1. The document describes an experimental and numerical study of laminar burning velocity of methane-air mixtures using a heat flux method.
2. The study aims to design and fabricate a new flat flame burner, experimentally measure laminar burning velocity using the heat flux method, and perform 2D and 3D simulations to compare with experimental results.
3. The key aspects of the study are the experimental setup using the new flat flame burner, the theoretical basis of the heat flux method for determining laminar burning velocity, and the planned numerical simulations and analysis of results.
- Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted from objects due to their temperature. It includes infrared, visible light, and some ultraviolet wavelengths. A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, a blackbody's total emissive power is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Planck's law describes the spectral distribution of a blackbody's radiative intensity as a function of wavelength and temperature. The emissivity of a surface is the ratio of radiation it emits compared to a blackbody. Kirchhoff's law states that emissivity of a surface is equal to its absorptivity at a given temperature and wavelength. The greenhouse effect
This document discusses thermodynamics and includes:
1) A summary of the Zeroth, First, and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. The Zeroth Law discusses thermal equilibrium between systems. The First Law discusses the conservation of energy. The Second Law discusses the increase of entropy over time.
2) Explanations of key concepts like heat capacity, entropy, phonons, and Debye's law. Heat capacity is the heat required to change temperature. Entropy measures disorder or randomness. Phonons are quanta of vibrational energy in solids. Debye's law models the specific heat capacity of solids being proportional to temperature cubed.
Plotting of different parameters entropy, enthalpy, gibbs free energy, heat c...Soumya Ranjan Sahoo
This document discusses various thermodynamic concepts including entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, heat capacity, and their relationships with temperature. It provides equations relating these concepts and explains how to calculate slopes from plots of these variables. Specifically, it states that the slope of a temperature vs entropy graph equals the system's temperature. It also discusses how phase changes occur based on the relative free energy of different phases and how entropy affects phase stability at different temperatures.
This document discusses various methods for growing single crystals, including from liquid solutions and vapor phases. It describes flux growth which uses a solvent with a different composition than the melt to produce crystals. Temperature gradient methods involve heating reactants in water or steam under high pressure and temperature to control solubility. Vapor phase methods like epitaxial growth deposit thin crystal layers on substrates for electronic devices. The substrate's surface lattice parameters must match the growing crystal to within a few percent for oriented crystal growth.
Development of Microstructure in eutectic Alloys and Practice problems on Binary Eutectic system
Reference: Material Science and Engineering, William Callister
This document discusses binary phase diagrams and how they can be used to interpret microstructures in alloys. It contains the following key points:
1. Binary phase diagrams map the relationships between temperature, composition, and phases in equilibrium for alloys containing two components. They can predict phase transformations and microstructures.
2. The copper-nickel phase diagram is used as an example. It shows the alpha, liquid, and alpha+liquid phase fields and how compositions of phases can be determined.
3. Tie lines are used to determine phase compositions in two-phase regions. The lever rule is used to calculate phase fractions based on tie line lengths. An example calculation is shown for a copper-nickel
The document provides an overview of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. CVD involves reacting vapor phase chemicals in a chamber to form a thin solid film on a substrate. It can be used to deposit a variety of materials. PVD involves physically vaporizing a material in a chamber and re-depositing it as a thin film on a substrate. It has various variants like sputtering and evaporative deposition. Both CVD and PVD are used to deposit thin films for applications like semiconductor devices, coatings, optical fibers and composites.
- Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted from objects due to their temperature. It includes infrared, visible light, and some ultraviolet wavelengths. A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, a blackbody's total emissive power is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Planck's law describes the spectral distribution of a blackbody's radiative intensity as a function of wavelength and temperature. The emissivity of a surface is the ratio of radiation it emits compared to a blackbody. Kirchhoff's law states that emissivity of a surface is equal to its absorptivity at a given temperature and wavelength. The greenhouse effect
This document discusses thermodynamics and includes:
1) A summary of the Zeroth, First, and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. The Zeroth Law discusses thermal equilibrium between systems. The First Law discusses the conservation of energy. The Second Law discusses the increase of entropy over time.
