Chapter 09: Wakefulness & Sleep
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Physiological cycles leading to sleep and wakefulness; what happens as we sleep?; why do we sleep and dream?
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2. Key parts of the respiratory system are described in detail, such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs. The roles of various muscles in inhalation and exhalation are also explained.
3. Detailed information is provided about the anatomy and divisions of the lungs, as well as surrounding structures like the ribs, sternum, and thoracic cavity. The processes of respiration, vocalization, and their underlying physiology are thoroughly
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Psy3 Chapter9 Modified
People need between 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night. Sleep serves important restorative functions such as rebuilding proteins, replenishing energy supplies, and facilitating learning and memory consolidation. Damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus disrupts circadian rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates the pineal gland which secretes melatonin, increasing sleepiness. There are various stages of sleep including REM and non-REM sleep. Brain mechanisms such as the reticular formation, locus coeruleus, and basal forebrain regulate arousal and sleep cycles.
Consciousness
This chapter discusses consciousness and various states of consciousness. It covers circadian rhythms and the body's biological clock. There are different stages of sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns, as well as sleep disorders. Dreams occur during REM sleep and there are different theories about their meaning and purpose. Other topics covered include hypnosis, meditation, psychoactive drugs and their effects, and drug abuse.
Presentation on sleep pattern
The document provides information on sleep patterns and disturbances. It defines sleep and describes the physiology of sleep including the reticulating activating system and sleep stages. It discusses non-REM and REM sleep in detail. It also covers sleep requirements and patterns across the lifespan as well as common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and sleep deprivation. Finally, it briefly mentions parasomnias.
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Sleep and rest
Sleep and rest, BSC NURSING FIRST YEAR NURSING FOUNDATION , UNIT X , MEETING NEEDS OF PATIENT , PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP, SLEEP DISORDERS, FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP, PROMOTING SLEEP AND STAGES OF SLEEP.
States Of Consciousness
Continuum of Consciousness
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This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains the neuronal centers and neurotransmitters involved in inducing each type of sleep. The sleep cycle is described as the result of three systems - the arousal system, slow wave sleep center, and REM sleep center - interacting cyclically. The document also outlines the different brain waves seen in EEGs - alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves - and their characteristics and associations with different brain states.
Chapter 4 Lecture Disco 4e
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness and its variations, including circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, sleep stages characterized by different brain wave patterns, functions of sleep, individual differences in sleep needs, and sleep disorders. It also covers dreams and their occurrence during REM sleep, theories about the purpose of dreams, hypnosis, meditation, psychoactive drugs including their effects and risks of abuse.
Physiology of sleep, Book Essentials of Medical Physiology Chapter 160 pdf JA...
DEFINITION
SLEEP REQUIREMENT
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING SLEEP
TYPES OF SLEEP
STAGES OF SLEEP AND EEG PATTERN
MECHANISM OF SLEEP
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY – SLEEP DISORDERS
1.SLEEP PHYSIOLOGY.pptx
Sleep has two types - rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is associated with dreaming and eye movements while NREM sleep has four stages with different brain wave patterns. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and homeostasis. The brainstem contains sleep centers like the raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus that induce REM and NREM sleep respectively. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, nightmares, night terrors and somnambulism. Movement disorders during sleep include restless legs syndrome and leg cramps.
Chapter 4 Ppp
The document discusses various states of consciousness and related topics including circadian rhythms regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, stages of sleep as measured by EEG waves, functions of sleep, individual differences in sleep needs, common sleep disorders, dreams and their relation to REM sleep, hypnosis and its effects on memory, meditation techniques, properties of psychoactive drugs including depressants, opiates, stimulants and psychedelics, and areas of the brain affected by fetal alcohol syndrome.
Pinel basics ch12
- Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Sleep has important biological functions including restoring homeostasis and physiological processes that occur in sleep cycles.
- Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus and influenced by environmental cues like light and dark cycles. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can cause issues like jet lag.
- Sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive performance and mood, with effects accumulating over time without sleep. However, studies have shown some ability of the brain to adapt to long-term sleep reductions.
sleep
This document summarizes key aspects of sleep physiology. It describes the two main types of sleep - slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep is deeper and more restorative while REM sleep is when most dreaming occurs. The brain activity and physiology differs between these sleep stages. Several theories are presented on what causes sleep, including that active inhibitory processes in the brainstem induce sleep rather than fatigue. The role of neurotransmitters like serotonin is also discussed.
Sleep.pptx
This document defines sleep and outlines the physiology and stages of sleep. It discusses factors that influence sleep such as circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters, and the sleep-wake cycle. Various sleep disorders are also summarized, including insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and parasomnias. Assessment tools like polysomnography and the multiple sleep latency test are mentioned. Finally, medical conditions and lifestyle factors that can disrupt normal sleep patterns are briefly covered.
SLEEP1.ppt
The document discusses the neurology of sleep. It describes the two main types of sleep - NREM and REM sleep. NREM sleep involves synchronous cortical EEG, low muscle tone, and minimal dreaming. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, muscle atonia, and vivid dreaming. The document also discusses circadian rhythms and how the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates sleep-wake cycles. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can lead to sleep disorders like jet lag.
