This document discusses the foundations of individual behavior and abilities. It outlines different types of abilities including intellectual, physical, and biographical characteristics. It also covers learning theories such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Different methods for shaping behavior are also mentioned, including positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.

1. Foundation of individual
behavior
by
Atif Ahmed
Zain Iqbal
Muhammad Rashid
Mariam Nadir

2. Ability
“An Individual’s capacity to perform various tasks in a
job”

3. Types of abilities
Intellectual abilities
abilities needed to perform mental activities for
thinking reasoning and problem solving.

4. “Dimensions of intellectual ability”
Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization

5. “Dimensions of intellectual ability”
Memory

6. Physical abilities
The capacity to do tasks that demand stamina
, dexterity, strength and similar characteristics

7. Basic physical abilities
Strength factors
Dynamic strength Trunk strength
Static strength Explosive strength

8. Flexibility factors :
Extent flexibility Dynamic flexibility
Other factors
Body coordination Balance Stamina

9. Biographical characteristics
Age
• Most of us belief that job performance declines with age
• The older you get the less likely you quit your job
• Age is inversely related to absenteeism

10. Gender
• Women perform as well as on job as men do
• Women have higher rate of absenteeism then men
• Women are likely to perform double duties
• There is no differences in male and female regarding problem
solving, competitive drive, motivation, stability or learning ability

11. Race
• People in organization may favor employees of their own race
• On the basis of race people some times got lower ratings in
interview, paid less and promoted less frequently

12. Social group
• Percentage of seats are reserved for individuals to specified
categories
• Preference is given according to person’s caste and tribes
• religion and domicile are also taken in consideration.

13. Other biographical characteristics
Tenure
• It is expressed as work experience and predict employy
productivity
• It explains turnover
• The longer a person is in a job the less likely he or she will
quit

14. Religion
• Religion is a touchy subject
• Often people of different religious faiths conflicts
• In some countries law prohibits employers from
discriminating against employers based on their religion
Sexual orientation and
gender identity
• Dealing with transgender employees requires some special
consideration
• Many employers practice don’t ask don’t tell military policy

15. Learning
“Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior occurs as a
result of experience”
Direct experience
• Something affect you directly
• You gone through with any pleasant or unfavorable situation
Indirect experience
• When you are not the direct victim
• Someone else gone through with any unfavorable or pleasant
situation and you learn from them

16. Theories of learning
1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Social learning

17. Operant conditioning
“A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
behavior leads to reward or prevents a punishment”

18. Classical conditioning
“A type of conditioning in which an individual responds
to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce
such response”

19. Social learning
“Learning from observation and direct experience”
Four processes of social learning are;
• Attentional processes
• Retention process
• Motor reproduction processes
• Reinforcement processes

20. Attentional process
• We attract to those models that are attractive and repeatedly
available and important to us
Retention process
• Influence depends on how well we remember model’s action

21. Motor reproduction processes
• The watching must be converted into doing
• Individual can perform the modeled activity
Reinforcement processes
• Exhibition of modeled behavior on incentives or reward

22. Methods of shaping behavior
Positive reinforcement
• Response with something pleasant
Negative reinforcement
• response with something unpleasant

23. Punishment
• Unpleasant condition an attempt to eliminate an undesirable
behavior
Extinction
• When the behavior is not reinforced it tends to be gradually
extinguished