The document discusses different types of plant layouts, including product layouts, process layouts, fixed-position layouts, and combination layouts. Product layouts arrange equipment along a production line to efficiently produce large volumes of similar items. Process layouts group machinery by function to allow for flexibility and variety in production. Fixed-position layouts keep products stationary while moving workers and equipment. Combination layouts blend aspects of product and process layouts. The key factors and principles influencing effective plant layout design are also covered.
Principles of Plant layout
Types of Plant layout
Process layout
Product layout
Cellular Manufacturing layout
fixed Position layout
Hybrid Layout
and their Advantages & disadvantages
Principles of Plant layout
Types of Plant layout
Process layout
Product layout
Cellular Manufacturing layout
fixed Position layout
Hybrid Layout
and their Advantages & disadvantages
Some of the factors are: 1. Nearness to Raw Material 2. Transport Facilities 3. Nearness to Markets 4. Availability of Labour 5. Availability of Fuel and Power 6. Availability of Water 7. Climatic Conditions 8. Financial and Other Aids 9. Land 10. Community Attitude and Few Others.
Meaning of Plant Layout, Principles of Plant Layout, Types of Plant Layout, Tools in Plant Layout, Building, Lighting and Ventilation, Air-conditioning, Noise and Safety
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Compressed Air Systems: Types of air compressors, compressor efficiency, efficient compressor operation, compressed air systems components, capacity assessment, and leakage test, factors affecting the performance and energy savings opportunities.
Prepared by
Er. B. SREENIVASULA REDDY
Assistant Professor (Food Engineering)
College of Food Science and Technology
Chinnarangapuram, Pulivendula – 516390
YSR (KADAPA) District, Andhra Pradesh
Introduction – Meaning & Definition - Factors affecting location, theory and practices, cost factor in location - Plant layout principles - space requirement- Different types of facilities, Organization of physical facilities – building, sanitation, lighting, air conditioning and safety.
Safety is the most important factor in designing a process system. Some undesired conditions might happen leading to damage in a system. Control systems might be installed to prevent such conditions, but a second safety device is also needed. One kind of safety device which is commonly used in the processing industry is the relief valve. A relief valve is a type of valve to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow out from the system.
This Presentation is plant location selection decision
it covers the details about following points :-
1. Introduction
2. Why location selection is an important decision
3. Factors affecting the plant location
4. Nature of location decision
5. Taking a location selection decision
6. Factors of location selection
7. Selection of site area
8. Reasons for selecting a foreign location
9. Expansion of new plant
10. Techniques for evaluating location selection
Some of the factors are: 1. Nearness to Raw Material 2. Transport Facilities 3. Nearness to Markets 4. Availability of Labour 5. Availability of Fuel and Power 6. Availability of Water 7. Climatic Conditions 8. Financial and Other Aids 9. Land 10. Community Attitude and Few Others.
Meaning of Plant Layout, Principles of Plant Layout, Types of Plant Layout, Tools in Plant Layout, Building, Lighting and Ventilation, Air-conditioning, Noise and Safety
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Compressed Air Systems: Types of air compressors, compressor efficiency, efficient compressor operation, compressed air systems components, capacity assessment, and leakage test, factors affecting the performance and energy savings opportunities.
Prepared by
Er. B. SREENIVASULA REDDY
Assistant Professor (Food Engineering)
College of Food Science and Technology
Chinnarangapuram, Pulivendula – 516390
YSR (KADAPA) District, Andhra Pradesh
Introduction – Meaning & Definition - Factors affecting location, theory and practices, cost factor in location - Plant layout principles - space requirement- Different types of facilities, Organization of physical facilities – building, sanitation, lighting, air conditioning and safety.
Safety is the most important factor in designing a process system. Some undesired conditions might happen leading to damage in a system. Control systems might be installed to prevent such conditions, but a second safety device is also needed. One kind of safety device which is commonly used in the processing industry is the relief valve. A relief valve is a type of valve to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow out from the system.
