TEST.
IN THIS PRESENTATION MECHANISM OF LABORATORY TEST ARE DESCRIBE IN ANIMATED MANNER THAT OTHER EASILY UNDERSTOOD.
THIS PRESENTATION CONTAINS VARIOUS TEST LIKE
HEMATOLOGY TEST, LIVER FUNCTION TEST, KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST.
TEST LIKE, BLEEDING TIME, CLOTTING TIME, PROTHROMBINE TIME, ESR, BUN, TRANSFERINE, FERITINE, AST, ALT, SGPT, SGOT, LIPID, GFR, INULINE TESTS ARE DESCRIBE IN ANIMATED MANNER.
Renal function tests - a deep insight by rxvichu!
Hello friends...!
Exactly a year from today, i made my google slideshare account...and started publishing my ppts in it.....
Today, I am publishing my 25th ppt........
And the first ppt in CLINICAL PHARMACY!!
This is regarding RENAL FUNCTION TESTS......
Hope it may help anyone who refer this.
God bless :)
@rxvichu-alwz4uh! :) :)
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Kft
This document provides information on kidney function tests. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the kidney including glomerular filtration and tubular function. It then discusses various tests used to evaluate kidney function including clearance tests measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using substances like inulin, creatinine, urea and tests of tubular function like concentration and dilution tests. It provides details of procedures, normal values and interpretation for various kidney function tests.
Rft
Renal function tests assess kidney function and detect impairment. They include tests of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using creatinine, urea and inulin clearance. GFR is calculated using creatinine levels and equations factoring age, weight and sex. Other tests evaluate tubular function through urine concentration, osmolality, and checking for proteins, glucose and amino acids in urine. Together these tests provide valuable information about both glomerular and tubular integrity and kidney health.
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Kidney disorders, Laboratory Investigation and Renal Function Tests
The document discusses kidney disorders, including their presentation, common diseases, and laboratory tests used in evaluation and diagnosis. It covers the functions of the kidneys, risk factors and symptoms of kidney failure, treatment options like dialysis and transplantation. Common kidney diseases described include polycystic kidney disease, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and diabetic kidney disease. Laboratory tests for kidney function include urine analysis, renal function tests of glomerular and renal blood flow, and renal biopsy.
Renal function test
This document discusses renal function tests and their importance in assessing kidney function and detecting impairment. It describes various tests including urine analysis, blood tests of creatinine and urea, and glomerular function tests. Common indications for evaluating renal function are listed, such as older age, diabetes, and hypertension. The document also outlines approaches to interpreting test results and diagnosing different kidney conditions like acute injury, nephritic syndrome, and nephrotic syndrome.
Renal function test
This document discusses renal function tests and their use in assessing kidney function. It covers tests that measure glomerular filtration rate like creatinine clearance and urea clearance. Creatinine clearance is considered the best measure of glomerular filtration as creatinine is filtered at the glomerulus and neither reabsorbed nor secreted. Stages of kidney disease are defined based on glomerular filtration rate. Tubular function tests like urine concentration are also discussed. Biochemical changes in blood that occur with impaired kidney function are outlined.
kidney function tests
The document discusses kidney function tests. It describes the purpose of urine examination to diagnose kidney disorders and other diseases affecting kidney function. It covers macroscopic examination of urine including color, odor, pH, specific gravity and volume. Microscopic examination looks at cells, crystals, casts and microorganisms. Chemical examination tests for proteins, sugars, ketones, bile salts and blood. Clearance tests and urine concentration tests assess renal tubular function. Different types of kidney stones are also discussed.
Chronic Kidney Disease
This document summarizes key topics about chronic kidney disease (CKD), including definitions, classification stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), clinical consequences such as increased cardiovascular risk, and treatment goals like blood pressure and proteinuria control. It discusses markers of renal function like serum creatinine and estimated GFR, as well as complications of CKD like anemia and how they are treated. Target hemoglobin levels with erythropoietin therapy and outcomes of hemodialysis are also summarized.
Renal function test
This document discusses renal function tests. It begins by outlining the objectives of renal function tests which are to detect possible renal damage, assess severity, observe progress of renal disease, and monitor safe drug use. It then discusses causes of kidney disorders which can be pre-renal, renal, or post-renal. The main tests of renal function described are urine examination, tests of excretory function like creatinine clearance, and estimating blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. The document provides details on how to perform and interpret these tests.
Renal Diagnostic Tests OR Investigations
The document discusses various renal diagnostic tests including laboratory studies, radiology/imaging tests, and other procedures. Laboratory tests of renal function include tests of concentration, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, protein, microalbumin levels, and urine casts. Imaging tests include x-rays of the kidneys/ureters/bladder, intravenous pyelograms, renal angiograms, renal scans, ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs. Other procedures mentioned are cystoscopy, prostate-specific antigen testing, and needle biopsy of the kidney. Precautions and nursing considerations are provided for many of the tests.
