UPPER RESIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN , ACUE PHARYGITIS , COMMON COLD , ACUTE SINUSITIS , ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA , APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH URTI , MANAGEMENT OF URTI IN CHILDREN
this contain detailed information about introduction, definition, causes, risk factor,treatment, medical and surgical management, nursing care given to the patient ,patient teaching.
Describe nursing assessment of the ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Identify nursing responsibilities for patient undergo diagnostic test or procedure for ear, sinuses, nose, throat.
Describe the common therapeutic measures for ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Explain the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestation and treatment for ENT disorders.
Assist in developing nursing care plans for patient with ENT disorders.
Upper respiratory tract infections are characterized by self-limited irritation and swelling of the upper airways together with a cough that does not indicate pneumonia, does not have a coexisting medical condition that could be the cause of the patient's symptoms, and does not have a history of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD. Presentation gives an overview on "Upper Respiratory Tract Infections", including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and Treatment to cure. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #HEALTH,#NEW,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
UPPER RESIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN , ACUE PHARYGITIS , COMMON COLD , ACUTE SINUSITIS , ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA , APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH URTI , MANAGEMENT OF URTI IN CHILDREN
this contain detailed information about introduction, definition, causes, risk factor,treatment, medical and surgical management, nursing care given to the patient ,patient teaching.
Describe nursing assessment of the ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Identify nursing responsibilities for patient undergo diagnostic test or procedure for ear, sinuses, nose, throat.
Describe the common therapeutic measures for ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Explain the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestation and treatment for ENT disorders.
Assist in developing nursing care plans for patient with ENT disorders.
Upper respiratory tract infections are characterized by self-limited irritation and swelling of the upper airways together with a cough that does not indicate pneumonia, does not have a coexisting medical condition that could be the cause of the patient's symptoms, and does not have a history of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD. Presentation gives an overview on "Upper Respiratory Tract Infections", including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and Treatment to cure. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #HEALTH,#NEW,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. COMMON DISEASES OF THE CHILDREN
• Respiratory system disorders and infections (ARI)
• Gastrointestinal infections and infestations (CDD)
• Febrile illness (malaria, meningitis, measles--)
• Nutritional deficiencies
Macro-nutrients deficiency, Protein Energy
Malnutrition (PEM)
Micro-nutrients deficiency (Vit A, D, iron etc)
2
4. Providing Care of the Child With Respiratory Illnesses…
• A respiratory system dysfunction is a frequent health concern for
individuals across the life span.
• Infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to
respiratory related diseases because of specific age-related
physical differences.
• Several developmental variations increase the pediatric
population’s risks for acquiring a respiratory system dysfunction.
• Small airways, fewer alveoli, and increased chest compliance
are leading factors that predispose them to respiratory
alterations. 4
9. DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Acute Nasopharyngitis (Common Cold)
• Definition : Acute viral infection of upper respiratory
tract with potential involvement of nasal passages,
sinuses, Eustachian tubes, middle ears, conjunctiva,
and nasopharynx.
Etiology
caused by number of viruses like rhinoviruses,
adenovirus, corona virus, parainfluenza and influenza
virus.
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most frequent
cause of the common cold in both adults and children.
9
10. Influenza virus cause a a broad array of respiratory
illnesses that are responsible for significant morbidity
and mortality in children on a yearly basis.
Influenza viruses are divided into three types: A, B,
and C.
Influenza virus types A and B are the primary human
pathogens and cause epidemic disease.
10
11. Signs and Symptoms:
Generally lasts one week; dry cough with rhinorrhea, may
persist up to 3 weeks
1. Infants
Irritability, restlessness, fever
sore throat
Rhinorrhea/ Runny nose and nasal obstruction
Occasional diarrhea
Changes in feeding and sleep patterns
2. Older children
Afebrile or low-grade fever, stuffy nose, watery nasal
discharge
Sore throat, sneezing, cough, chills
Occasional headache, malaise
11
12. Differential Diagnosis
• Underlying secondary bacterial infection—sinusitis,
OM, pharyngitis, lower respiratory tract disease
• Allergic rhinitis
• Foreign body
• Substance abuse in older children and adolescents, or
overuse of medicated nasal spray
12
13. • Physical Findings
Coryza
Inflamed, moist nasal mucosa and oropharynx
Chest clear
• Diagnostic Tests/Findings
Viral cultures expensive, generally unnecessary
If suspicious of differential diagnosis, consider
additional tests such as throat culture, chest or sinus
x-rays, allergy testing
13
14. Management/Treatment:
Symptomatic/supportive care
1. Analgesics for sore throat, muscle aches and fever
Aspirin shouldn’t be given
1. Relief of nasal congestion
• Nasal decongestants (xylometazoline, oxymetazoline, or
phenylephrine )
• 1st generations Antihistamine(anticholinergic effect)
