This document discusses plant layout, which refers to the arrangement of machinery, equipment, and other facilities within a factory to allow for the efficient flow of materials through the production process. It outlines different types of layouts including product layout, process layout, and fixed position layout. Product layout arranges machines in the order of operations, allowing continuous flow. Process layout groups similar machines together. Fixed position layout moves workers to the product. Key factors in determining the best layout include the type of product, production process, equipment, and safety/flexibility needs. The goals of plant layout are to minimize costs through optimal space utilization and reducing material handling.

2. Topic
presentation
1
Plant layout
Student Name:- Bhayani Raj P.
Enrollment number:- 196190319010
Semester :- 5th
Subject :- self employment and
entrepreneurship
development
Subject code no :- 3351906

3. Plant layout refers to the arrangement of physical
facilities such as machinery, equipment, furniture etc.
with in the factory building in such a manner so as to
have quickest flow of material at the lowest cost and
with the least amount of handling in processing the
product from the receipt of material to the shipment
of the finished product.

4. According to Riggs, “the overall objective of plant layout is to
design a physical arrangement that most economically meets
the required output – quantity and quality.”
According to J. L. Zundi, “Plant layout ideally involves
allocation of space and arrangement of equipment in such a
manner that overall operating costs are minimized.

5. 1. TYPE OF PRODUCT (size, shape and quality)
2. TYPE OF PROCESS (technology employed, sequencing etc)
3. VOLUME OF PRODUCTIONS- (INCREASE OR DECREASE)

6. IMPORTANCE OF PLANT LAYOUT
• It is long-term commitment
• It facilitates the production process, minimizes material
handling, time and cost, and allows flexibility of operations
• It facilitates easy production flow, makes economic use of the
building, promotes effective utilization of manpower, and provides
for employee’s convenience, safety, comfort at work, maximum
exposure to natural light and ventilation
• it affects the flow of material and processes, labour efficiency,
supervision and control, use of space and expansion possibilities .

7. • Proper and efficient utilization of available floor space.
• To ensure that work proceeds from one point to another point without
any delay .
• Provide enough production capacity.
• Reduce material handling costs .
• Reduce hazards to personnel.
• Utilize labour efficiently .
• Increase employee morale.
• Reduce accidents.
• Provide ease of supervision and control.
• Provide employee safety and health .
• Allow ease of maintenance .
• Allow high machine or equipment utilization.
• Improve productivity.
• To minimize cost of productions.
• Better inter department relationship.

8. 1. Factory building :- The nature and size of the building determines the
floor space available for layout. While designing the special
requirements, e.g. air conditioning, dust control, humidity control etc.
must be kept in mind.
2. Nature of product :- Product layout is suitable for uniform products
whereas process layout is more appropriate for custom-made products.
3. Production process :- In assembly line industries, product layout is
better. In job order or intermittent manufacturing on the other hand,
process layout is desirable.
4. Type of machinery: General purpose machines are often arranged as per
process layout while special purpose machines are arranged according to
product layout.

9. 5. Repairs and maintenance :- Machines should be so arranged that
adequate space is available between them for movement of equipment and
people required for repairing the machines.
6. Human needs :- Adequate arrangement should be made for cloakroom,
washroom, lockers, drinking water, toilets and other employee facilities,
proper provision should be made for disposal of effluents, if any.
7. Plant environment :- Heat, light, noise, ventilation and other aspects
should be duly considered, e.g. paint shops and plating section should be
located in another hall so that dangerous fumes can be removed through
proper ventilation etc. Adequate safety arrangement should also be made.
8. Management policies :- management policies regarding size, quality,
employee facilities and delivery schedules should be considered while
deciding plant layout.

