this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Plant kingdom (11th Biology) for complete 11th and 12th notes 1999 and for PP...ASM NAFIS BIOLOGY
This is uploaded with videos on YouTube, linked provided bellow
Introduction and thalophyta- https://youtu.be/OtVqgSXwpAo
Bryophyta-https://youtu.be/QlmhYUNKA98
Pteridophyta- https://youtu.be/WjVXHVCN5Fs
Gymnosperm-https://youtu.be/Yy6pNmDoyz8
Angiosperm-https://youtu.be/ZDmYYklBwh4
Still you can comment us on YouTube to get more explanation and better videos.
UNIT – IV : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 14 : RESPIRATION IN PLANTS.
Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
what is photosynthesis?-history background-photosynthetic pigmment system-light harvesting complex-photo oxidation of water-photophosphorylation and mechanism of electron transport
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class XI Biology Chapter 19.
Based on NCERT Class XI Biology Text book content.
Includes flowcharts and illustrations.
Plant physiology and Plant Development slides cover transportation in plant, metabolic processes in plant and hormone and plant respond to its environment.
DETAILED CHAPTER OF BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION.
WELL EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAM. WELL ORGANISED POWER[POINT TEMPLATES. SHORT AND PRECISE NOTES. WELL DEFINED TOPICS FOR EACH SUBJECTS.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Plant kingdom (11th Biology) for complete 11th and 12th notes 1999 and for PP...ASM NAFIS BIOLOGY
This is uploaded with videos on YouTube, linked provided bellow
Introduction and thalophyta- https://youtu.be/OtVqgSXwpAo
Bryophyta-https://youtu.be/QlmhYUNKA98
Pteridophyta- https://youtu.be/WjVXHVCN5Fs
Gymnosperm-https://youtu.be/Yy6pNmDoyz8
Angiosperm-https://youtu.be/ZDmYYklBwh4
Still you can comment us on YouTube to get more explanation and better videos.
UNIT – IV : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 14 : RESPIRATION IN PLANTS.
Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
what is photosynthesis?-history background-photosynthetic pigmment system-light harvesting complex-photo oxidation of water-photophosphorylation and mechanism of electron transport
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class XI Biology Chapter 19.
Based on NCERT Class XI Biology Text book content.
Includes flowcharts and illustrations.
Plant physiology and Plant Development slides cover transportation in plant, metabolic processes in plant and hormone and plant respond to its environment.
DETAILED CHAPTER OF BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION.
WELL EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAM. WELL ORGANISED POWER[POINT TEMPLATES. SHORT AND PRECISE NOTES. WELL DEFINED TOPICS FOR EACH SUBJECTS.
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdfarihantgiftgallery
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle.
Solution
1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
(Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes
and pigment molecules.
PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH
This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and
Photosystem II (P700).
PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
STEPS INVOLVED
Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule.
Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is
transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high
energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
Cyclic photophosphorylation
This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of
ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence
the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic
photophosphoryltaion.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the
reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Photolysis .
Photosynthesis is an inevitable process that keeps us alive.It is the main source for food and it's byproduct keeps us breathing. This ppt is the detailed explanation of photosynthesis and the components involved in it. Here you can easily understand the concept and you are able to strengthen your grip on this topic.
FAQs on Sexual Reproduction in Flowering PlantsPunya M
Hello everyone,
welcome my dear students....
i know after going through the chapter you all must be asking so many questions to yourself ... so here is a small set of questions to help you out....for more details you can login to my youtube channel PM Biology(PMB).
this chapter is completely based on complete process of reproduction from insemination to lactation,the diagrams and differences and explanations according to NCERT Syllabus.
Are we not lucky that plants reproduce sexually? The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at, the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours that attract us, are all there as an aid to sexual reproduction. Flowers do not exist only for us to be used for our own selfishness. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
in this slide the chapter explanation is according to NCERT Syllabus which would be helping students in every field..
in details about the transport mechanism of Plants as per NCERT syllabus Class- XI. it includes why transport in plants is required and necessary,active n passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, mass flow hypothesis, transpiration and its related theory,plant water relationship, water potential, symport,antiport ,uniport. proper diagrams and important definitions
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. Photosynthesis is a Physico – chemical process, uses
light energy to synthesis organic compounds (sugar).
