1. The document discusses cellular respiration in plants. It defines respiration as the process by which organisms obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose.
2. Photosynthesis provides plants with oxygen and organic compounds through chloroplasts, while respiration breaks down these compounds in cytoplasm and mitochondria to release energy through ATP.
3. The process of respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and partially oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, the Krebs cycle fully oxidizes pyruvate in the mitochondria producing carbon dioxide, and the electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
UNIT – IV : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 14 : RESPIRATION IN PLANTS.
Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
UNIT – IV : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 14 : RESPIRATION IN PLANTS.
Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
Mineral nutrients: essential, non-essential elements, criteria of essentiality, macro and micro elements and their list, function and deficiency symptoms of macro and micro elements, beneficial elements and their function
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Mineral nutrients: essential, non-essential elements, criteria of essentiality, macro and micro elements and their list, function and deficiency symptoms of macro and micro elements, beneficial elements and their function
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis In Higher Plants- The Dark PhaseGokulAnishHB
Hey Folks!!!
This Was Done As Part Of My Bio Seminar 2012-2013. And I'm From Gulf Asian English School, Sharjah, U.A.E.
And I Hope This Will Help You In One Or The Other Way.
Regards,
Gokul Anish HB
9 - Metabolism and Transfering Energy - Part TwoAhmad V.Kashani
سلولهای زنده برای انجام بسیاری از وظایف خود به انتقال انرژی از منابع خارجی نیاز دارند. همه ارگانیسمها باید از طریق فتوسنتز و تنفس سلولی این انرژی را از مولکول های آلی موجود درغذا بدست آورند. تنفس با استفاده از اکسیژن و تولید ATP، باعث شکستن این سوخت میشود. مواد زائد این نوع تنفس، دی اکسید کربن و آب، مواد اولیه فتوسنتز هستند. در این اسلاید، من سعی می کنم چگونگی برداشت سلولها از انرژی ذخیره شده در مولکولهای آلی و استفاده از آن برای تولید ATP از طریق تنفس سلولی را توضیح دهم.
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Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks. All organism need to obtain this energy from organic molecules of food through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Respiration breaks this fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this type of respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the raw materials for photosynthesis. In this slide, I try to explain how cells harvest this energy stored in organic molecules and used it to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
This ppt covers all the basic and important points of chapter respiration in higher plants .
It will help to revise all the important concepts and points of this chapter quickly .
As this is one of the most important and long chapter of plant physiology so se, concised it into short to make easy to ready.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Page 2
topics we LeaRn…..
• Do Plants Breathe?
• Glycolysis
• Fermentation
• Aerobic Respiration
• The Respiratory Balance Sheet
• Amphibolic Pathway
• Respiratory Quotient
3. Page 3
intRoduction
• Def.- Respiration is the biochemical process in which the cells of
an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose,
resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (the
currency of energy in cells).
• Living organisms require energy- life process
• Energy required – oxidation of macromolecules (food)
• Green plants & Cyanobacteria- Photosynthesis (autotrophs)
• Animals- Heterotrophs: directly from plants (Herbivore) indirectly
(Carnivore)
• Saprophytes- Dead & decaying matter (Fungi)
4. Page 4
• Green plants- Photosynthesis (only in cells with chloroplasts)-
translocation occurs in non green parts
Outline of Photosynthesis & Respiration:
• Occurs within Chloroplasts- organic compound
• Breakdown of molecules to yield energy (C-C)- cytoplasm &
mitochondria- Respiration
• Compounds oxidised- Respiratory substrates- Carbohydrate,
proteins, fats & organic acids
• Oxidation- step wise reaction & controlled by enzymes, energy
trapped as chemical energy ATP
• ATP- energy currency
• Carbon skeleton produced during respiration- synthesis of
biomolecules
5. Page 5
MechanisM of exchange of gases
• Plants require O2 for respiration- no specialized organs for gaseous
exchange but have Stomata & lenticels
Reasons why plants don’t need Respiratory organs:
1. Each plant part takes care of its own gas-exchange needs. There is
very little transport of gases from one plant part to another.
2. Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange. Respiration
in plants is far low than animals. So O2 requirement will be met by
photosynthesis where O2 will be directly released into cells
3. Diffusion of gases- less; living cells- located close to the surface of
plants; Eg.- Thick woody stems- living cells are organised as thin
layer beneath bark, opening- lenticels; Most cells or part- contact
with air; loose packing of parenchyma cells in leaves, stems and
roots- provide an interconnected network of air spaces.
6. Page 6
• Energy- complete combustion/ catabolism of glucose
• Catabolism of glucose- several small steps & energy
released is coupled to synthesise ATP
• All organism -Catabolism (oxidation) of glucose retains
enzymatic machinery which partially oxidise glucose without
the help of oxygen to pyruvic acid- glycolysis.
7. Page 7
Glycolysis
• Greek word: glycos for sugar & lysis for splitting.
• Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas- EMP pathway.
• In anaerobic organisms, it is the only process in respiration.
• Occurs in the cytoplasm & present in all living organisms.
• Glucose- partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic
acid.
• Sucrose & storage carbohydrate- source of glucose
• Enzymes involved: Invertase, hexokinase, isomerase,
dehydrogenase, kinase, enolase, Pyruvate kinase
8. Page 8
Process of Glycolysis
1. Sucrose- converted to glucose &
fructose- invertase & enters glycolytic
pathway
2. Glucose phosphorylated to glucose- 6-
phosphate- hexokinase & ATP→ ADP
3. Glucose- 6- phosphate isomerises to
Fructose- 6- phosphate- isomerase
4. Fructose 6- phosphate converts to
Fructose 1,6- diphosphate- kinase &
ATP→ ADP
5. Fructose 1,6- diphosphate splits to
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate (3C) &
3- phosphoglyceraldehyde (3C, PGAL)
which isomerises between them
9. Page 9
6. 3- phosphoglyceraldehyde converts to 1,3- diphosphoglyceric acid
(DPGA)- Dehydrogenase, NAD+
→ NADH+ H
7. 1, 3 diphosphoglyceric acid converts to 3- phosphoglyceric acid
(PGA)- Kinase & ADP→ ATP
8. 3- phosphoglyceric acid converts to 2- phosphoglyceric acid
9. 2- phosphoglyceric acid converts to Phosphoenolpyruvate, Enolase,
H2O
10.Phosphoenolpyruvate then form pyruvic acid, Pyruvate kinase,
ADP→ ATP
•Fate of pyruvic acid depends on cellular need of cell:
i.Lactic acid fermentation- anaerobic, prokaryotes & uni. eukaryotes
ii.Alcoholic fermentation
iii.Aerobic respiration/ Kreb- Aerobic, complete oxidation to CO2 & H2O
10. Page 10
fermentation
• There are three major ways in which
different cells handle pyruvic acid
produced by glycolysis:
1. Lactic acid fermentation.
2. Alcoholic fermentation.
3. Aerobic respiration.
lactic aciD fermentation
• Pyruvic acid converted into lactic acid.
• It takes place in the muscle in
anaerobic conditions.
• The reaction catalysed by lactate
dehydrogenase.
• NADH + H+
is reoxidised into NAD+
.
11. Page 11
alcoholic fermentation
•Incomplete oxidation of glucose- anaerobic
•Sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted into CO2 and
ethanol.
•The enzyme pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase
catalyze these reactions.
•NADH + H+
is reoxidised into NAD+
.
•Energy release- less than 7% of energy in glucose
•Yeast poisons to death when concentration of alcohol reaches about
13 peecent
12. Page 12
aerobic resPiration
•Complete oxidation of glucose & energy extraction-
synthesize ATP
•Common in higher organisms & takes place within
mitochondria
•requires O2 and releases CO2, water and a large amount of
energy present in the substrate.
13. Page 13
Aerobic respirAtion
• Pyruvic acid enters into the mitochondria.
• Two main event of process:
i. Complete oxidation of pyruvate by the stepwise removal of all the
hydrogen atoms, leaving three molecules of CO2- - Matrix of
mitochondria.
ii. The passing on the electrons removed as part of the hydrogen
atoms to molecular oxygen (O2) with simultaneous synthesis of
ATP- inner membrane of mitochondria.