10. •Deficiencies in the layout unnoticed by the layout engineer in
the beginning.
•Technological advancements in machinery, material, processes,
product design, fuel etc.
• Introduction of a new product and diversification
•Increase in the output of the existing product

11. 1. PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM MOVEMENT
2. PRINCIPLE OF FLOW
3. PRINCIPLE OF SPACE
4. PRINCIPLE OF SAFETY
5. PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY
6. PRINCIPLE OF INTERDEPENDENCE
7. PRINCIPLE OF OVERALL INTEGRATION
8. PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM INVESTMENT

12. 1. PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM MOVEMENT :- As far as possible materials and
labor should be moved over minimum distances.
2. PRINCIPLE OF FLOW :- The work areas should be arranged according to
the sequence of operations so that there is continuous flow of materials
without congestion. The layout should allow for easy movement of
materials without interruption or delay.
3. PRINCIPLE OF SPACE :- All available cubic space should be effectively
used both vertically and horizontally.
4. PRINCIPLE OF SAFETY :- There should be consideration for safety and
convenience of workers. There should be built in provision for the safety
and comfort.

13. 5. PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY :- Layout should be designed in the
manner that production facilities can easily be rearranged when it
becomes necessary in future on account of expansion and technological
advancement.
6. PRINCIPLE OF INTERDEPENDENCE :- Interdependent operations
and processes should be located in close proximity to each other.
7.PRINCIPLE OF OVERALL INTEGRATION :- All the plant facilities and
services should be fully integrated into a single operating unit so as to
maximize efficiency and minimize costs of production.
8. PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM INVESTMENT :- The layout should yield
savings in fixed capital investment through optimum utilization of
available facilities.

14. 1. PRODUCT OR LINE LAYOUT
Under this, machines and equipments are arranged in one
line depending upon the sequence of operations required
for the product. The materials move from one workstation
to another sequentially without any backtracking or
deviation. Under this, machines are grouped in one
sequence. Therefore materials are fed into the first
machine and finished goods travel automatically from
machine to machine, the output of one machine becoming
input of the next.

15. e.g.in a paper mill, bamboos are fed into the machine at one end and paper comes
The grouping of machines should be done keeping in mind the following general
principles.
a)All the machine tools or other items of equipments must be placed at the point
demanded by the sequence of operations.
b)There should no points where one line crossed another line.
c)All the operations including assembly, testing, packing must be included in the line
out at the other end. The raw material moves very fast from one workstation to other
stations with a minimum work in progress storage and material handling.

17. 1. Low cost of material handling, due to straight and short
route and absence of backtracking.
2. Smooth and uninterrupted operations
3. Continuous flow of work
4. Lesser investment in inventory and work in progress
5. Optimum use of floor space
6. Shorter processing time or quicker output
7. Less congestion of work in the process
8. Simple and effective inspection of work and simplified
production control
9. Lower cost of manufacturing per unit

18. 1. High initial capital investment in special
purpose machine
2. Heavy overhead charges
3. Breakdown of one machine will hamper the
whole production process
4. Lesser flexibility as specially laid out for
particular product.

19. The grouping of machines according to the process has to
be done keeping in mind the following principles.
1. The distance between departments should be as short as
possible for avoiding long distance movement of materials.
2.The departments should be in sequence of operations
3.The arrangement should be convenient for inspection
and supervision

20. 1. Lower initial capital investment in machines and
equipments. There is high degree of machine utilization,
as a machine is not blocked for a single product.
2. The overhead costs are relatively low.
3. Change in output design and volume can be more easily
adapted to the output of variety of products.
4. Breakdown of one machine does not result in complete
work stoppage.
5. Supervision can be more effective and specialized.
6. There is a greater flexibility of scope for expansion.

21. 1. More frequent inspection is needed which results in costly supervision
2. Work in progress inventory is high needing greater storage space
3. Time gap or lag in production is higher
4. More skilled labour is required resulting in higher cost.
5. Material handling costs are high due to backtracking

22.  In this type of layout, the major product being
produced is fixed at one location. Equipment
labor and components are moved to that location.
All facilities are brought and arranged around one
work center. This type of layout is not relevant for
small scale entrepreneur.
E.g. - shipbuilding

23. 1. It saves time and cost involved on the movement of work
from one workstation to another.
2. The layout is flexible as change in job design and
operation sequence can be easily incorporated.
3. It is more economical when several orders in different
stages of progress are being executed simultaneously.
4. Adjustments can be made to meet shortage of materials
or absence of workers by changing the sequence of
operations.

24. Production period being very long, capital
investment is very heavy
Very large space is required for storage of material
and equipment near the product.
As several operations are often carried out
simultaneously, there is possibility of confusion
and conflicts among different workgroups.

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