Importance of photosynthesis:
Primary source of food
Release O2 to atmosphere
3. Early DiscoveriesEarly Discoveries::
Joseph Priestly: Candle with bell jar and mouse experiment – He
concluded that air is necessary for the growth of a plant. He
discovered the fact that plants restore oxygen in the air.
Jan Ingenhousz: Experiment with aquatic plant in light and dark –
He concluded that sunlight is essential for plant processes that
purify the air.
Julius Von Sachs: Green parts of plant make glucose and store as
starch.
T.W. Engelmann: Spilt light using prism into 7 colours (VIBGYOR) -
Green algae Cladophora placed in a suspension of aerobic bacteria
- Bacteria were used to detect the sites of O2 evolutions.
Cornelius van Niel: He did experiment with purple and green
bacteria and demonstrated photosynthesis is a light dependent
process with hydrogen from H2O reduces CO2 to carbohydrates. He
concluded that oxygen comes from H2O, and not from CO2. Finally,
the correct equation for photosynthesis was discovered.
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
4. Site of Photosynthesis
Green leaves, green
stems and floral parts
(sepal)
Chloroplast - found in
mesophyll cells of leaves
In chloroplast – the
membrane system is
responsible for trapping
the light energy and
also for the synthesis of
ATP and NADPH where
stroma has enzymes for
the reduction of CO2 in
to carbohydrates
(sugars )
5. PigmentsPigments InvolvedInvolved inin PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis::
4 types of pigments may be present in
leaves:
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Xanthophylls
Carotenoids
6. An absorption spectrum is the graph plotted against the
fraction of light absorbed by the pigment.
An action spectrum is the rate of a physiological activity
plotted against the wavelength of light.
Photosystems are pigments that are organized in the thyllakoid
membrane in to two different photosystems (PS 1 & PS 11 )
Each PS has one specific chlorophyll – a, and many other accessory
pigments bound by proteins.
Chlorophyll – a forms the reaction centre (actual reaction takes place)
other pigments form the light harvesting complex (LHC) called
antennae.
PS 1 reaction centre is p700 (chlorophyll –a absorbs light at 700 nm)
PS 11 reaction centre is p680 ( chlorophyll –a absorbs light at 680 nm)
7.
8. LightLight ReactionReaction (Photochemical(Photochemical Phase)Phase)::
This phase directly depends on light.The pigments absorb
light energy and produce ATP.
Includes:
Light absorption
Water splitting
Oxygen release
Formation of ATP and NADPH, which is then used in the
biosynthetic phase
9. Pigment molecules bound to the proteins form LHC (light
harvesting complexes).
LHC are located within two photosystems − PSI and PSII
Each photosystem has two parts:
Reaction centre − consisting of chlorophyll a molecule
Antennae − consisting of accessory pigments, which increase
the efficiency of photosynthesis by absorbing different
wavelengths of light
Reaction centre is different in both photosystems:
PSI − P700; since chlorophyll a has absorption peak at 700 nm
here
PSII − P680; since chlorophyll a has absorption peak at 680 nm
here.
10. Production of assimilatory powers in
photosynthesis:Arnon used the term assimilatory powers to refer ATP and NADPH.
The process of reduction of NADP into NADPH + H+
may be
denoted as ETS in photosynthesis and the process of formation of
ATP from ADP and Pi in chloroplast in the presence of sunlight is
called photophosphorylation.
The flow of electrons through ETS is linked to photo-
phosphorylation.
ETS is a series of electron carriers over which electrons pass in a
downhill journey releasing energy at each step i.e, used in
generating an electrochemical proton gradient which helps in
synthesizing ATP.
