carbon and its compounds based on NCERT

2. When elements form bonds with other elements
by equal sharing of electrons it is called a
covalent bond. Carbon forms covalent bonds.
Bonding in hydrogen
atom
Single bond
Bonding in a water
molecule
Double bond
Bonding in
Nitrogen

3. The element carbon occurs in different forms with
varying physical properties but same chemical
properties. This phenomenon is called allotropy.
Diamon
d
Buckminst
erfullerene
Graphite

4. Catenation
The property of carbon to
bond with other molecules of
carbon to form large
compounds is called
catenation.
Tetravalency
Tetravalency
Carbon has four valence
electrons. Due to its small
size it can form stable
compounds with the atoms of

5. 

An element or a group of
elements forming a group which
may react with hydrogen, alkyl
or aryl radicals to form
compounds the properties of
which depend on the group, such
a group is called a functional
group.
Eg: alcohol group(-OH)
Carboxylic acid(-COOH)

6. 

Compounds having single
bond are called
Saturated compounds
while compounds having
double or triple bonds
are called unsaturated
compounds.
Ex-Methane (saturated)
Ethane (unsaturated)
Methane
Ethene

7. (I) Combustion- carbon burns in O2 to form CO2 and
heat.
C + O2
CO2 + Heat
(II) Oxidation- Alcohols get converted to carboxylic
acids on oxidation.
CH3CH2OH K2Cr2O7
CH3COOH
(III)Addition reaction- reaction in which saturated is
changed to unsaturated compound.
(IV)Substitution reaction-when hydrogen is replaced
by an element or a group of elements.

8. 

Soaps are sodium salts
of long chain of
carboxylic acid, they
form micelles and clean
clothes but they are
ineffective in hard
water, acids etc.
Detergents are
ammonium or sulphonate
salts of long chain of
carboxylic acids. They
are effective in hard
water.