The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a plant location and designing the layout for a pharmaceutical formulation production facility. Key factors for location include raw materials, markets, energy/utilities, transportation, and labor. The plant layout should group similar processes together and allow for logical product flow. Utilities like power, water, waste disposal must also be properly planned to meet production needs. Overall plant location and layout are vital decisions that strongly influence business success.
Site Selection, nature of the location, Factors affecting the location, Selection of the location, Importance of the plant location, choice of site for selection, Gov policies on decentralization, Industrial estates, Comparision of location, Plant layout, Principles of Plant Layout, Objective of Plant Layout, Flow pattern, Technique used in plant layout, Sample of different layout
This Presentation is plant location selection decision
it covers the details about following points :-
1. Introduction
2. Why location selection is an important decision
3. Factors affecting the plant location
4. Nature of location decision
5. Taking a location selection decision
6. Factors of location selection
7. Selection of site area
8. Reasons for selecting a foreign location
9. Expansion of new plant
10. Techniques for evaluating location selection
Site Selection, nature of the location, Factors affecting the location, Selection of the location, Importance of the plant location, choice of site for selection, Gov policies on decentralization, Industrial estates, Comparision of location, Plant layout, Principles of Plant Layout, Objective of Plant Layout, Flow pattern, Technique used in plant layout, Sample of different layout
This Presentation is plant location selection decision
it covers the details about following points :-
1. Introduction
2. Why location selection is an important decision
3. Factors affecting the plant location
4. Nature of location decision
5. Taking a location selection decision
6. Factors of location selection
7. Selection of site area
8. Reasons for selecting a foreign location
9. Expansion of new plant
10. Techniques for evaluating location selection
Prepared by
Er. B. SREENIVASULA REDDY
Assistant Professor (Food Engineering)
College of Food Science and Technology
Chinnarangapuram, Pulivendula – 516390
YSR (KADAPA) District, Andhra Pradesh
Production Planning and Control
Objective of PPC
Classification/Functions of PPC
Levels of PPC
Factors determining Production Planning Procedures
Production Planning System
Factors Determining PC procedures
Production Management
Types of plant Layout like production or line layout, Process layout, Fixed position or Location layout and combined layout.Along with its importance with example.
Prepared by
Er. B. SREENIVASULA REDDY
Assistant Professor (Food Engineering)
College of Food Science and Technology
Chinnarangapuram, Pulivendula – 516390
YSR (KADAPA) District, Andhra Pradesh
Production Planning and Control
Objective of PPC
Classification/Functions of PPC
Levels of PPC
Factors determining Production Planning Procedures
Production Planning System
Factors Determining PC procedures
Production Management
Types of plant Layout like production or line layout, Process layout, Fixed position or Location layout and combined layout.Along with its importance with example.
Most construction sites that run into trouble do so for reasons related to managerial factors rather than because of technical problems. The site-based management can make significant improvements in the cost and time savings during the construction process without involving a mass of additional work. The role of site managers is to control and maintain work performance and then taking actions to rectify situations where performance is unsatisfactory.
Concepts and Formulas of Construction Site Layout Planning Elements:
A well-planned site including all temporary facilities and utilities lead to: 1) increasing productivity and safety, 2) reducing area(s) needed for temporary construction, and 3) maximizing utilization. The following points should be considered in good site layout
Site layout planning can affect productivity and is crucial to project success. However, as construction is heterogeneous in the nature of its organizations, project designs, time constraints, environmental effects, etc., site layout planning for each project becomes unique. Affected by many uncertainties variables! And variations, site layout planning is a typical multi objective problem.
Problem solving requires representing the problem in a language that problem solvers can understand. However, solutions of most construction problems rely on empirical Knowledge about the site layout that can be as a site space allocation for material storage, working areas, units of accommodation, plant positions, general circulation areas, and also access and egress for deliveries and emergency services. Furthermore, conflicting objectives and the uniqueness of construction projects like bad site layout make the problems difficult to conceptualize and define.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. CONTENTS:
Plant location
Primary factors
Secondary factors
Plant layout
Types of layout
Procedures of layout
Utilities and services
Industrial pollution and control
Industrial hazard and safety
3. Selection: A vital decision
Strong influence on the success of an
industrial venture.
Proper selection of plant size also
important.