Based on the path of electron associated photophosphorylation can
be of two types:
Non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Cyclic photo-phosphorylation
11. Non-Cyclic Photo-PhosphorylationNon-Cyclic Photo-Phosphorylation::
PSII absorbs 680 nm wavelength of red light, causing electrons to
become excited and these electrons are then accepted by an
electron acceptor, which sends them to an electron transport
system.
Electron transport system transfers the electrons to PSI.
Electrons in PSI are simultaneously excited on receiving a
wavelength of 700 nm.
From the electron acceptor, electrons are transferred to the
molecule of NADP+
Addition of these electrons reduces the NADP+
to NADPH+ H+
.
Since the electrons lost by PSII do not come back to it, this process
of formation of ATP is called non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation.
12.
13. Cyclic Photo-PhosphorylationCyclic Photo-Phosphorylation::
In this scheme, only PSI is functional. Hence, the
electrons are circulated within the photosystem.
This results in a cyclic flow of electrons.
This scheme could possibly be occurring in stroma
lamellae because it lacks both
PS II and NADP reductase enzyme.
This cyclic flow results only in the synthesis of ATP,
and not of NADPH + H+
.
14.
15. Splitting Of WaterSplitting Of Water::
Water splitting complex is associated with PSII.
Manganese, chlorine, etc., play an important role.
The light-dependent splitting of water is called photolysis
2H2O → 4H+
+ O2 + 4e−
Electrons formed are used for replacing the electrons lost
from P680.
P680 absorbs light and becomes as a strong oxidizing agent
and splits a molecule of water to release oxygen. Oxygen is
liberated as a by-product of photosynthesis.
Protons are used for the formation of reducing power
NADP to NADPH+
.
16.
17. Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
It is the mechanism of ATP synthesis in thylakoid of
chloroplast.
When electrons are transported through the electron
transport system (ETS) and bprotons accumulate
inside the thylakoid membrane due to photolysis of
water.
Now electrons are passed through PS and protons are
transported across the membrane.
Chemiosmosis requires;
A thyllakoid membrane
A protein pump
A protein gradient
ATP synthase enzyme.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. Dark Reaction / Biosynthetic Phase:
Next stage is the biosynthetic phase. In this, ATP and
NADPH are used for synthesizing the food / Glucose.
This stage is also called the dark phase as it is independent
of light.
It takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.
In some plants, the first product of CO2 fixation is a 3-
carbon compound called 3- phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).
These plants are said to adopt the C3 pathway.
In other plants, the first CO2 fixation product is a 4-carbon
compound called Oxaloacetic acid. These plants are said to
adopt the C4 pathway.
23. Calvin Cycle (C3 Cycle)
The path of carbon in the dark reaction was traced by
Melvin Calvin using radioactive carbon (14
C).
The primary acceptor of CO2 was found to be a 5-carbon
ketose sugar called Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). RuBP is
used in a cyclic manner (regenerated) and a sugar is
synthesised.
The enzyme used for CO2 fixation is RuBisCO (Ribulose
Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase)
3 phases of Calvin cycle: Carboxylation, Reduction and
Regeneration of RuBP
24.
25. Carboxylation:
Ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate combines with CO2, and fixes it to a
stable organic intermediate 3C compound called 3-
phosphoglycerate (2molecules). 3 PGA is the first stable product
of this cycle.
Reaction catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO (RuBP Carboxylase-
Oxygenase
Reduction
Here, two molecules each of ATP and NADPH are required for
fixing one molecule of CO2.
This stage contains a series of reactions.
Glucose is formed as a result of this series of reactions.
Regeneration
RuBP regenerates to enable the cycle to continue uninterrupted.
1 ATP molecule is required.
For the formation of one molecule of glucose, six molecules of
CO2 need to be fixed; hence, six cycles are required.
