Chapter 16 B, Sp 10
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The document discusses the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses and their roles in innervating muscles and skin in the neck, shoulder, upper limb, thigh, and lower limb. It also discusses the phrenic nerve and its role in innervating the diaphragm. Spinal cord injuries and their effects on reflexes and motor and sensory function are described.
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1) O documento discute os componentes básicos de um sistema emissor de raios X, incluindo o cabeçote, colimador, feixe primário, mesa de exame, grade antidifusora, filme radiográfico e painel de comando.
2) É descrito o processo de formação da imagem radiológica, incluindo a imagem latente e os fatores que modificam o espectro dos raios X.
3) São explicados conceitos como densidade, contraste e geometria na imagem radiológica.
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The document describes the ventricular system of the brain, including:
1) It is comprised of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle.
2) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the ventricles before being reabsorbed into the venous sinuses.
3) The lateral ventricles are located within the cerebral hemispheres and have anterior, body, and posterior horns.
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The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions through the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). Damage can cause paralysis or ataxia. Paralysis results from loss of muscle function and is caused by stroke, head injury, or spinal cord injury. Ataxia is a lack of muscle coordination usually from cerebellum damage and can result from conditions like alcohol abuse, stroke, or genetic disorders. Treatments may include physical, occupational and speech therapy or assistive devices.
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Horner's syndrome results from damage to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the classic symptoms of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis on the affected side. It can be caused by lesions in the neck, chest, or head compressing the sympathetic chain
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This document summarizes various sensory and reflex systems in the human body. It describes different types of detectors for senses like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. It also discusses spinal reflexes like the stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex. The plantar reflex and pupillary light reflex are examined, outlining the neural pathways involved and clinical significance. In summary, it provides an overview of sensory systems, reflexes, and their importance in neurological examinations.
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A spinal cord injury can occur anywhere along the spinal cord and cause varying degrees of paralysis and loss of sensation depending on the level and completeness of the injury. The spinal cord is protected by 33 vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. Injuries in the cervical region can affect breathing and functions controlled by nerves in the neck region, while thoracic and lumbar injuries typically result in paraplegia or quadriplegia below the level of injury. Complete injuries cause total loss of function below the injury site, while incomplete injuries may allow some movement or sensation to remain.
Peripheral Nerve Injury
This document provides information on the diagnosis and classification of nerve injuries, as well as details on specific nerves including their anatomy, causes of injury, clinical features, and management approaches. It discusses the axillary, radial, ulnar, median, sciatic, femoral, and lumbosacral plexus nerves. Diagnosis involves history, examination, and investigations such as nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and imaging. Surgical management of nerve injuries includes neurolysis, nerve repair, grafting, and the use of nerve conduits.
Entrapment syndrome
This document discusses several entrapment neuropathies including carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, and radial nerve injuries. It provides details on the anatomy and clinical presentation of each condition. Carpal tunnel syndrome involves median nerve entrapment at the wrist presenting with numbness and pain in the hand that is worsened at night. Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow occurs where the ulnar nerve passes behind the medial epicondyle, causing hand weakness and sensory loss. Radial nerve injuries can occur in the axilla, radial groove, or at the elbow, resulting in paralysis of arm and wrist extensors.
Reflexes
Reflexes are important to understand for all medical professional it is an assessment tool for patients with neurological conditions.
a god knowledge of primitive reflexes can be effective for pediatric health care as well. it helps us in identifying any developmental delay in children.
spinal cord
This document provides an overview of the nervous system with a focus on the spinal cord. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including its meninges, cross section, nuclei, tracts, nerves, and plexuses. It also covers spinal cord injuries and the Unani concept of the spinal cord from early Islamic physicians. In summary, the document outlines the key components and functions of the spinal cord, describes its internal structures and surrounding protective layers, and discusses spinal nerve roots and plexuses as well as historic Unani perspectives.
Peripheral nerve injury by dr ashutosh
Peripheral nerve injuries can vary in cause and severity. Common sites of injury include the brachial plexus, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, and common peroneal nerve. Injuries are classified based on the extent of anatomical disruption, with neuropraxia having minimal disruption and neurotmesis being a complete severance. Clinical examination involves assessing motor function, sensation, reflexes, and trophic changes to determine the level and severity of injury.
spinal nerves and roots
The document describes the anatomy and clinical presentations of spinal nerve and root lesions. It discusses:
- The anatomy of spinal nerves, with dorsal roots carrying sensory fibers and ventral roots carrying motor fibers.
