This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

1. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
MADE BY – RIPUDAMAN THAKUR
CLASS- X-A
ROLL NO.-21

2. CARBON
CARBON IS AN ELEMENT. THE SYMBOL OF CARBON IS C. IT IS A
NON-METAL. THE NAME CARBON IS DERIVED FROM A LATIN WORD
‘CARBO’.
ALL THE LIVING THINGS, PLANTS AND ANIMALS, ARE MADE UP OF
CARBON BASED COMPOUNDS WHICH ARE CALLED ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS.
A LARGE NO. OF THINGS WHICH WE USE IN OUR DAILY LIFE ARE
MADE UP OF CARBON COMPOUNDS.OUR FOOD MATERIALS LIKE
GRAINS, PULSES,COFFEE ETC., ARE CARBON COMPOUNDS. THE
MATERIALS LIKE COTTON,SILK,WOOL WHICH ARE USED FOR
MAKING CLOTHES ARE CARBON COMPOUNDS.

3. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
THE VARIOUS PHYSICAL FORMS IN WHICH AN ELEMENT CAN EXIST
ARE CALLED ALLOTROPES OF THE ELEMENT. THE CARBON ELEMENT
EXISTS IN THREE SOLID FORMS CALLED ALLOTROPES. THE THREE
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON ARE :
 DIAMOND,
 GRAPHITE,AND
 BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE

4. STRUCTURE OF DIAMOND
A diamond crystal is a giant
molecule of carbon atoms. Each
carbon atom in the diamond
crystal is linked to four other
carbon atoms by strong covalent
bonds. The diamond crystal is,
therefore, made up of carbon
atoms which are powerfully
bonded to one another by a
network of covalent bonds. Due to
this, diamond structure is very
rigid.

5. STRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE
Each carbon atom in a graphite layer is joined to three other carbon
atoms by strong covalent bonds to form flat hexagonal rings. Due to
the sheet like structure, graphite is a comparatively soft substance.
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

6. Why so many Carbon Compounds in
nature?
1. One reason for the existence of a large no. of carbon compounds
is that carbon atoms can link with one-another by means of covalent
bonds to form long chains of carbon atoms, which is also called
catenation.
2. Another reason is that the valency of carbon is 4 that’s why it is
called a tetravalent. Due to this large valency, a carbon atom can
form covalent bonds with a no. of carbon atoms as well as with other
atoms too.

7. TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
HYDROCARBONS
HALOALKANES
ALCOHOLS
ALDEHYDES
KETONES
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

8. HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbon are compound of hydrogen and carbon. Methane,
ethane, ethene, and ethyne are all hydrocarbons. The most
important natural source of hydrocarbons is petroleum which is
obtained by underground deposits of by drilling oil wells.
TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS :
 Saturated hydrocarbons
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons.

9. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
A hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by single
bonds is called a saturated hydrocarbon.
Ex-
 Methane
 Ethane
 Propane
 Butane. etc

10. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a
‘double bond’ or a ‘triple bond’ is called an un saturated
hydrocarbon.
Ex-
 Ethene
 Ethyne
 Propyne
 butyne

11. FORMULAS
 THE GENERAL FORMULA OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS OR
ANE IS CnH2n+2,WHERE n IS THE NO. OF CARBON ATOMS.
 THE GENERAL FORMULA OF AN ENE IS CnH2n, WHERE n IS
THE NO. OF CARBON ATOMS.
 THE GENERAL FORMULA OF AN YNE IS CnH2n-2, WHERE n IS
THE NO. OF CARBON ATOMS.

12. NAMING OF HYDROCARBONS
The no. of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon is indicated by using the following
stems :
One carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Meth’.
Two carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Eth’.
Three carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Prop’.
Four carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘But’.
Five carbon atom is indicated by writing ’Pent’.
Six carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Hex’.
Seven carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Hept.’
Eight carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Oct’.
Nine carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Non’.
Ten carbon atom is indicated by writing ‘Dec’.

13. ISOMERISM
 The organic compounds having same molecular formula but
different structures are known as isomers.
 Ex-
 Butane and iso-butane.

14. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having
similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the
successive compounds differ by CH2 group.
Ex-
 Homologous series of alkanes.

15. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF ALKENES

16. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF ALKYNES

17. NOMENCLATURE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

18. Chemical Properties of Alkanes
• Alkanes burn in oxygen this is called a combustion reaction
• The reactants are hydrocarbon and oxygen
• The products are water and carbon dioxide

19. Chemical Properties of Alkenes
Alkenes have different chemical properties to
alkanes due to the double bonds in alkenes
Alkenes react much more readily than alkanes

20. TYPES OF REACTIONS
 SUBSTITUTION REACTION – The reaction in which one
hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by some other
atoms, is called a substitution reaction.
Ex-
Substitution reaction of methane with chlorine.

21. 2. ADDITION REACTION :
 When hydrogen is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in
the presence of a catalyst (Ni or Pt) then the reaction is called
addition reaction.
 The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to
obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.
 The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial
application : it is used to prepare vegetable ghee from
vegetable oils.
ADDITION REACTION OF C2H4

22. 3. COMBUSTION REACTION
 Combustion reactions are what's causing global warming!
 Petrol, made up of hydrocarbons combusts in cars engines

23. MICELLES
Soaps are molecules in which two ends have differing properties, one is
hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that
is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is at the surface of water, the
hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along
the surface of water with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’
protruding out of water. Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation
that keeps the hydrocarbon portion out of water. This is achieved by forming
clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the
cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called
a micelle.