Saline nose drops with nasal bulb syringe
Cool mist humidification
Antihistamines and decongestants but not routinely
recommended
Antibiotics are not indicated in viral infections
14
15. Management cont….
3. If symptoms persistent beyond 7 to 10 days,
consider secondary infection
4. Maintain hydration
• Prevention
Good hygiene and cleaning of clothes, toys, and play
areas
Limited exposure to crowded situations
15
16. Complications
• Otitis media -5-30%
• Sinusitis-5-13% children,
-0.5-2% in adolescence adults
• Exacerbation of asthma
16
18. Sinusitis
• Sinusitis is a common illness of childhood & adolescence
• There are 2 types of acute sinusitis:
Viral
Bacterial
• 0.5–2% of viral URTI in children and adolescents are
complicated by acute bacterial sinusitis.
• The means for appropriate diagnosis and optimal
treatment of sinusitis remain controversial.
18
19. Conti ….
• Both the ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses are present at
birth, but only the ethmoidal sinuses are pneumatized.
• The maxillary sinuses are not pneumatized until 4 yr of
age.
• The Sphenoidal sinuses are present by 5 yr of age,
• The Frontal sinuses begin development at age 7–8 yr and
are not completely developed until adolescence.
19
20. Etiology
• Streptococcus pneumoniae (≈30%),
• Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (≈20%),
• Moraxella catarrhalis (≈20%).
• Staphylococcus aureus, other streptococci, and
anaerobes are uncommon causes.
• H. influenzae,
• α- and β-hemolytic streptococci,
• M. catarrhalis,
• S. pneumoniae, and
• coagulase-negative staphylococci.
20
commonly recovered
from children with
chronic sinus disease
21. Clinical manifestations
o Nonspecific complaints, including nasal congestion, purulent nasal
discharge (unilateral or bilateral), fever, and cough.
o Bad breath - halitosis,
o Hyposmia - a decreased sense of smell, and
o Periorbital edema.
o Complaints of headache and facial pain are rare in children.
o Erythema and swelling of the nasal mucosa with purulent nasal
discharge.
o Sinus tenderness
o Transillumination reveals an opaque sinus that transmits light
poorly.
21
22. Diagnosis
• Persistent symptoms of URTI
• Nasal discharge and cough, for >10–14 days without
improvement
Severe respiratory symptoms, including
Temperature of at least 39°C (102°F) and
Purulent nasal discharge for 3–4 consecutive days, are
suggestive of a complicating acute bacterial sinusitis
• Sinus aspirate culture
• Sinus transillumination
• Sinus X-ray
• CT scan
22
23. Management
It is unclear whether antimicrobial treatment of clinically
diagnosed acute bacterial sinusitis offers any substantial
benefit
• 50–60% of children with acute bacterial sinusitis recover with-
out antimicrobial therapy.
• Initial therapy with amoxicillin (45mg/kg/day) is adequate for
the majority of children with uncomplicated acute bacterial
sinusitis, continue 7 days after resolution of symptoms
23
24. Conti ….
Alternative treatments for the penicillin-allergic patient
include
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,
Clarithromycin , or
Azithromycin
• Frontal sinusitis can rapidly progress to serious intracranial
complications and necessitates initiation of parenteral
ceftriaxone until substantial clinical improvement is
achieved
• Treatment is then completed with oral antibiotic therapy
24
25. Complications
• Periorbital cellulitis
• Orbital cellulitis
• Intracranial complications
• Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone (Pott puffy tumor)
• Mucoceles :-which are chronic inflammatory lesions
commonly located in the frontal sinuses that can expand,
causing displacement of the eye with resultant diplopia
25
28. Otitis Media (OM)…..
Etiology : S. Pneumonia.(approximately40%)
:H . influenzae (25% to 30%)
: Moraxella catarrhalis (10% to 20%)
28
29. Epidemiology of OM
Ear pain and/or discharge is one of the most common
presenting symptoms to OPD in under -5 children.
About 1/3 of children will have at least one episode of
acute otitis media by 3 years of age.
29
31. Types based on duration of symptoms
Acute OM: symptoms for less than 2 weeks
Chronic OM: symptoms for more than 2 week.
31
32. Diagnosis: Clinical
• Ear discharge
• Visualization of tympanic membrane: red
membrane, loss of normal light reflex.
