This document outlines Chapter 4 of a chemistry textbook, which discusses atomic structure, the periodic table, families of elements, and using moles to count atoms. It provides sections of reading material, homework assignments, vocabulary terms, and an upcoming quiz on elements 1 through 10. The chapter introduces concepts like atomic models, the parts of an atom, periodic trends, and using moles as a unit for measuring quantities of substances.

1. Chapter 4
CATS 9

2.  Section 1: Atomic Structure
 Section 2: A Guided Tour of the Periodic
Table
 Section 3: Families of Elements
 Section 4: Using Moles to Count Atoms

3. Pages 104 - 110 Homework:
 Read Section 1
Vocabulary:  Complete Section 1 & 2
Vocabulary Crossword
Atom
Element Upcoming Events:
Nucleus  Next Week - Elements
Proton Quiz (1-10)
Neutron
Electron
Orbital
Valence Electron

4.  Atoms are tiny units that determine the
properties of all matter.
• An element is matter that is made up of
only one type of atom.

5.  4th
Century BCE: Democritus stated that
the universe was made up of invisible units
called atoms. Democritus was unable to
provide evidence of his claims.

6.  John Dalton’s
• English teacher in the early nineteenth century
who stated the following about matter:
1. Matter is made up of atoms
2. Atoms cannot be divided into smaller pieces
3. All the atoms of an element are exactly alike
4. Different elements are made of different kinds of
atoms.

7.  Nucleus: Small dense area in the center of an
atom with a positive charge.
Particle Charge Mass (kg) Location
Proton +1 1.67x10-27 In nucleus
Neutron 0 1.67x10-27 In nucleus
Electron -1 9.11x10-31 Moving around
nucleus
 A helium atom has 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2
electrons. What is the overall charge of the atom?

8.  How do scientists make  How can you determine the
models of things they can’t inside structure of a box?
see? They do experiments,
gather as much information  Goals:
as possible, and then try to • Observe the motion of a
fit the information together in marble inside a closed box
some kind of pattern to • Infer the structure of the
make inferences. From the divisions inside the box
data and inferences, they
create a model that fits all
their data. Often, they find
they must revise their
models when more data
becomes available.

9.  Procedures:  Conclude and Apply:
1. Record the number of the box 1. How did your model of the inside
given to you on the top of your of the box compare with the
paper. DO NOT TAKE THE LID actual inside?
OFF. 2. Could you have used any other
2. Lift the box. Tilt the box. Gently test to gather more information?
shake it. Record any 3. How is an observation different
observations you would like and from an inference?
make a sketch of the way you
think the marble in the box is
rolling.
3. Use your observations to infer
what the inside of the box looks
like.
4. Compare your inference with
those of students who had the
same box as you. Revise your
sketch if needed.

10. Part Charge Found

11. Dalton Thompson Rutherford Bohr Electron Cloud

12. John Dalton (1808)
 Dalton pictured the atom as a sphere that
was the same throughout.

13. J.J. Thompson (1897)
 Instead of a solid ball, Thomson pictured a
sphere of positive charge with negatively
charged electrons spread evenly among
the positive charge.

14. Ernest Rutherford (1906)
 Tested Thompson’s model to check it’s validity. By
shooting alpha particles (positively charges) at a gold
film, he found that some of the particles shot backwards
instead of going through the film, as expected. He
hypothesized that the almost all of the mass of an atom
is crammed into the center called the nucleus.

15. Niels Bohr (1913)
 Suggested that electrons in an atom move in set paths
around the nucleus (like planets orbit the Sun). Each
electron had a certain amount of energy, determined by
it’s path. The electrons must gain or lose energy to move
betweens levels (elevator model).

16. Electron Cloud
 A new model of the atom was created to suggest that
electrons move much like waves, instead of having a
definite path. Electrons in this model move in an area
around the nucleus called the electron cloud. Electrons
tend to stay close to the nucleus because of the
attraction to positive charges there.

17. Energy Levels
 Electrons with different amounts of energy
exist in different energy levels. The
number of filled energy levels an atom has
depends on the number of electrons.
(page 108)

18. Orbitals
 The region in an atom where electrons are
likely to be found are called orbitals. These
orbitals are found in the energy levels, and
electrons will fill the lowest energy level first.
The four types of orbitals are s, p, d, and f.
 S – 2 electrons
 P – 6 electrons
 D – 10 electrons
 F – 14 electrons

19. Orbitals

20.  An electron in the outermost energy level
is called a valence electron. These
determine the chemical properties of an
atom and determines how it can form
bonds.

21. 1. Label the energy levels below with the
number of electrons in each:
Nucleus
1
2
3
4

22. 1. How many valence electrons will oxygen
have?
2. How many valence electrons will boron
have?

23. Pages 111 - 119 Homework:
 Read Section 2
Vocabulary:
Periodic Law
Upcoming Events:
Period  Next Week - Elements Quiz
Group (1-10)
Ion
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Isotope
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
Average Atomic Mass

25. Pages 120 - 128 Homework:
 Read Section 3
Vocabulary:  Complete Section 3 & 4
Vocabulary Crossword
Metal
Nonmetal Upcoming Events:
Semiconductor  Next Week - Elements
Alkali Metal Quiz (1-10)
Alkaline-Earth metal
Transition Metal
Halogen
Noble Gas

26. Pages 128 - 134 Homework:
 Read Section 4
Vocabulary:  Complete Chapter 4
Study Guide
Mole
Avagadro’s constant
Upcoming Events:
Molar Mass  Next Week - Elements
Conversion Factor Quiz (1-10)