This Presentation is plant location selection decision
it covers the details about following points :-
1. Introduction
2. Why location selection is an important decision
3. Factors affecting the plant location
4. Nature of location decision
5. Taking a location selection decision
6. Factors of location selection
7. Selection of site area
8. Reasons for selecting a foreign location
9. Expansion of new plant
10. Techniques for evaluating location selection
Plant Layout
Facility Layout Planning
Product Layout
Process Layout
Fixed position layout
Cellular layout
Factors affecting location plant
Merit and Demerits
Plant Layout Principles
An Assembly line
U shaped assembly line
Assembly line balancing
Cellular layout and Group Technology
It is a presentation on facility layout which covers the definition of layout, objectives of good layout, factors affecting layout and types of layout.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Plant/Facility Layout
Page 2
“Plant layout ideally involves allocation of space and
arrangement of equipment in such a manner that overall
operating costs are minimized.
Plant Layout is the physical arrangement of equipment and
facilities within a plant.
Plant layout refers to the arrangement of physical facilities
such as machinery, equipment, furniture etc. with in the
factory building in such a manner so as to have quickest
flow of material at the lowest cost and with the least
amount of handling in processing the product from the
receipt of material to the shipment of the finished product.
3. Objectives of plant layout
Provide overall satisfactionand simplification
Reduce material handling
Provide higher turn over i.e. increased production
Effective utilization of space
Worker convenience and job satisfaction
Labour utilization
4. Features of Plant Layout
Page 4
Provide space for machine / materials / storage / etc.
•Flexible for future changes in capacity / Design / Process etc
( Cellular design).
•Accommodate future expansion.
•Deals with government rules & regulations ( Municipal
corporation / Labor law & rules.
• Safety of employees / visitors / vendors is prime concern
• Achieve economy in operation.
5. • PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM MOVEMENT
• PRINCIPLE OF FLOW
• PRINCIPLE OF SPACE
• PRINCIPLE OF SAFETY
• PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY
• PRINCIPLE OF INTERDEPENDENCE
• PRINCIPLE OF OVERALL INTEGRATION
• PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM INVESTMENT
Page 5
Principles of Plant Layout
6.
7. • PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM MOVEMENT - As far as possible materials
and labour should be moved over minimum distances.
• PRINCIPLE OF FLOW - The work areas should be arranged according
to the sequence of operations so that there is continuous flow of
materials without congestion. The layout should allow for easy
movement of materials without interruption or delay.
• PRINCIPLE OF SPACE - All available cubic space should be effectively
used both vertically and horizontally.
• PRINCIPLE OF SAFETY - There should be consideration for safety and
convenience of workers. There should be built in provision for the
safety and comfort.
Page 7
Principles of Plant Layout
8. • PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY - Layout should be designed in the
manner that production facilities can easily be rearranged when it
becomes necessary in future on account of expansion and
technological advancement.
• PRINCIPLE OF INTERDEPENDENCE Interdependent operations and
processes should be located in close proximity to each other.
• PRINCIPLE OF OVERALL INTEGRATION - All the plant facilities and
services should be fully integrated into a single operating unit so as
to maximize efficiency and minimize costs of production.
• PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM INVESTMENT - The layout should yield
savings in fixed capital investment through optimum utilization of
available facilities.
Page 8
Principles of Plant Layout
9. Factors affecting Plant Layout
Page 9
PLANT
LAYOUT
MAN
MATERIAL
MACHIN
E
MOVEME
NT
WAITING
SERVICE
BUILDIN
G
CHANGE
10. 1) Building & Structure :Depend on type of production
system
( Intermittent / Continuous)
Intermittent System : Building & Shades are constructed
& layouts done in shades with best possible options &
then machinery will be brought inside.
Continuous System : Arrange machines first then construction
around .
It should withstand & offer support to cranes / hoists /
trolleys etc.
2) Men :
• Number of people.
• Unskilled ( More space ) / Skilled ( Less space i.e. Computer
operator).
• Physic of workers ( ex. height ).
11. 3)Machinery :
Type of machine :
• General purpose machines : Compact in size & requires
less space.
• Special Purpose machines (SPM) : Large in size ,
complicated,
high level of automation.
