The document discusses the biological clock and circadian rhythms in humans. It begins by posing questions about increased risks of heart attacks in the morning and car crashes in the afternoon, which are related to our biological clocks. It then discusses evidence from experiments that show our bodies operate on regular daily routines, regulated by biological clocks in every cell. These clocks are influenced by light exposure and can differ slightly between individuals, but generally follow a 24 hour cycle. The document goes on to describe how our biological clocks impact functions from waking and sleeping to performance at different times of day. It also discusses sleep stages and dreams.
Circadian rhythms exhibit a period of about 24 h whereas circannual (seasonal) rhythms cycle over the course of a year. Both types of rhythms are coordinated by the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.
These cycles are known as biological rhythms.
Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek word (chrónos, meaning "time"), and biology, which pertains to the study, or science, of life.
Chronobiology is the science of biological rhythms, more specifically the impact of the 24- hour light- dark cycle on our biochemistry and therefore behaviors.
It is defined as the periodic component of temporal series of biological data whose waveform profile has been analytically validated.
In other words, biological rhythm is a bio-signal whose period of oscillation has been validated by analytical models of periodic regression using one or more harmonic components.
Examples : Heart beat, breathing, hormone secretion, menstrual cycle, body temperature and sleep/wake cycle.
Circadian rhythms exhibit a period of about 24 h whereas circannual (seasonal) rhythms cycle over the course of a year. Both types of rhythms are coordinated by the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.
These cycles are known as biological rhythms.
Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek word (chrónos, meaning "time"), and biology, which pertains to the study, or science, of life.
Chronobiology is the science of biological rhythms, more specifically the impact of the 24- hour light- dark cycle on our biochemistry and therefore behaviors.
It is defined as the periodic component of temporal series of biological data whose waveform profile has been analytically validated.
In other words, biological rhythm is a bio-signal whose period of oscillation has been validated by analytical models of periodic regression using one or more harmonic components.
Examples : Heart beat, breathing, hormone secretion, menstrual cycle, body temperature and sleep/wake cycle.
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
Three scientists namely Jeffrey Hall , Michael Rosbash and Michael Young of Rockfeller University were awarded Nobel prize for the discovery of the “biological clock” in 2017.
Each organisms try to adapt to their environment. Regular 24hr cycle of day and night on earth led to the evolution of biological clock that reside within our cells. These clocks help us unconsciously pick the best time to rest, search for food, or anticipate danger or predation.
In 1980s , the three scientists isolated “period gene” which had been theorized to control the biological clock or the circadian rhythm , in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash then discovered a protein called PER that is encoded by the period gene and fluctuates over 24hr cycle, PER level build up at night and drops during day.
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptations to solar and lunar related rhythms.
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms - Mohammed Elreishi Mohammed Elreishi
Circadian rhythms are driven by an internal
biological clock that anticipates day/night cycles to
optimize the physiology and behavior of organisms.
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is
awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and
Michael W. Young for their Discoveries of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Circadian Rhythm.
Circadian rhythms also known as "The Body Clock" is the physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow roughly 24 hrs. cycle responding to light and darkness in the organism.
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
Three scientists namely Jeffrey Hall , Michael Rosbash and Michael Young of Rockfeller University were awarded Nobel prize for the discovery of the “biological clock” in 2017.
Each organisms try to adapt to their environment. Regular 24hr cycle of day and night on earth led to the evolution of biological clock that reside within our cells. These clocks help us unconsciously pick the best time to rest, search for food, or anticipate danger or predation.
In 1980s , the three scientists isolated “period gene” which had been theorized to control the biological clock or the circadian rhythm , in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash then discovered a protein called PER that is encoded by the period gene and fluctuates over 24hr cycle, PER level build up at night and drops during day.
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptations to solar and lunar related rhythms.
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms - Mohammed Elreishi Mohammed Elreishi
Circadian rhythms are driven by an internal
biological clock that anticipates day/night cycles to
optimize the physiology and behavior of organisms.
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is
awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and
Michael W. Young for their Discoveries of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Circadian Rhythm.
Circadian rhythms also known as "The Body Clock" is the physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow roughly 24 hrs. cycle responding to light and darkness in the organism.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
One of the most overlooked interventions for depression and anxiety. This presentation examines how insufficient sleep or too much sleep can contribute to depression and irritability.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
Why the probability of heart attack increasing
in the morning at 8 o’clock ?
Or crash your car on a Moto way at 2 o’clock
in the afternoon ?
Can tack a medication at right time in the day
to save your life ?
When we eat or play or sleep or tested
3. THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK CONT'D
The answer of these question lie in the
secret world of the biological clock
4. THE FIRST EVIDENCE
At a depth of 114km in a cave at 1962 the
geologist Michael sfera make a experiment
on himself
Live in this cave for many months until lost
Sense of time
The result of this experiment shows that his
body Walking on a regular routine
5. THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
Finally, scientists began to discover the truth
about the biological clock inside our bodies
and found out that it is there in every cell of
our body!
There are specific genes within the cell
responsible for time keeping.
