business management

1. Organizational
Behavior

2. Understanding
the Basics of
Human Behavior

3. Demographic Factors
Demographic factors include a number of
individual differences that influence behavioral
choices
Socioeconomic
Background
Educational
Attainment
Nationality
Age
Race
Gender

4. Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 4
Biographical
Characteristics
Marital
Status
Gender
Tenure
Age

5. Why focus on
individuals?

6. A lot of athletes say they want
to be part of a cohesive
team—but they also want
their name printed on the
back of their jerseys in 6-
inch-high block letters.
-S.P.Robbins

7. Challenges to Organizations
Globalization
Diversity
Technology

8. Globalization

9. Implications of
globalization:
–New organizational structures
–Different forms of communication
–More competition, change,
mergers, downsizing, stress

10. Diversity
• Increasing Diversity in today’s
organizations
–Changing workforce demographics
–Competitive pressures
–Rapid growth in International
business

11. Technology
• The impact on work and jobs
• Flattening and downsizing of
organizations
• Paperless organizations

12. Diversity
• Surface level diversity
• Deep level diversity

13. Surface level diversity
Those differences that are easily noticeable
such as age, gender, race, culture,
language, disability etc. Surface level
diversity is easy to be measured. Surface
level diversity is often difficult to change.

14. Deep level diversity
Those differences that are not easily
noticeable and measurable since they are
communicated through verbal and non-
verbal behaviors. Examples are personal
differences in attitudes, values, beliefs and
personality.

15. Performance

16. Why Do We Care?
Opportunity
Motivation
Performance =
f (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity)
Ability
PERFORMANCE

17. • Ability refers to an
individual’s
capacity to perform
the various tasks in
a job.

18. Types of Ability
• Intellectual Ability
• Physical Ability

19. Intellectual Ability
• Intellectual abilities are abilities needed
to perform mental activities like,
thinking, reasoning, problem solving
etc.

20. Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Intellectual
Ability
Number
Aptitude
Verbal
Comprehens
ion
Perceptual
Speed
Inductive
Reasoning
Deductive
Reasoning
Spatial
Visualization
Memory

21. Dimensions Of Intellectual Ability
• Number Aptitude:
Ability to do speedy
and accurate
arithmetic.
• Verbal Comprehension
Ability to understand
what is read or heard
and the relationship of
words to each other.

22. • Perceptual Speed : Ability to identify
visual similarities & differences,
quickly & accurately.
• Inductive Reasoning: Ability to
identify a logical sequence in a
problem & then solve a problem.
• Deductive Reasoning: Ability to use
logic & assess the implications of an
argument.

23. • Spatial Visualization: Ability to imagine
how an object would look if its position in
space would change.
• Memory: Ability to retain and recall past
experiences.

24. Physical Abilities
• The capacity to
do tasks that
demand
stamina,
strength and
similar
characteristics.

25. Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 25
Flexibility
Factors
Strength
Factors
Other
Factors
Basic Physical Abilities

26. Basic Physical Abilities
Strength Factors:
• Dynamic Strength: Ability to exert
muscular force repeatedly or
continuously over time.
• Trunk Strength: Ability to exert
muscular strength using the trunk
muscle.

27. • Static Strength: Ability to exert
force against external objects.
• Explosive Strength: Ability to
expend a maximum amount of
energy in one or a series of
explosive acts.

28. Flexibility Factors
• Extent Flexibility:
Ability to move the
trunk and back muscles
as far as possible.
• Dynamic Flexibility:
Ability to make rapid,
repeated flexing
movements.

29. Other Factors
• Body Coordination: Ability to
coordinate the simultaneous actions
of different parts of the body.
• Balance: Ability to maintain
equilibrium despite forces pulling off
balance.
• Stamina: Ability to continue
maximum effort requiring prolonged
effort over time.

30. The Ability-Job Fit
Ability-Job
Fit
Employee’s
Abilities
Job’s Ability
Requirements

31. Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 31
The Ability-Job Fit
• Abilities of the
employee
• Requirements of the
job

32. Learning
•A relatively permanent
change in the behavior
occurring as a result of
experience.

33. Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 33
Social
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Learning Theories

34. • In classical conditioning, an individual
responds to some stimulus that would
not normally produce such a response.
• This theory grew out of Pavlov’s
experiments
• Something happens, and we react in a specific way.
Classical
Conditioning

35. • In operant conditioning, desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or stops a
punishment. This theory argues that
behavior is a function of consequences.
Operant
Conditioning

36. 36
Methods of
Shaping Behavior
Negative
Reinforcement
Positive
Reinforcement
Extinction
Punishment

37. • People can learn through
observation and direct
experience.
Social
Learning

39. Summary