A medicinal preparation which is prepared by extraction of crude vegetable drugs (active principles) with suitable solvent. The term is now used to denote standard preparations containing one or more active constituents of a plant and made by a process that leaves the inert and other undesirable constituents of the plant un-dissolved. This is known as Extraction.
A medicinal preparation which is prepared by extraction of crude vegetable drugs (active principles) with suitable solvent. The term is now used to denote standard preparations containing one or more active constituents of a plant and made by a process that leaves the inert and other undesirable constituents of the plant un-dissolved. This is known as Extraction.
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
THIS VIDEO EXPLAINS ABOUT VITAMIN A IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
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Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#VITAMIN_A,#FUNCTIONS,#SOURCE, #DEFICIENCY,#DISEASE,#NIGHTBLINDNESS#XEROPHTHALMIA,#BITOTSPOT,#CORNEALXEROSIS, #CONJUNCIVALXEROSIS, YELLOWFRUITS,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Dosage forms and routes of drug administrationFatenAlsadek
this presentation give an over review about Routes of drug administrations and dosage forms
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Onset is when drug starts working Doa- how long it works
Ex if a person is dehydrated and its not severe, the person can increase fluid intake BUT if its severe, the person will be hospitalized and given fluids IV
After a drug is swallowed, it is absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic portal system . It is carried through the portal vein into the liver before it reaches the rest of the body. The liver metabolizes many drugs, sometimes to such an extent that only a small amount of active drug emerges from the liver to the rest of the circulatory system . This first pass through the liver thus greatly reduces the bioavailability of the drug. Alternative routes of administration like suppository , intravenous , intramuscular , inhalational aerosol and sublingual avoid the first-pass effect because they allow drugs to be absorbed directly into the systemic circulation . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_effect
Cholestyramine-cholesterol KCL
Buccal is cheek Sublingual- under tongue
Do not confuse with EC ie enteric coated aspirin- this is coated so that it doesn’t dissolve until in small intestines Some ER tabs it is ok to split b/c the manufacturer has formulated it with a score in the middle of the
IR refers to immediate release
Self wetting agent that helps to make a drug extended release
15-20gtts per ml when calculating days supply
Intrathecal analgesia is distinguished from epidural analgesia by catheter location within the neuraxis (see Fast Fact #85 ). In the former, the catheter lies within the subarachnoid space, where small quantities of medication have direct access to spinal drug receptor sites. In the latter, larger doses of medication (necessitated by epidural fat and vascular uptake) must diffuse across the dura to reach these receptors. Epidural vs. Intrathecal Analgesia Potential advantages of intrathecal – relative to epidural – techniques are: Ease of catheter placement, particularly in the presence spinal pathology. Superior analgesia in the following settings: Presence of epidural pathology, e.g. metastatic disease, radiation fibrosis, vertebral compression. Widespread pain, multiple pain locations, and pain distant from catheter site, especially upper body. Pain poorly responsive to high-dose epidural therapy. Fewer catheter problems such as catheter migration or tip occlusion. Lower dose requirements may reduce side effects and lower drug costs. http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/fastFact/ff_98.htm
PCA usually seen with morphine; it does max out at a certain amount so pt can not od
Z-track injection is used for Imferon (Fe), Demerol
Tb tests
Ed Drugs/stent into urethra
15 drops per 1 ml
Ocusert is an insert with active drug to be placed into the eye which delivers a specific amount of drug
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