32
33. Treatment
1. Antibiotics
– Amoxicillin or
– Ampicillin
– quinolone eardrops
2. Ear wicking
3. Antipyretic; acetaminophen
Treatment of chronic OM
Dry ear wicking -Roll clean absorbent cloth or soft, strong tissue paper into a
wick.
Place the wick in the child's ear.
Instill quinolone eardrops after dry wicking three times daily for two weeks.
• Quinolone eardrops may include ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin 33
37. Acute pharyngitis(Tonsilitis)
• Definition: Acute inflammation and infection
of the throat; when tonsils are main focus of
inflammation , tonsillitis is more appropriate
term to use.
• Incidence.
Pharyngitis (tonsillitis) is most commonly seen
in preschool and school-age children.
Rarely seen in infants and toddlers.
37
38. Etiology
• The most important agents causing pharyngitis
are Viruses
• Sore throat can be caused by many viruses and
bacteria.
• Mostly viral as parts of URTI:-(adenoviruses,
rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV],
herpes simplex virus [HSV]).
• Group A ß-hemolytic streptococcus is the most
common and the most important bacterial
agent.
38
39. signs and symptoms.
• Common symptomatology with some variability
by causative organism
• Very sore throat with painful swallowing.
• Enlarged and red tonsils often covered in pus.
• Elevated temperature.
• Leukocytosis.
• May complain of nausea and anorexia.
39
41. signs and symptoms…..
Viral pharyngitis
• hoarseness, conjunctivitis, runny nose, cough,
cold symptoms.
• Insidious onset
• Other signs of URTI
• Contact history with individuals who has
common cold
41
42. Streptococcal pharyngitis(Bacterial)
• Common in those older then 2 years of age and peak 4-7
years
• Headache, abdominal Pain, vomiting, high grade fever,
sore throat.
• On physical examination: diffuse redness
• Petechiae over palates, exudates, cervical tender
lymphadenopathy.
42
43. PATHOGENESIS
Colonization of the pharynx by GABHS can result in
either asymptomatic carriage or acute infection.
The M protein is the major virulence factor of GABHS
and facilitates resistance to phagocytosis by
polymorphnuclear neutrophils.
Type-specific immunity develops following most
infections and provides protective immunity to
subsequent infection with that particular M serotype.
43
44. Complications
most are complications of GABHS
• Peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess or
cellulitis
• Cervical adenitis, AOM, sinusitis, pneumonia
• Acute rheumatic fever -in untreated GABHS
pharyngitis-prevented if treatment started
within 9 days of initial complaints of sore
throat
• Glomerulonephritis-host/immune response to
infection with GABHS
44
46. Diagnosis
Physical Findings
• Erythema of pharynx-GABHS
• Enlarged tonsils with exudate- both viral and
strep infections
• Erythema of nasal mucosa with coryza—more
viral sore throats
• Cervical nodes usually enlarged with possible
tenderness
46
47. Diagnosis…..
Diagnostic Tests/Findings
• Rapid strep test to determine presence of GABHS
• Throat culture
• CBC—WBC may be elevated with bacterial infection
and normal or decreased with viral infections, but
not entirely reliable.
Consider other studies —dependent on history, age,
and clinical presentation
47
48. Management/Treatment
Viral pharyngitis/tonsillitis - symptomatic/ supportive
care
• Saline gargles, throat lozenges
• Analgesics for fever/pain (acetaminophen, ibuprofen)
• Encourage fluids for maintaining hydration
48
49. Treatment
Bacterial pharyngitis/tonsillitis/tonsilopharngitis
• Benzathine Penicillin
• Amoxicillin often substituted for penicillin because of
better taste
• Erythromycin or first generation cephalosporin for
those with penicillin allergy
• Second line therapy include macrolides, cephalosprins,
or clindamycin
49
51. Croup syndrome
Is a syndrome caused by upper airway obstruction due
to infection of the larynx and trachea or noninfectious.
It is a generic term for heterogeneous groups of
diseases (both infectious and non-infectious) causing
upper air way obstruction.
51
52. Causes of Croup syndrome
Infectious causes
Most common and most important
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (viral croup)
Acute epiglottis
Laryngeal diphtheria(true croup)
Spasmodic croup- Affecting tissues below the vocal cords.
Bacterial tracheitis
non-infectious causes
Laryngoedema
Hypocalcemia
52
53. Acute Laryngotrachiobronchtis (viral croup)
• Affecting tissues both above and below the vocal cords.
Epidemiology
• Most common form of croup syndrome
• Viral croup mainly affects children between the ages of 3
months to 5 yr.
