There are three foundations that influence individual behavior: abilities, biographical characteristics, and learning. Abilities include intellectual abilities like reasoning and problem solving, as well as physical abilities like strength and flexibility. Biographical characteristics that shape behavior include age, gender, race, and tenure. Learning theories that influence behavior are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning through observation and experience.

1. Chapter 2
Foundations of Individual Behavior

2. Foundations of Individual Behavior
There are three foundations on which the
behavior of an individual is built.
1). Ability
2). Biographical characteristics
3). Learning leads to behavior
what management can do to shape the
behaviors of organizational members.

3. Ability
Ability: An individual’s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
An individuals abilities can be categorized into two
sets:
1. Intellectual Abilities: the capacity to do mental
activities-thinking, reasoning, and problem
solving.
2. Physical Abilities: the capacity to do tasks that
demand stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar
characteristics.

4. Intellectual Abilities
there are seven most cited abilities are:
1. Number aptitude- speedy , accurate arithmetic.
2. Verbal Comprehension- understand what is read or heard and
relationship of words.
3. Perceptual speed- ability to identify visual similarities.
4. Inductive reasoning-Identify logical sequence in a problem and
solve the problem.
5. Deductive reasoning- using logic and assess the implications of an
argument
6. Spatial Visualization- How object would look if its position in space
is changed
7. Memory- ability to retain and recall past experiences.

5. Physical Abilities (PA)
There are three categories of PA:
STRENGTH FACTORS
1). Dynamic Strength: Muscular force exerted repeatedly or continuously.
2). Trunk Strength: Using abdominal muscles.
3). Static Strength: exert force against external objects.
4). Explosive Strength: expend a maximum energy in one or series of
explosive acts.
FLAXIBILITY FACTORS
5). Extent Flexibility: To move trunk and back muscles as far as possible.
6). Dynamic Flexibility: To make rapid and repeated flexing movement
OTHER FACTORS:
7). Body Coordination: Simultaneous actions of different parts of the body.
8). Balance: Maintaining equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance.
9). Stamina: Ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time.

6. Biographical Characteristics
The second foundation of human behavior are:
age, gender, race, and length of service with an organization.
AGE: there are three groups on the basis of age.
Young: new entrants in the workforce
Middle aged: the most important in the organization.
Old aged: most experienced and with tremendous patience.
Gender: Male and female working together gives rise to numerous
problems.
Glass Ceiling: women are not promoted to higher ranks.
Sexual Harassment: starring, commenting, trying to abuse mentally or
physically and creating such environment that challenges the safety
and security of woman at workplace.

7. Biographical Characteristics (continues)
RACE: People coming from different ethnic
groups. Favoritism, attitudes, and workplace
decision are made on this base.
OTHERS REASONS:
Tenure- Seniority is also reason and predictor of
performance and behavior to work.
Religion- Difference in religion also effects the
behavior towards the work and workplace.

8. Learning
The third foundation of human behavior
Definition: A relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a results of experience.
Following are three theories of learning:
1). Classical Conditioning- a type of conditioning in which
an individual responds to some stimulus that would not
ordinarily produce such a response.
2). Operant Condition- a type of conditioning in which
desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents
a punishment. (Behaviorism– a theory that argues that
behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

9. Learning (continues)
3).Social Learning: The view that people can learn
through observation and direct experience: there are
four processes found that influence on an individual.
They are as follows:
a). Intentional processes– people learn when they pay
attention i.e. attractive, important to us, repeatedly
available or similar to us in our estimation.
b). Retention Processes– how well the individual
remembers the model action.
c).Motor reproduction processes– watching must be
converted to doing. Individual can perform modeled
activities