Location: Where the cost of production
and distribution is minimum.
Room for expansion and general living
conditions also important.
5. FUNDAMENTAL/ PRIMARY
FACTORS
1.Raw materials:
Types of raw materials used:
a) Crude drugs
b) Inorganic chemicals
c) Organic chemicals
Economical to locate the plant near the
source.
6. Increase in freight charges and
risk of danger if not locally
available.
If stable raw materials: other
factors to be considered also.
7. 2.Market:
Strong influence on the establishment of
industries.
The bulk industries are located nearer to
the market.
Bulk drug industry located where drug
formulation industries are located, since
bulk drugs are the feed for the
formulations and buyers are found nearby.
8. 3.Energy availability:
Fuel and power
Can also create own power generation
facility.
4. Transportation Facility:
For bringing raw materials and
distribution of finished goods.
Railways, roads and seaport.
The kind and amount of products and
raw materials determine the most
suitable type of transportation facility.
Also a need for transportation for the
personnel.
9. 5.Labour Supply:
Low wages and abundant labour help in
localization.
Skilled, better paid and highly mobile
labour required.
10. DERIVED/ SECONDARY
FACTORS
1.Climate and Soil:
Important for agriculture based industries. E.g.:
Ayurvedic drugs
A location which is very hot during summers
would not be suitable as it is subjected to dust
storms and drying up of water supplies.
Highly humid area will also not be suitable from
the point of:
Cost,
Contamination,
Difficulties of maintaining laboratory animals
in proper condition
Efficiency of labour
11. Antibiotic industries: located in a place
wherein the microbial contamination in
the environment is low and the ambient
temperatures throughout the year are
cool.
If in a cold climate: costs may be
increased by the necessity of constructing
protective shelters around the process
equipment.
If temp is high: special cooling towers or
a/c equipment may be required.
12. 2.Government concessions:
Govt. subsidies and concessions have
been provided for the industries located
in certain notified areas.
These areas have been declared as
industrially backward and the govt.
offers low wages, cheap power, tax
concessions, etc.
13. 3.Water supply
Large quantities of water required for cooling,
washing, steam generation and also as raw
material (liquid orals).
Study should be conducted regarding the
supply position of underground water and/or
surface water and their seasonal variation.
Quality of water also important.
Temperature, mineral content, silt or sand
content, bacteriological content, cost of supply
and purification treatment must also be
considered while choosing a water supply.
Detailed estimate of water requirements for
the present and the future must be made.
14. 4.Water Disposal:
Legal restrictions must be considered.
Site selected should have adequate
capacity and facilities for correct waste
disposal.
Attention should be given to potential
requirements for additional waste
treatment facilities.
15. 5.Site Characteristics:
Topography of the land and soil should
be considered since both may influence
the construction cost.
Cost of land, local building costs and
living conditions are also important.
Expansion of the plant in future should
also be considered.
16. 6. Flood and Fire protection:
A regional history of natural events like
floods and hurricanes must be
conducted if located near large bodies
of water (river, sea, etc.).
Assistance from fire deptt. should be
easily available.
Fire hazards in the immediate
surrounding area of the plant site must
not be overlooked.
17. Special provisions of Factory
Premises- Location
Should be located in a sanitary place away
from filthy surroundings.
Should be situated in a place which:
a. Shall not be adjacent to an open
sewage, drainage or public lavatories.
b. Shall not be adjacent to a factory,
which produces disagreeable or
obnoxious odours or fumes.
c. Shall not be adjacent to a factory,
which emits large quantities of soot,
dust or smoke.
18. The factory should not constitute undue
danger to adjacent life and property.
State laws and other related laws should
be consulted.
Indian Factories Act and the D&C Act
should be considered.
19. PLANT LAYOUT
Plant layout is a coordinated effort to
achieve the final objective to integrate
machines, materials, and personnel for
economic production.
Layout can be described as location of
different deptts and arrangement of
machinery in a deptt.
Proper layout has the advantage from the
point of workers, labour costs, other
production costs, supervision and capital
investment.
20. TYPES OF LAYOUTS
Process or Functional
Layout
Product or Straight Line
Layout
21. Process or functional Layout
In this type, all machines of a particular
class doing a particular type if work are
arranged together in a separate deptt.