Urea creatinine
This document discusses urea and creatinine, which are waste products excreted by the kidneys. It describes how urea is formed from ammonia in the liver and how defects in the urea cycle can cause metabolic disorders. It outlines methods for measuring blood urea and urine urea. Creatinine is formed from creatine in muscle and increased levels can indicate muscle or kidney issues. Methods for measuring serum and urine creatinine are provided. The document concludes by noting creatinine clearance is a sensitive indicator of kidney function.
Renal function tests
This document summarizes renal function tests and urine analysis. It describes the anatomy and function of the nephron, steps in urine formation, and normal ranges for physical and chemical urine tests including volume, color, odor, specific gravity, pH, creatinine, BUN, electrolytes, glucose, protein, and ketones. It discusses clinical implications of abnormal test values and interfering factors. Macroscopic urine examination for casts and cells is also covered, in addition to exogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate like inulin and iothalamate clearance tests.
Kidney function test
1. A 10 year old boy presented with facial swelling, foot swelling, and abdominal distension. His history revealed a fever 6 weeks prior.
2. The probable diagnosis is nephritic syndrome.
3. Recommended tests include a urine analysis to check for proteinuria and microscopic hematuria, and a serum albumin test to evaluate nephrotic range proteinuria.
Renal function test
This document discusses various renal function tests used to evaluate different aspects of kidney function. It describes tests of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) including clearance tests using substances like creatinine, inulin, and radioactive tracers. It also discusses tubular function tests like urine concentration tests, osmolarity measurements, and tests of the kidney's response to vasopressin. Formulas for calculating clearance, osmolarity, and free water clearance are provided. The significance of GFR measurements and estimated GFR formulas like Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD are summarized.
Renal Function Tests by Dr.Ankur Puri
The kidneys contain approximately 1 million nephrons each. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney and consist of glomeruli and tubules. Nephron formation is complete by birth but maturation continues into childhood. A decreased number of nephrons can lead to renal disease later in life. Evaluation of renal function includes urine analysis, measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using creatinine clearance or formulas, and tests of urinary concentration and acidification abilities.
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS (RFT)
This document discusses the key functions and mechanisms of the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and excreting metabolic waste products like urea and creatinine. They also retain substances vital to the body like glucose and amino acids. The kidneys function as endocrine organs by producing hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption are the key processes in urine formation. Various tests are used to assess kidney function, including clearance tests using creatinine and urea, as well as examining the blood, urine and using thresholds.
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Kidney disorders, Laboratory Investigation and Renal Function Tests
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Similar to Chapter 9 – urinary system 10.12
Presentation9
The document discusses various topics related to the urinary system including:
- UTI's which are caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract and can be treated with antibiotics.
- BNO which is a blockage of the bladder neck that prevents complete emptying and can damage the bladder if not treated.
- KUB which is an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder used to detect issues like kidney stones.
- ESWL which uses shockwaves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces for easier passage.
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Presentation 9 urinary system
This document provides an overview of common medical abbreviations and procedures related to the urinary system. It defines abbreviations such as AGN, UTI, and HD. It also describes procedures like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) which uses shock waves to break up kidney stones, retrograde pyelogram which uses dye and X-rays to examine the kidneys and ureters, and cystoscopy which uses a thin camera to examine the bladder and urethra. The document aims to inform about common tests and treatments related to the urinary system.
URETERAL OBSTRUCTION_ (blessy).pdf
This document discusses ureteral obstruction, which is a blockage in the ureters that connect the kidneys to the bladder. It can be caused by various congenital issues, injuries, tumors, or other problems that prevent the normal flow of urine. Left untreated, ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections, kidney damage, and even kidney failure or sepsis. Treatment aims to remove or bypass the blockage through minimally invasive or open surgical procedures, with the goal of restoring urine flow and preventing long-term kidney damage.
Urinary system medical term
The document provides definitions and explanations for 5 medical abbreviations related to the urinary system:
1. ARF stands for acute renal failure, which is the rapid breakdown of kidney function that occurs when toxins accumulate due to the kidneys' inability to excrete waste.
2. Cath refers to catheterization, where a tube is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine or deliver treatments.
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4. BUN measures the level of urea nitrogen in the blood, which indicates how well the
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5 Abbreviations Regarding Urinary System
The document discusses 5 common abbreviations related to the urinary system: BNO (bladder neck obstruction), Cath (catheterization), CC (clean catch urine specimen), EU (excretory urography), and UTI (urinary tract infection). It provides details on each abbreviation, including causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and prevention methods. The abbreviations cover various conditions and procedures involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Complications are also outlined, such as infections from catheterization.
The urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra working together to produce, store, and eliminate urine. When these organs are not functioning properly, illnesses and diseases can develop. Diagnostic procedures like excretory urography, urine tests, and hemodialysis are used to detect issues by examining the urinary tract and kidney function or cleaning the blood. Common urinary problems addressed are urinary tract infections, bladder neck obstruction, and kidney failure requiring hemodialysis. Clean catch urine specimens are also discussed as a standard urine test procedure.
Chapter 9
This document discusses urinary catheterization. It describes catheters as plastic tubes inserted into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine or inject liquids for treatment or diagnosis. Critically ill patients requiring strict urine output monitoring are often catheterized. The document describes different catheter types including Foley, Robinson, Coude, and hematuria catheters.
Bladder stone Presentation
Bladder stones are hard mineral masses that form in the bladder when minerals in concentrated urine crystallize, often due to an inability to completely empty the bladder. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, burning during urination, frequent urination, and blood in the urine. Bladder stones are caused by issues like an enlarged prostate, nerve damage, kidney stones, dehydration, infection, or abnormalities in the urinary tract. They are diagnosed through urinalysis, CT scans, or ultrasounds and treated by breaking up the stones with lasers or surgically removing large stones.
Ki̇dney stone
There are four main types of kidney stones: calcium, uric acid, struvite, and cystine. Calcium stones are the most common, forming when there are high levels of calcium or oxalate in the urine. Uric acid stones form when urine is acidic. Struvite stones often form due to urinary tract infections, and can grow quite large. Cystine stones occur in people with a rare genetic disorder. Kidney stones are diagnosed through physical exams, blood and urine tests, and imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment involves increasing fluid intake, using medication to prevent stone formation, or surgical procedures like ESWL to break up stones.
Do you feel shortness of breath or Bad concentration? Do the Kidney function...
Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys lose the ability to filter waste from your blood sufficiently.Toxic exposure to environmental pollutants or certain medications or severe dehydration are some of causes of kidney failure. Chronic Kidney Diseases, Kidney stones, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic Kidney diseases, UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) are the life threatening kidney diseases. if you are feeling fatigue, difficulty in concentrating, muscle cramping, swelling in legs or near eyes then do not ignore these symptoms and go for kidney test as soon as possible. These are the symptoms for kidney failure.Do not ignore, book your test at BookMyScans and get the best price at 75% discount and 5 blood test .
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What is a Kidney Infection.pptx
A kidney infection, which is also known as pyelonephritis, is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or both kidneys.
It occurs when bacteria from the bladder or urethra travel up to the kidneys, where they can cause inflammation and damage to the kidney tissue.
Kidney infections are more common in women and can occur at any age.
Excretory and urinary system
The excretory and urinary system works to remove waste from the body through urine. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. When full, the bladder empties through the urethra. The system helps regulate water balance and remove toxins. Diseases like kidney stones, UTIs, and gallstones can cause pain and require treatments like antibiotics, shock waves, or surgery.
Gandhi HUN.pptx
Hydronephrosis is the swelling of one or both kidneys due to urine buildup. The condition is usually caused by a blockage in the urinary tract that prevents urine from draining properly from the kidney. Treatment aims to remove urine buildup and relieve pressure on the kidneys to prevent permanent damage. Initial treatment involves draining urine using a catheter. Depending on the underlying cause, additional treatments may include surgery to correct blockages, stents to bypass obstructions, or shockwave lithotripsy to break up stones. Complications can include urinary tract infections or kidney damage if not treated promptly.
Urinary retension (1)
Urinary retention is the inability to fully empty the bladder. It can be acute or chronic. Common causes include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, neurological conditions, and certain medications. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, urinalysis, imaging tests like ultrasound and urodynamic studies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, procedures like cystoscopy or TURP, and sometimes surgery. Differential diagnosis considers defects along the urinary tract from the bladder to urethra and neurological pathways.
dialysis and renal failure in child
Renal failure refers to damage to the kidneys resulting in loss of function. There are two types - acute onset and potentially reversible, and chronic which progresses over 3+ months and can become permanent. In the US over 9,800 children have end-stage renal disease and rely on dialysis or transplantation. Causes in children include birth defects, infections, diseases. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and imaging tests. Treatment depends on severity and may include medications, diet, dialysis, and transplantation. Complications can include anemia, bone disease, heart disease, and fluid/electrolyte issues if not properly managed.
Hydronephrosis
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Urinary abbreviations:chap 9
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is usually caused by bacteria affecting the bladder, ureters, or kidneys. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infection but commonly include painful urination and cloudy urine. Treatments usually involve antibiotics and fluids, though more severe infections may require intravenous antibiotics. Catheterization involves inserting a tube through the urethra into the bladder to drain or administer fluids. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy uses ultrasonic waves to break up stones in the kidneys or bladder without surgery. A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test checks kidney function by measuring waste product levels in the blood.