• Males are predominantly affected than females.
• The rate of viral croup increases in cold season.
• Fifteen percent (15%) of cases have positive family
history.
53
54. Etiology
• Parainfluenza viruses account 75% of cases. It is the
commonest cause of croup
• Other viruses such as adenoviruses, respiratory synstial
viruse (RSV) and measles virus can also be involved in
few cases.
54
55. Clinical manifestations
most often occur at night and have sudden
presentation.
Barking cough/brassy cough
Stridor
Respiratory distress
Hoarseness of voice
Characteristic TRIAD :- barking cough,
- hoarseness, and
- inspiratory stridor.
55
56. Clinical manifestations…..
• The high degree of airway obstruction in children is
because of the following reasons:
Small size of the airways
Loosely attached mucous membrane
Abundant mucous glands of the airways
Frequent respiratory infections
56
58. The degree of severity can be assessed using croup score
• There are many clinical scoring systems for croup.
• The most commonly cited is the Westley clinical
scoring system which classifies cases into mild,
moderate or severe.
• An overall assessment of the patient's condition, the
degree of respiratory distress, may be an equivalent
and simpler guide to deciding what therapy is required.
58
59. Westley Croup Score
59
Clinical Sign Degree Score
Stridor • Not present
• When agitated/active
• At rest
• 0
• 1
• 2
Chest Wall Retractions o Not present
o Mild
o Moderate
o Severe
o 0
o 1
o 2
o 3
Air Entry • Normal
• Mildly decreased
• Severely decreased
• 0
• 1
• 2
Cyanosis o None
o With agitation/activity
o At rest
o 0
o 4
o 5
Consciousness Level • Normal
• Altered
• 0
• 5
60. Croup Score….
Possible score 0-17 with:
mild croup < 3
moderate croup 3-7; most cases admitted
severe croup > =8
if the child has any one of severe category needs
admission for tracheostomy.
Throat examination is best deferred since the risk of
inducing laryngealspasm is very high.
60
61. • Mild croup is defined by a Westley croup score of <3.
• Typically, these children have a barking cough and hoarse cry, but
no stridor at rest.
• Children with mild croup may have stridor when upset or crying
(ie, agitated) and either no, or only mild, chest wall/ subcostal
retractions.
• Moderate croup is defined by a Westley croup score of 3 to 7.
• Children with moderate croup have stridor at rest, at least mild
retractions, and may have other symptoms or signs of respiratory
distress, but little or no agitation.
8/23/2022 Airway emergencies 61
62. • Severe croup is defined by a Westley croup score of ≥8.
• Children with severe croup have significant stridor at rest,
• Although stridor may decrease with worsening upper airway
obstruction and decreased air entry.
• Retractions are severe (including indrawing of the sternum) and
the child may appear anxious, agitated, or fatigued. Prompt
recognition and treatment of children with severe croup are
paramount.
8/23/2022 Airway emergencies 62
63. Diagnosis
Diagnosis is mainly clinical.
investigation
• Radiographs of the neck may show the typical
subglottic narrowing or “steeple sign” of croup
on the posteroanterior view
• Radiographs may be helpful in distinguishing b/n
severe laryngotracheobronchitis and epiglottitis,
but airway management should always take
priority
63
66. Treatment of croups
1. mild croup (no stridor at rest)
Outpatient treatment
• Advice care giver to increase fluid intake,
• Offering warm oral fluids (because cold often
exacerbates the problem).
• Mist therapy-steam therapy
• Avoid manipulation of the throat
• Advice come back when danger symptoms like
stridor at rest, respiratory distress appears.
66
67. 2. Stridor at rest (sever form of croup)
• Intranasal oxygen- A humidified oxygen if available
can be life saving.
• Nebulized epinephrine every 2 hours /PRN
• Corticosteroids -systemic anti-inflamatory effect.
o Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg IM stat
67
68. Response
• If there is response within the first 3 hours of the
steroid and nebulized epinephrine therapy, discharge
with advice on the danger symptoms.
• if no response with progressive respiratory distress
and increase need of epinephrine, patient should stay
inpatient for close observation.
68
69. Impending respiratory failure
• High index of suspicion in children with pulse
rate greater or equal to 150/min and increasing
PCO2.
• Artificial airway is indicated (tracheostomy,
nasotracheal intubation).