• Number of machines :
• Level of automation ( Semi / fully automated)
• Higher complexity wider space.
12. • Nature of material ( Flammable / inflammable / Hazardous & Non
Hazardous , Corrosive , Methalene , mercury , oils , fuels)
• Form of material ( Solid / Liquid / Powder etc)
• Quantity of material to be handled.
• Cycle Time : Consumption of material.
3) MATERIAL :
13. 5) Movement :
• Movement of people / machines / cranes ( length & frequency)
• Purpose of movement ( With load / without load / Quantity ofload)
6)Waiting Time :
• Cycle time for completeting each activity.
• Intermittent –
• Uncertain & High.
• More storage places between machines & facilities.
• Continuous –
• Defined & low.
14. Changes :
• Production Volume
• Product type & design
• Process type
• Varieties
• Frequency of change ( Ex 5 years)
Services:
• Electrical supply
• Pneumatic supply ( Air supply)
• Water supply
• Chilling process – Cooling Tower
• Air ventilation –Ducting
• Fire extinguishers – Water
sprinklers
15. • Factory building - The nature and size of the building determines the floor space
available for layout. While designing the special requirements, e.g. air
conditioning, dust control, humidity control etc. must be kept in mind. Location
of a plant greatly influences the layout of the plant. Topography, shape, climate
conditions, and size of the site selected will influence the general arrangement of
the layout and the flow of work in and out of the building.
• Nature of product - Production of heavy and bulky items need different layout as
compared to small and light items. Similarly products with complex and
dangerous operations would require isolation instead of integration of processes.
• Plant Environment - Heat, light, noise, ventilation and other aspects should be
duly considered, e.g. paint shops and plating section should be located in
another hall so that dangerous fumes can be removed through proper
ventilation etc. Adequate safety arrangement should also be made.
• Repairs and maintenance - Machines should be so arranged that adequate space
is available between them for movement of equipment and people required for
repairing the machines.
Page 15
Factors affecting Plant Layout
16. • Management policy - Various managerial policies relate to future volume of
production and expansion, size of the plant, integration of production processes;
facilities to employees, sales and marketing policies and purchasing policies etc.
These policies and plans have positive impact in deciding plant layout.
• Human needs - Adequate arrangement should be made for cloakroom,
washroom, lockers, drinking water, toilets and other employee facilities, proper
provision should be made for disposal of effluents, if any.
• Type of machinery - General purpose machines are often arranged as per process
layout while special purpose machines are arranged according to product layout.
• Production Process - In assembly line industries, product layout is better. In job
order or intermittent manufacturing on the other hand, process layout is
desirable.
Page 16
Factors affecting Plant Layout
17. • Costs of movement of materials from one work area to another
• Cost of space
• Cost of production delays
• Cost of spoilage of materials
• Cost of labour dissatisfaction and health risks
• Costs of changes required if the operational conditions change in
the future.
• Cost of customer dissatisfaction due to poor service (quality,
delivery, flexibility, responsiveness, cost) which may be due to poor
layout.
Page 17
Costs involved
19. The production process normally determines the type of plant
layout to be applied to the facility:
• Fixed position plant layout
Product stays and resources move to it.
• Product oriented plant layout
Machinery and Materials are placed following the
product path.
• Process oriented plant layout (Functional Layout).
Machinery is placed according to what they do and
materials go to them.
• Combined Layout
Combine aspects of both process and product layouts
Page 19
20. Under this, machines and equipments are arranged in one line
depending upon the sequence of operations required for the product.
The materials move from one workstation to another sequentially
without any backtracking or deviation. Under this, machines are
grouped in one sequence. Therefore materials are fed into the first
machine and finished goods travel automatically from machine to
machine, the output of one machine becoming input of the next.
Page 20
21. Product Layouts
• Product layouts are used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large volumes
of goods or customers through a system. Product layout sets up production
equipment along a product-flow line, and the work in process moves along this
line past workstations. It efficiently produces large numbers of similar items.