- Common causes of spinal nerve and root lesions include disc herniations and diseases like Guillain-Barré syndrome.
- Signs and symptoms of lesions vary by level, and may include pain, weakness, or sensory changes in myotomal or dermatomal distributions, as well as depressed reflexes.
- Cervical lesions from C1-C7 are described, noting their sensory and motor involvement. Lumbar lesions from L1-L5 are also outlined.
pni-180616152851.pptx
Peripheral nerve injuries can occur through various mechanisms including trauma, compression, and ischemia. Peripheral nerves have a complex anatomy consisting of bundles of axons surrounded by connective tissue layers. Injuries are classified based on the severity of axonal damage. Common peripheral nerve injuries involve the radial, median, and long thoracic nerves. A thorough history and focused neurological examination are needed to localize the site of injury and determine the functional impairment.
spinal cord injury ppt
this slide contain introduction, definition, indication, types, risk factor, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation , types, diagnostic evaluation, management - emergency, medical, nursing, treatment.
Paraplegia
Paraplegia is defined as impairment of motor function in the lower extremities, with or without sensory involvement, and is usually caused by involvement of the spinal cord, nerves supplying the lower limbs, or muscles directly. It is classified as spastic or flaccid depending on the affected part of the nervous system and resulting muscle tone. Common causes include spinal cord injuries, infections, tumors, and vascular disorders. A thorough history, neurological examination, and imaging tests are used to diagnose the condition and determine the specific cause and level of spinal involvement.
31.01.2024 - Anatomy & physiology of Spinal cord.pptx
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord. It discusses the regions and cross-section of the spinal cord, as well as the meninges, nuclei, tracts, nerves and nerve plexuses associated with the spinal cord. It also covers spinal cord injuries and disorders that can affect the spinal cord such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, poliomyelitis and syringomyelia.
Lower limb neurological examination
Lower limb neurological examination frequently appears in OSCEs. You’ll be expected to pick up the relevant clinical signs using your examination skills. This lower limb neurological examination OSCE guide provides a clear, concise, step-by-step approach to performing a neurological examination of the lower limb
Peripheral nerve injuries
Peripheral nerve injuries can occur through various mechanisms and be classified in different ways. The median, radial, and ulnar nerves are commonly injured in the upper limb. Examination of specific muscles innervated by each nerve helps to localize the level and severity of injury. Precise history taking and clinical assessment including motor, sensory and trophic changes are needed to diagnose peripheral nerve lesions.
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Peripheral nerve injuries can occur through various mechanisms and be classified in different ways. The median, radial, and ulnar nerves are commonly injured in the upper limb. Examination of specific muscles innervated by each nerve helps to localize the level and severity of injury. Precise history taking and clinical assessment including motor, sensory and trophic changes are needed to diagnose peripheral nerve lesions.
Platon_H_Dx Presentation.pptx
This presentation entails the Examination of plexuses. Plexus are a branching network of nerves, vessels or lymphatic vessels within the body.
920_Spinal_cord_Tracts.pdf
The document discusses the anatomy and function of white matter tracts in the spinal cord. It provides classifications of tracts including ascending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain and descending tracts that transmit motor signals from the brain to the spinal cord. It describes several specific tracts such as the lateral spinothalamic tract involved in pain and temperature sensation and the corticospinal tract that controls voluntary movement. It also discusses clinical correlates of injuries to different tracts.
SPINAL CORD TRACTS for students and health care workers
The document discusses the classification and clinical correlates of white matter in the central nervous system. It describes the different tracts that make up white matter, including ascending tracts that carry sensory information upwards and descending tracts that carry motor commands downwards. It discusses the anatomy and functions of specific tracts such as the lateral spinothalamic tract, dorsal column, corticospinal tract, and extrapyramidal tracts. It also summarizes the clinical signs that result from lesions to different white matter pathways.
Similar to Chapter 16 B, Sp 10 (20)
31.01.2024 - Anatomy & physiology of Spinal cord.pptx
31.01.2024 - Anatomy & physiology of Spinal cord.pptx
SPINAL CORD TRACTS for students and health care workers
SPINAL CORD TRACTS for students and health care workers
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