• Pyruvate enters from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix & undergoes
oxidative decarboxylation- Pyruvic dehydrogenase, coenzyme A &
NAD+
- 2 NADH produced from one molecule of glucose
14. Page 14
tricArboxylic Acid cycle
• Condensation of acetyl
group with oxaloacetic acid
and water- citric acid- citrate
synthase.
• Isomerisation of Citrate to
form isocitrate.
• Decarboxylation for two
successive steps, leading to
formation of α-ketoglutaric
acid and then succinyl-CoA.
• Oxidation of succinyl CoA
into oxaloacetic acid.
15. Page 15
• During conversion of succinyl CoA to succinic acid there is synthesis
of one GTP molecule.
• In a coupled reaction GTP converted to GDP with simultaneous
synthesis of ATP from ADP.
• During Krebs cycle there production of :
– 2 molecule of CO2 ,3 NADH2,1 FADH2, 1 GTP.
• During the whole process of oxidation of glucose produce:
• CO2, 10 NADH2, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP.( 2 ATP)
16. Page 16
electron trAnsport system And
oxidAtive phosphorylAtion
• The metabolic pathway, through which the electron passes from one
carrier to another, is called Electron transport system.
• it is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• ETS comprises of the following:
– Complex I – NADH Dehydrogenase.
– Complex II – succinate dehydrogenase.
– Complex III – cytochromes bc1
– Complex IV – Cytochromes a-a3 (cytochromes c oxidase).
– Complex V – ATP synthase.
1. NADH2 produced in citric acid cycle oxidized by NADH
Dehydrogenase- electrons are then transferred to ubiquinone located
in the inner membrane.
2. FADH2 is oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase and transferred
17. Page 17
3. The reduced ubiquinone is then oxidized with transfer of electrons to
cytochrome c via cytochromes bc1 complex.
4. Cytochrome c is small protein attached to the outer surface of the
inner membrane and acts as a mobile carrier for transfer electrons from
complex III and complex IV.
5. When electrons transferred from one carrier to another via complex I
to IV in the electron transport chain, they are coupled to ATP synthase
(complex V) for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
•One molecule of NADH2 gives rise to 3 ATP.
•One molecule of FADH2 gives rise to 2ATP.
•Oxygen plays a vital role in removing electrons and hydrogen ion finally
production of H2O.
•Phosphorylation in presence of oxygen is called oxidative
phosphorylation.
18. Page 18
structure of Atp synthAse
• Energy released utilised in synthesising
ATP with the help of ATP synthase
(complex V).
• Complex consists of two major components,
F1 and F0; F1 headpiece is a peripheral
membrane protein complex and contains
the site for synthesis of ATP from ADP & Pi.
• F0 is an integral membrane protein complex
that forms the channel through which
protons cross the inner membrane.
• The passage of protons through the channel
is coupled to the catalytic site of the F1
component for the production of ATP.
• For each ATP produced, 2H+ passes
through F0 from the intermembrane space
to the matrix down the electrochemical
19. Page 19
RespiRatoRy Balanced sheet
• These calculations can be made only on certain assumptions that:
1. There is a sequential, orderly pathway functioning, with one
substrate forming the next and with glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETS
pathway following one after another.
2. The NADH synthesised in glycolysis is transferred into the
mitochondria and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation.
3. None of the intermediates in the pathway are utilised to synthesise
any other compound.
4. Only glucose is being respired – no other alternative substrates
are entering in the pathway at any of the intermediary stages.
• Net gain of 36 ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one
molecule of glucose.
20. Page 20
FeRmentation and aeRoBic RespiRation
1. Fermentation accounts for only a partial breakdown of
glucose whereas in aerobic respiration it is completely
degraded to CO2 and H2O.
2. In fermentation there is a net gain of only two molecules of
ATP for each molecule of glucose degraded to pyruvic
acid whereas many more molecules of ATP are generated
under aerobic conditions.
3. NADH is oxidised to NAD+ rather slowly in fermentation,
however the reaction is very vigorous in case of aerobic
respiration.
22. Page 22
RespiRatoRy Quotient
• The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed
in respiration is called the respiratory quotient (RQ) or respiratory
ratio.
• Depends on respiratory substrates
• Carbohydrate: Completely oxidised, RQ= 1, CO2 & O2- equal amount
evolved & consumed
• Fats: RQ= less than 1
• Proteins: RQ= 0.9