Page 21
14
22. e.g. in a paper mill, bamboos are fed into the machine at one end and paper
comes out at the other end. The raw material moves very fast from one
workstation to other stations with a minimum work in progress storage and
material handling.
e.g. chemicals, sugar, paper, rubber, refineries, cement, automobiles, food
processing and electronics etc.
Page 22
Product Layouts
23. Advantages
Page 23
A high rate of output
Low unit cost due to high volume
Low material-handling cost per unit
A high utilization of labor and equipment
Smooth and uninterrupted operations
Continuous flow of work
Optimum use of floor space
Shorter processing time or quicker
output
Less congestion of work in the process
Simple and effective inspection of work
and simplified production control
Disadvantages
Morale problems due to repetitive stress
injuries.
Highly susceptible to shutdowns
Preventive maintenance, the capacity for
quick repairs, and spare-parts inventories
are necessary expenses
High initial capital investment in special
purpose machine
Breakdown of one machine will hamper
the whole production process
Lesser flexibility as specially laid out for
particular product.
Product Layouts
24. • Process layout groups machinery and
equipment according to their functions.
• In this type of layout machines of a
similar type are arranged together at one
place. E.g. Machines performing drilling
operations are arranged in the drilling
department, machines performing
casting operations be grouped in the
casting department. Therefore the
machines are installed in the plants,
which follow the process layout.
Page 24
25. Process Layouts
• Process layouts are designed to process items or provide services
that involve a variety of processing requirements.
Page 18
25
26. Process Layouts
The grouping of machines according to the process has to be done
keeping in mind the following principles –
1. The distance between departments should be as short as possible for
avoiding long distance movement of materials.
2. The departments should be in sequence of operations
3. The arrangement should be convenient for inspection and supervision
e.g. tailoring, light and heavy engineering products, made to order
furniture industries, jewelry.
Page 18
26
27. Advantages
Page 27
There is high degree of machine utilization, as a
machine is not blocked for a single product
Change in output design and volume can be
more easily adapted to the output of variety of
products
Not vulnerable to equipment failures.
Breakdown of one machine does not result in
complete work stoppage
Supervision can be more effective and
specialized
There is a greater flexibility of scope for
expansion
Disadvantages
In-process inventory costs can
be high
Material handling costs are high
More skilled labour is required
resulting in higher cost.
Time gap or lag in production is
higher
Work in progress inventory is
high needing greater storage
space
More frequent inspection is
needed which results in costly
supervision
Process Layouts
28. • A fixed-position layout places the product in one spot, and workers,
materials, and equipment come to it.
• In this type of layout, the major product being produced is fixed at one
location. Equipment labour and components are moved to that location.
All facilities are brought and arranged around one work center. This type
of layout is not relevant for small scale entrepreneur. E.g. - shipbuilding
Page 28
29. Fixed-Position Layouts
Page 29
22
• In fixed-position layouts, the item being worked on remains
stationary, and workers, materials, and equipment are moved
about as needed.
• Fixed-position layouts are widely used in farming, firefighting,
road building, home building, remodeling and repair, and
drilling for oil. In each case, compelling reasons bring workers,
materials, and equipment to the “product’s” location instead
of the other way around.
• Manufacture of bulky and heavy products such as locomotives,
ships, boilers, generators, wagon building, aircraft
manufacturing, etc. Construction of building, flyovers, dams.
32. Page 25
Advantages
Saves time and cost in movement
Flexible as changes in job design can be
easily incorporated
More economical when several orders in
different stages are executed
Adjustments can be made to meet
shortage of materials or absence of
workers.
25
Disadvantages
• Capital investment is quite heavy
• Very large space is required for storage
of materials and equipment
• As several operations are carried
simultaneously, possibility of confusion
and conflicts are high
Fixed-Position Layouts
33. Page 26
• Customer-oriented layout arranges facilities to enhance the interactions
between customers and a service.
34. Page 27
Combination Layouts
• Combine aspects of both process and product layouts.
• Supermarket layouts are essentially process layouts, yet we find
that most use fixed-path material-handling devices such as roller-
type conveyors in the stockroom and belt-type conveyors at the
cash registers.
27