Advantages of this type are:
a. More effective supervision can be
achieved.
b. Division of labour or specialized work
can be provided.
c. Less disruption of production is
possible.
d. Good scope for expansion.
22. Product or Straight Line
Layout
All machines doing various operations are
arranged in a line.
Advantages:
a. Facilitates quick and smooth processing of
work.
b. Reduces cost of material handling using
conveyor.
c. Reduces manufacturing time and speeds
up the manufacturing cycle.
d. Facilitates proper use of the floor.
e. Reduces inventory in work of progress.
f. Reduces inventory of finished goods.
26. Drawings of Plant Layout
Scale drawing with
elevation for equipment
and process
Analysis of layout: 3D
model, computer graphics
Detailed drawing
27. Factors guiding the layout:-
a)New site development or additions to a
developed site.
b)Type and quantity of products to be
produced.
c) Types of process and product control.
d)Space available and space required.
e)Operational convenience and accessibility.
f) Economic distribution of utilities and
services.
28. g)Type of buildings and building code
requirements.
h)Health and safety considerations.
i) Waste disposal problems.
j) Auxillary equipment.
k)Possible future expansion.
29. Some provisions of plant layout
The premises should be suitable for the
purpose of drug manufacturing.
Measures should be taken to prevent
mixing-up of substances or materials and
contamination.
The building of the factory shall be
constructed so as to permit the production
under hygienic conditions.
They shall conform to the conditions laid
down in Factories Act, 1948.
30. The part of the building used for
manufacture should nit be used as a
sleeping place.
No sleeping place adjoining the building
shall communicate therewith except
through open air and through an
intervening space.
The walls of the room in which
manufacturing operations are carried out
shall:
Have a height of 6 feet from the floor.
Be smooth and water proof
Be capable of maintaining cleanliness
Have no chinks or cervices
31. The flooring shall:
Be smooth, even and washable.
Be in such a way as to permit any
retention or accumulation of dust.
Have no chinks or cervices.
The buildings are arranged to permit
economic conditions.
The routing of goods should be logical
so that successive unit operations can
be done in adjacent rooms with
uninterrupted transportation.
32. Adequate facilities should be maintained
to provide safety and fire protection.
Regulations controlling escape routes in
case of fires, providing fire fighting
equipment, fire alarms and measures to
be taken for prevention of breaking of
fires and their spreading should be
complied.
Devices should be installed in every room
where process operations are carried on,
so that in times of emergency the power
supply can be immediately cut off from
the transmission machinery.
Building meant for storing and handling
should be segregated and isolated.
33. Utilities and Services
Utilities:
Basic utilities: Power and Water
Decision must be made on either to use
purchased power or to set up its own
power unit.
Different methods to transmit power
(mechanical energy, heat energy and
pressure energy) and the best one to suit
the particular process should be chosen.
34. Water can be obtained either from plant’s
own source or from a municipal supply.
Before going for the new project the
company must ensure sufficient supply of
water for all industrial, sanitary and safety
demands for both present and future.
Water used in manufacture shall be pure
and of drinkable quality, free from
pathogenic microorganisms.
35. Maintenance Services:
Sufficient space and facilities for
maintenance work must be provided.
Instruments to measure temperature,
pressure and density are used.
Automatic control systems are best.
36. Storage:
Adequate storage for raw materials,
intermediates, recycle materials, rejected
materials and fuels are essential.
Bulk storage of liquids is generally
handled by a closed cylindrical/ spherical
tank so as to prevent the escape of
volatile material and minimizing
contamination.
Liquids with vapour pressure above
atmospheric pressure must be stored in
vented tanks. Flame arrest mechanism
must be installed in all the vents.
37. Gases are stored at atmospheric pressure
in a wet or dry sealed gas holders.
Solid products and raw materials are
either stored in weather tight tanks with
sloping roofs or in outdoor bins and
mounds.
38. Industrial Pollution and
Control
Thermal pollution and
control
Water pollution abatement
Air pollution control
39. 1. Thermal Pollution Control:
Various off-stream cooling systems
are required to handle thermal
discharges from processes because:
a. Changes in temp cause potential
damage to the aquatic environment.
b. High temp causes reduction in the
assimilative capacity of organic
wastes.
c. Federal enactments are more stringent
regarding water temp standards.
40. 2.Water Pollution Abatement
More complex than handling a waste
gas effluent.