26. ATP required:
For fixing 1 molecule of CO2 − 3 (2 for reduction and 1 for
regeneration)
For fixing 6 molecules of CO2 − 3 × 6 = 18 ATP
NADPH required:
For fixing 1 molecule of CO2 − 2 (for reduction)
For fixing 6 molecules of CO2 − 2 × 6 = 12 NADPH
Thus, the synthesis of 1 molecule of glucose requires 18 ATP
and 12 NADPH
27. CC44 Pathway (Hatch and Slack PathwaPathway (Hatch and Slack Pathway):y): y)
Occurs in plants like maize, sugarcane − plants adapted to dry tropical regions.
The leaves of C4 plants have Kranz anatomy.These plants show 2 types of
photosynthetic cells , mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. Chloroplasts are
dimorphic i.e., those is the mesophyll cells are granal and in bundle sheath Cells
are agranal.
C4 plants can tolerate high temperature and high light intensity, show greater
productivity of biomass, and lack photorespiration.
Primary CO2 acceptor: Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) − a 3-carbon molecule.
PEP Carboxylase fixes CO2 in the mesophyll cells. It forms the 4-carbon compound
oxaloacetic acid (OAA), and then other 4-carbon compounds malic acid.
These compounds are transported to the bundle sheath cells.There, C4 acid breaks
down to form C3 acid and CO2, and carbon dioxide enters the C3 cycle).
C3 acid, so formed, is again transported to the mesophyll cells and regenerated
back into PEP.
C3 cycle cannot directly occur in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants because of the lack
of the enzyme RuBisCO in these cells.
RuBisCO is found in abundance in the bundle sheath cells of C4 plants.
28.
29. Regeneration of PEP from C3 acid requires 2 ATPRegeneration of PEP from C3 acid requires 2 ATP
equivalent. However, there is no net gain or loss of NADPHequivalent. However, there is no net gain or loss of NADPH
in C4 cycle.in C4 cycle.
• ATP consumed in C4 plants:
C4 cycle - 2 ATP per CO2 fixed
C3 cycle - 3 ATP per CO2 fixed
Total - 5 ATP per CO2fixed
Thus, to form a hexose or to fix 6 CO2,
6 * 5 ATP = 30 ATP are consumed.
30.
31. PhotorespirationPhotorespiration::
It is a process in which there is no formation of ATP or
NADPH, but there is utilization of ATP with release of
CO2. It is also considered a wasteful process.
Photorespiration is responsible for the difference
between C3 and C4 plants.
At high temperature and high oxygen concentration, In
C3 plants,RuBP carboxylase function as oxygenase.
RuBP oxidized into phosphoglycerate (3C) and
phosphoglycolate (2C)
75% of carbon lost during oxygenation of RuBP
There is loss of photosynthetically fixed carbon and no
energy rich compounds are formed, so photorespiration
is a wasteful process.
32.
33. Factors affecting rate of PhotosynthesisFactors affecting rate of Photosynthesis::
Blackmans law of limiting factors. This law states that- if
a chemical process is affected by more than one factor,
then the rate will be determined by the factor which is
nearest to its minimal value.
Photosynthesis is influenced by internal (plant)
factors(the number, size, age, orientation of leaves,
mesophyll cells, internal CO2 concentration amount of
chlorophyll ) and external factors(sunlight,
temperature, water).
• External factors:
• Light:Quality and intensity of light
Wavelength of light between 400 nm - 700 nm is called
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). High intensity
of light destruct chlorophylls.
34. Temperature:High temperature denatures enzymes of
biosynthetic phase and low temperature inactivates.
• Carbon dioxide concentration: In C3 plants upto 500 and in C4
plants upto 360.
Availability of water.
Less water leads to - water stress, stoma closes, less carbon
dioxide, reduce leaf expansion and less photosynthetic area.
35. Internal factors affecting photosynthesis:Internal factors affecting photosynthesis:
• The or internal factors are dependent on the genetic
predisposition and growth of the plant.
• Chlorophyll : it is the most important factor because light
energy is trapped by only this substance. There is no
photosynthesis in absence of chlorophyll.
• Photosynthetic products: with the accumulation of the
end products of in mesophyll cells, there is decrease in
their photosynthetic rate because concentration of these
products in the cells increase the rate of respiration.