69
70. Case study
• Marta is a 6-month-old who is being admitted to the
pediatric unit from the emergency department with a
diagnosis of laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), commonly
known as croup, and suspicion of respiratory syncytial
virus (RSV). She has been running a fever for the last 24
hours with a seal-like barking cough at night until she
gags. She was admitted since the health care provider
was not sure if the croup was viral or bacterial. The
infant looked pale, was irritable and lethargic. Both
parents were concerned that the infant was not acting
like her normal self. She was admitted for intravenous
fluids, diagnostic and laboratory testing, and 24-hour
observation to rule out epiglottitis or other respiratory
distress disorders.
70
73. Epiglottitis----
Epidemiology
• Children between the age of 2 - 7 years are
affected and the peak incidence occurs at
about 3-5 years of age.
• Male to female ratio is 3:2.
• There is no seasonal variation.
73
74. Etiology
• H.influenzae type b causes almost all cases of
epiglottitis.
• Rarely S. pneumoniae and, S. pyogenes can
lead to epiglotitis.
74
75. Clinical manifestations
Classically epiglottitis starts suddenly with rapid
progression to complete obstruction.
Patients are toxic with high grade fever, tachycardia, and
restlessness, drooling of saliva and stridor.
Tripod posturing (“sniffing dog”) : the child having
difficulty respiring sits forward supported by his or her
hands in an attempt to breathe as efficiently as possible
75
77. The Four D’s for the Diagnosis of Epiglottitis
Dyspnea—including inspiratory stridor plus other
signs of respiratory distress: nasal flaring, intercostal
retractions, tachypnea, tachycardia, and cyanosis
Drooling
Dysphonia—difficulty in speaking
Dysphagia—difficulty in swallowing
• Throat examination should be avoided since it
causes sudden reflex laryngeal spasm.
77
78. Diagnosis
• Diagnosis is mainly clinical.
• Laboratory investigation
• blood culture positive in 80% of cases
• Total WBC count with differential count
• Lateral neck x-Ray: ‘thumb’ sign
• Laryngoscope shows cherry red epiglottis.
78
80. Management
Principles of management are:
• Admit all cases
• Routine tracheostomy/nasotracheal intubation
• Provide oxygen
• Cetriaxone 75/kg /dose IV
• Corticosteroid therapy to reduce swelling
Prevention—Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
80
Editor's Notes
stuffy.-blocked.
Function of sinuses are:-
Decrease skull bone weight
Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
Add resonance to voice.
Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts.
The eustachian tube is passively closed and is opened by contraction of the tensor veli palatini muscle.
In relation to the middle ear, the tube has 3 main functions: ventilation, protection, and clearance.
The middle-ear mucosa depends on a continuing supply of air from the naso-pharynx delivered by way of the eustachian tube. Interruption of
this ventilatory process by tubal obstruction initiates an inflammatory response that includes secretory metaplasia, compromise
of the mucociliary transport system, and effusion of liquid into the tympanic cavity. Measurements of eustachian tube function
have demonstrated that the tubal function is suboptimal during the events of OM with increased opening pressures.
Dry ear wicking -Roll clean absorbent cloth or soft, strong tissue paper into a wick. Place the wick in the child's ear.
Instill quinolone eardrops after dry wicking three times daily for two weeks.
Quinolone eardrops may include ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, or ofloxacin
Group A ß-hemolytic streptococcus is the most common and the most important bacterial agent after 2 years of age.
If group A strep is left untreated, the child may develop one of two serious sequelae.
a. Rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis (AGN).
Gargle- wash one’s mouth and throat with a liquid that is kept in motion by breathing through it with a gurgling sound.
Lozenges-a small medicinal tablet, originally of this shape, for dissolving in the mouth.
The macrolides are bacteriostatic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against many gram-positive bacteria. includes Biaxin (Clarithromycin), Zithromax (Azithromycin), Dificid (Fidoximycin), and Erythromycin.
hypocalcemia may cause laryngospasm (hypocalcemic tetany) and stridor.
Stridor—A high-pitched wheezing sound resulting from a blockage in the upper airway.
Stridor is an abnormal, high-pitched sound produced by turbulent airflow through a partially obstructed airway at the level of the supraglottis, glottis, subglottis, or trachea.
Inspiratory stridor suggests a laryngeal obstruction
Expiratory stridor implies tracheobronchial obstruction
Anxious-anxiety
1 experiencing worry or unease.
2 very eager and concerned to do something.
Agitate- make troubled or nervous.
Retropharygeal absces-Infection of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes; inflammation of posterior aspect of pharynx with suppurative retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
peirtonsilar abscess-Infection of tonsils spreading to tonsillar fossa and surrounding tissues (peritonsillar cellulitis); if left untreated, tonsillar abscess forms.