7. BIOLOGICAL CLOCK RATE
All of us have biological clock but it’s differ
form one person to another
The normal rate is 24 hours
The maximum rate is 25
The minimum rate is 22
10. FROM 6 AM TO 8 AM
Start of day and Getting out of bed
Not only the long of biological clock affect on
wake up early but also age
11. WAKE UP
We start our life prefer wake up early
From 10 to 21 year sleep late and wake up
late
From 21 to 55 years sleep late and wake up
early
From 55 years we sleep early and wake up
early
13. FROM 8 AM TO 11 AM
In this period you wake up an ready to
launch
The most dangerous period in the day
Br carful to make this period Full of energy
14. FROM 8 AM TO 11 AM CONT'D
The probability of heart attack increase by 3
time
20. FROM 2PM TO 4 PM CONT'D
We sleep twice a day In the afternoon and In
the evening
Sleeping In the afternoon is called a nap
Nap Ranging from 10 to 20 minutes
22. Different biological clock
There is a special
clock in the heart to
set its beats,
in the liver , in the
kidney. So, in every
part and every cell of
our body, there is a
clock for time keeping!
23. DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
This different allow doctor to treat with each
member of body according to schedule and
this will be lead to find medicine for diseases
29. FROM 6PM TO 8PM
Highest body temperature
Over the years Eating habits changed
“Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince,
and dinner like a pauper” Adelle Davis.
Body Getting ready for sleep not eat
33. EXPOSURE TO LIGHT
At sunrise and at Sunset because biological
clock is more sensitive to light
At sunrise make us wake up early (increase
clock speed)
At sunset make us sleep late (decrease clock
speed)
34. NIGHT SHIFT
Found that Diseases of cancer increases for
people that have work at evening to morning
37. FROM 2AM TO 4AM
The activity of the body decreases to the
lowest case
Death cases increases but also Natural birth
increases form 3AM to 5AM
38. WHAT IS SLEEP?
An altered state in
which people
become relatively
unaware of
external stimulation
39. WHY DO WE SLEEP?
Evolutionary Theory: Protective function,
keeps people tucking away at night, safe
from predators.
Recuperative Theory: Conserves energy,
restores body tissues depleted during daily
activity
40. HOW MUCH SLEEP DO I NEED?
Infants
– 20 hours
50% REM
Children/Adolescents
– 10 hours
25-30% REM
– Bed Later, Up Later
Adults
– 8 hours
20% or less REM
Elderly
– 6 hours
– Bed Earlier, Up Earlier
41. WHAT IF I MISS SLEEP?
Effects On Body
– Immune system
weakens
– Metabolic
malfunction
– Varied body temp
Effects On Brain
– Moodiness
– Decreased cognitive
performance
Learn slower,
remember less,
loss concentration
& creativity
– Blurred vision
– Disorganized speech
– Hallucinations
42. AM I SLEEP DEPRIVED? YES/NO
I need an alarm clock to wake up early.
It’s a struggle to get out of bed in the morning.
I hit the snooze bar several times to get more
sleep.
I feel tired, irritable and stressed out during the
week.
I have trouble concentrating and remembering.
I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving
and being creative.
43. AM I SLEEP DEPRIVED? YES/NO
I often fall asleep in boring classes or warm
rooms.
I often fall asleep within 5 minutes of getting into
bed.
I often feel drowsy while driving.
I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings.
I often need a nap when I get home from work.
44. AM I SLEEP DEPRIVED? YES/NO
An answer of “yes” to three or more of
the previous questions indicates sleep
deprivation.
You can easily improve your mood,
performance and health by getting
more sleep!
46. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE SLEEP?
Sleep occurs in a recurring cycle of 90 to
110 minutes and is divided into two
categories: Non-REM (which is further split
into four stages) and REM sleep.
There are four stages in the non-REM
sleep.
REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement.
48. STAGES OF SLEEP: PRE-SLEEP STAGE
Awake and Alert
Beta waves
Functions: calm, alert, active, ready to
learn
May take about 15 minutes to go thru
this stage
Adjust pillows, comforters, start to relax
49. STAGES OF SLEEP: PRE-SLEEP STAGE
Awake – but Drowsy
Alpha waves
Functions: relaxed, harder to concentrate,
want to go to sleep
Hypnogogic Hallucinations
Vivid images, bizarre
Jerky movements
Sensation of “falling”
“Bed gravity,” floating,
50. STAGE 1 SLEEP: ALPHA TO THETA WAVES
Non-REM
Breathing slows down
Disengage from sensation
Vivid mental imagery– Everyday activities,
not “bizarre” dreams
51. STAGE 2: THETA – K COMPLEXES - DELTA
Non-REM
Brief periods of brain activity
Small muscle twitches
Breathing rhythmical
53. STAGE 4: DELTA WAVES – 100%
Non-REM
Oblivious to outside world
Sleep-walking, sleep-talking occur here
Very difficult to wake up- but can have
activities
Answer the phone, talk, etc…
Then…you ascend back up through
these stages and enter your 1st dream
54. REM (RAPID EYE MOVEMENT)
Body functions during REM
Brain neurons fire more
Increased blood pressure
Increased respiration
Increased heart-rate
Body is paralyzed…
Nightmares occur now = frightening,
unpleasant dreams
No sleep walking during REM
55. DREAMS
An individual will have approximately 4-
5 dreams/night
1.5-3.0 hours of sleep time spent
dreaming
They increase in length as the night
progresses