10. sleep klauchek-07
Sleep involves different stages including non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The stages can be measured through polysomnography which tracks brain activity, eye movements, and muscle activity. Non-REM sleep involves reduced brain and muscle activity and is when most physical restoration occurs. REM sleep involves an active brain and paralyzed muscles except for eye movements; it is when most vivid dreaming occurs. Sleep serves functions like restoration and energy conservation, and is regulated by biological processes in the brain.
Sleep disorderS
Sleep is essential for health and cognitive function. It involves NREM and REM sleep stages measured using polysomnography. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnolence, and narcolepsy. Insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and is treated with sleep hygiene, relaxation, and medication. Hypersomnolence involves excessive daytime sleepiness and is treated with stimulants. Narcolepsy involves REM sleep intrusion and is diagnosed by decreased REM latency on polysomnography.
sleep-140413065706-phpapp01.pdf
This document defines sleep and outlines the physiology and stages of sleep. It discusses factors that influence sleep such as circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters, and sleep cycles. Common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and parasomnias are explained. Treatment options include behavioral therapies, medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes. Hospitalization can cause sleep disturbances, and medical conditions and drugs may also disrupt sleep. Nursing assessments and interventions aim to promote restful sleep.
4_5956319633173648837.pdf
The fund aims to provide financial support to small businesses and entrepreneurs who are just starting out or expanding their operations. It will offer loans and grants of up to $50,000 to eligible applicants looking to start a new business or grow an existing one. Priority will be given to applicants operating in rural areas, women-owned businesses, and businesses promoting environmentally sustainable practices.
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Drugs used in the management of anxiety disorders.pdf
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Physiology of sleep, Book Essentials of Medical Physiology Chapter 160 pdf JA...
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The document discusses six characteristics that goals should have:
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Is Drug Addiction a Disease?
The document discusses whether drug addiction should be considered a disease. It notes that some see it as a disease due to genetic factors, while others argue there is limited evidence for this. The concept of addiction as a disease emerged in the late 18th/early 19th century and became popularized by treatment centers in the 1920s-1930s. However, a disease must have predictable symptoms and progression, which addiction does not. The main reason it continues to be called a disease is to justify government funding for treatment.
Efficiency in studying
This is a very easy and effective way of studying. It involves an efficient technique and whole brain learning. It builds on previous learning and spaced practice. It is based on the latest research.
2011 ch 14
This chapter's focus is on Social Psychology. There is discussion of relationships, persuasion, coercion, and other types of social influence. Love and intimate relationships is also included.
2011 ch 12
This chapter discusses various psychological disorders including abnormal behavior, classifying mental disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders like phobias and panic disorder, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, sexual and gender identity disorders, and psychosomatic and somatoform disorders. Biological, psychological, and social factors can all contribute to the development of these conditions.
2011 ch 10
This chapter looks at the different theories of personality. The role of heredity and environment is reassessed.
2011 ch 9
This chapter looks at how our motivations are emotionally directed and vice-versa. There is a discussion of eating disorders, sexual behavior, and the role of the amygdala.
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The document discusses different aspects of human memory. It describes memory as an active system involving encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. There are different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Short-term memory can hold 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information and uses chunking and rehearsal. Long-term memory is more permanent but can be affected by interference and forgetting over time due to factors like decay. Memory is important for learning and is stored across networks in the brain.
2011 ch 6
This document summarizes different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, as demonstrated by Pavlov's dog experiments. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors, as theorized by Skinner. Cognitive learning involves higher-level thinking processes and can include imitation, modeling, and solving problems through observation rather than trial-and-error. The document also discusses how media can influence learning through observational modeling of behaviors.
2011 ch 5
Discussion in this chapter focuses on consciousness and altered states of consciousness. We look at sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of illicit drugs.
2011 ch 4
The document summarizes key concepts about human sensory systems and perception. It discusses the main sensory systems of vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and balance. For each sense, it describes the basic structures and mechanisms involved in sensation and transduction. It also covers various visual illusions and perceptual phenomena like apparent motion, depth cues, and constancies that demonstrate how perception interprets and organizes sensory information.
2011 ch 3
The document summarizes key topics in human development from prenatal stages through adulthood. It discusses hereditary and environmental influences on development. Prenatal development can be impacted by factors like alcohol, tobacco, and illness. Child development involves progressing through stages of physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional growth. Theories from Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and others are summarized that explain developmental milestones and influences. Adolescence brings physical changes and identity formation. Adulthood involves additional developmental stages and factors for well-being.
2011 ch 2
This chapter discusses some of the latest research in neuroscience and human behavior. A general discussion of the different parts of the brain and their general functions is included.
2011 ch 1
The focus in this area is on the Scientific Method, Psychological Research, and basic Critical Thinking.
Critical Thinking 9
Looking at what you can do to deal with the issues that come up in order to make a relationship successful.
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Look at the processes that facilitate and hinder your ability to communicate and aid in being understood.
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. vonoprazan A novel drug for GERD presentation
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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- 1. Rhythms of Wakefulness & Sleep
- 4. Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 & 4 Light sleep with slowed brain wave patterns & the presence of irregular, jagged low-voltage waves Sleep spindles & K-complexes Slow-wave sleep Comprised of slow, large amplitude waves