Waste liquid may contain dissolved
gases/solids or it may be slurry in
either conc. or diluted forms.
Better to install recovery facility rather
than waste treatment equipment.
Best treatment process or combination
of processes should identified.
41. Depending upon the type of waste
involved and the amount of removal
necessary treatment could be:
A.Physical
B.Chemical
C.Biological
42. A.Physical treatment:
Large floating or suspended particles
are removed first.
Methods: sedimentation and gravity
settling methods.
Adsorption process is employed using
activated carbon for the removal of
refractory organic substances, toxic
substances and color.
Ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and
electro-dialysis are used as the final
treatment for the in-plant recovery
systems.
43. B.Chemical treatment:
Used to remove colloidal matter, color,
odour, acids, alkali, heavy metals and
oil.
Methods: coagulation, flocculation,
emulsion breaking, precipitation and
neutralization.
44. C.Biological treatment
If common bacteria are found in water,
many organic materials will be oxidized to
form carbon dioxide, water, sulphate and
similar materials.
This treatment consumes oxygen that is
dissolved in water and may cause a
depletion of dissolved oxygen.
45. 3.Air Pollution Control
Classified into 2 categories:
a. Those suitable for removing
particulate matter.
b. Those associated with removing
gaseous pollutants.
Air pollutants can be removed in the
following manner:
a. For coarse diameter particulate:
with low energy devices such as
settling chamber, cyclones and
spray chambers.
46. b. Sub-micron particles: Removed with high
energy units such as bag filters,
electrostatic precipitators and venturi
scrubbers.
c. Intermediate particles: Removed with
impingement separators or low-energy
wet collectors.
d. Gaseous pollutants: Removed from air
streams either by absorption, adsorption,
condensation or incineration.
47. Industrial Hazard and Safety
Toxic and corrosive chemicals
Fire
Explosions
Noise
Plant personnel
48. 1. Chemical hazards
May bring about permanent impairment of
health or even death.
Chemical reactions with the tissue:
Dehydration by strong dehydrating
agents.
Digestion by strong acids and bases.
Oxidation by strong oxidizing agents.
Eyes and mucous membranes of the
throat most susceptible to corrosive dust,
mist and gases.
49. Many chemicals are toxic, flammable and
detonable.
Solvents like Chloroform, benzene,
chlorinated HC, low-boiling fractions of
petroleum used in the extraction of plants,
purification of synthetic drugs and in
chemicals analysis should be handled with
care.
Protect skin and remove people from the
area as soon as the first sign of skin
reaction is noticed.
Use of barrier creams can be useful.
50. Dust evolved due to grinding of
vegetables (capsicum, podophyllum, etc.)
can be irritating to eyes.
Goggles are to be worn.
Good house-keeping practices and
intelligent cooperation in the handling of
dangerous chemicals and drugs should be
practised.
51. 2. Dust Explosion
Methods to control dust:
a. Filtration
b. Inertial separation
c. Electrostatic precipitation
52. a. Filtration
Dust sucked through a mechanical
barrier whose pore size is sufficiently
small to retain the particles.
Materials used: Paper, wool, cotton-
wool and nylon.
b. Inertial separator
Separated by centrifugal force by
circulating air in a spiral manner in a
conical vessel (cyclone separator).
53. c. Electrostatic precipitators
Consists of a no. of earthed tubes.
Fine metal wires are stretched between
the tubes and high voltage is applied.
High voltage ionizes the dust particles
in the air and they thus deposit on
metal plates which is collected
periodically.
54. 3. Fire and Explosion Hazards
Use of brick firewalls should be done.
Roof is designed to lift easily under an
explosive force.
Adequate venting is necessary.
Elimination of ignition sources like
matches, welding, cutting, etc.
Installation of fire alarms, temperature
alarms, fire fighting equipment and
sprinkler systems.
55. 4. Noise abatement
To attain efficient, effective and practical
noise control, it is necessary to
understand the noise sources, their
acoustic properties and characteristics and
how they interact to create the overall
noise.
E.g.- air coolers: fan blades,
compressor: vibrations
56. 5. Personnel Safety
Facilities for health and safety,
protection of personnel in the plant
design should be made.
All machineries must guarded with
protective devices.
Medical devices and first aid must be
readily available for all workers.