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Chapter 9 powerpoint
The document summarizes key aspects of the kidney and urinary system. It discusses the location and functions of the kidneys, components of urine like water and electrolytes. It further describes kidney conditions like Acute Tubular Necrosis, treatments for kidney failure including hemodialysis and access methods. It also outlines urinary tract infections and bladder neck obstruction, defining each and their associated symptoms and treatments.
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Chapter 9 – urinary system 10.12
The document defines several terms and procedures related to the urinary system. It discusses blood urea nitrogen (BUN) tests, retrograde pyelograms, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for breaking up kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), catheterization, and related risks. The purpose is to provide information on various diagnostic tests and treatments involving the urinary system.
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Chapter 9 – urinary system 10.12
- 1. Chapter 9 – Urinary System Definitions Rosa Razo October 17, 2012 Sources: http:// www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides
- 2. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) • A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea. Urea is made when protein is broken down in your body. Urea is made in the liver and passed out of your body in the urine • A BUN test is done to see how well your kidneys are working. If your kidneys are not able to remove urea from the blood normally, your BUN level rises.. Heart failure, dehydration or a diet high in protein can also make your BUN level higher. Liver disease or damage can lower your BUN level. A low BUN level can occur normally in the second or third trimester of pregnancy
- 3. BUN to Creatinine Ratio (BUN:creatinine) • A BUN test may be done with a blood creatinine test. The level of creatinine in your blood also tells how well your kidneys are working • A BUN-to-creatinine ratio can help your doctor check for problems, such as dehydration, that may cause abnormal BUN and creatinine levels.
- 4. Why a BUN Test is Done • To see if your kidneys are working normally. • To see if your kidney disease is getting worse. • To see if treatment of your kidney disease is working • Check for severe dehydration. Dehydration generally causes BUN levels to rise more than creatinine levels • Kidney disease or blockage of the flow of urine from your kidney causes both BUN and creatinine levels to rise
- 5. Retrograde Pyelogram (RP) • RP is a diagnostic x-ray in which dye is inserted through the urethra to outline the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis • Generally, this test is performed during a procedure called cystoscopy – evaluation of the bladder with an endoscope • During a cystoscopy, contrast dye, which helps enhance the X-ray images, can be introduced into the ureters via a cathete.
- 6. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) • ESWL uses shock waves to break a kidney stone into small pieces that can more easily travel through the urinary tract and pass from the body • ESWL may be used on people with a kidney stone that is causing pain or blocking the urine flow. Stones that are between 4 mm (0.16 in.) and 2 cm (0.8 in.) in diameter are most likely to be treated with ESWL.
- 7. What to Expect During ESWL Procedure • You lie on a water-filled cushion, and the surgeon uses X- rays or ultrasound tests to precisely locate the stone. High- energy sound waves pass through your body without injuring it and break the stone into small pieces. These small pieces move through the urinary tract and out of the body more easily than a large stone. • The process takes about an hour. • You may receive sedatives or local anesthesia • Your surgeon may use a stent if you have a large stone. A stent is a small, short tube of flexible plastic mesh that holds the ureter open; this helps the small stone pieces to pass without blocking the ureter
- 8. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) • A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract • Infections are caused by microbes—organisms too small to be seen without a microscope—including fungi, viruses, and bacteria • Bacteria are the most common cause of UTIs. Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. • Bacteria may overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection, causing an infection in the urethra (urethritis) • A bladder infection is called cystitis • A kidney infection is called pyelonephritis
- 9. What causes UTIs? • Most are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel • The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the majority of UTIs • Microbes called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can infect the urethra and reproductive system but not the bladder • Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections may be sexually transmitted and require treatment of sexual partners
- 10. Who is at risk for a UTI? • People with spinal cord injuries • People with other nerve damage around the bladder • Anyone with an abnormality of the urinary tract that obstructs the flow of urine (i.e.kidney stone or enlarged prostate) • People with diabetes
- 11. Catheterization (cath) • Urinary catheterization is the insertion of a catheter into a patient's bladder. The catheter is used as a conduit to drain urine from the bladder into an attached bag or container
- 12. Purpose of Catheterization • Urinary catheterization is used to maintain urine output in patients who are undergoing surgery • Patients who are confined to the bed and physically unable to use a bedpan • Critically ill patients who require strict monitoring of urinary output
- 13. Risks of Catheterizations • Trauma to the urethra and/or bladder may result from incorrect insertion of the catheter • Repeated irritation to the urethra during catheter insertion may cause scarring and/or stricture, or narrowing, of the urethra • Catheter may introduce bacteria into the urethra and bladder, resulting in urinary tract infection