2) Explanations of key concepts like heat capacity, entropy, phonons, and Debye's law. Heat capacity is the heat required to change temperature. Entropy measures disorder or randomness. Phonons are quanta of vibrational energy in solids. Debye's law models the specific heat capacity of solids being proportional to temperature cubed.
Plotting of different parameters entropy, enthalpy, gibbs free energy, heat c...Soumya Ranjan Sahoo
This document discusses various thermodynamic concepts including entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, heat capacity, and their relationships with temperature. It provides equations relating these concepts and explains how to calculate slopes from plots of these variables. Specifically, it states that the slope of a temperature vs entropy graph equals the system's temperature. It also discusses how phase changes occur based on the relative free energy of different phases and how entropy affects phase stability at different temperatures.
This document discusses various methods for growing single crystals, including from liquid solutions and vapor phases. It describes flux growth which uses a solvent with a different composition than the melt to produce crystals. Temperature gradient methods involve heating reactants in water or steam under high pressure and temperature to control solubility. Vapor phase methods like epitaxial growth deposit thin crystal layers on substrates for electronic devices. The substrate's surface lattice parameters must match the growing crystal to within a few percent for oriented crystal growth.
Development of Microstructure in eutectic Alloys and Practice problems on Binary Eutectic system
Reference: Material Science and Engineering, William Callister
This document discusses binary phase diagrams and how they can be used to interpret microstructures in alloys. It contains the following key points:
1. Binary phase diagrams map the relationships between temperature, composition, and phases in equilibrium for alloys containing two components. They can predict phase transformations and microstructures.
2. The copper-nickel phase diagram is used as an example. It shows the alpha, liquid, and alpha+liquid phase fields and how compositions of phases can be determined.
3. Tie lines are used to determine phase compositions in two-phase regions. The lever rule is used to calculate phase fractions based on tie line lengths. An example calculation is shown for a copper-nickel
The document provides an overview of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. CVD involves reacting vapor phase chemicals in a chamber to form a thin solid film on a substrate. It can be used to deposit a variety of materials. PVD involves physically vaporizing a material in a chamber and re-depositing it as a thin film on a substrate. It has various variants like sputtering and evaporative deposition. Both CVD and PVD are used to deposit thin films for applications like semiconductor devices, coatings, optical fibers and composites.
The document provides information about phase diagrams and equilibrium diagrams. It defines a phase as a state of matter that has uniform structure, composition, and properties throughout, with a clear interface between it and other phases. A phase diagram graphically represents the phases present in a material at different temperatures, pressures, and compositions, describing equilibrium conditions. It indicates melting/solidification temperatures and phase formation ranges. General types of solid solutions and Hume-Rothery's rules for substitutional solutions are discussed. Gibbs' phase rule relates the number of coexisting phases to components and degrees of freedom. Different types of phase diagrams including unary, binary, ternary and quaternary are classified.
A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measures the magnetic properties of materials by vibrating a sample in a uniform magnetic field and measuring the magnetic moment. It works by vibrating a sample in between sensor coils within an electromagnet, which produces a magnetic field. The sensor coils detect the sample's magnetization and transmit the data to an amplifier, lock-in amplifier, and computer interface. VSMs can characterize the magnetic properties of powders, bulk materials, crystals, and single crystals. They are used to measure magnetic fields and determine the magnetic properties of minerals and ores.
This document discusses x-ray diffraction (XRD), including how x-rays are produced, x-ray spectroscopy, diffraction, Bragg's law, and various XRD methods. It then discusses an application of XRD - analyzing the crystalline morphology of clays, oxidized wax, LLDPE polymer, and their composites using XRD. Key results include observing how the organic modifier of different clays affects d-spacing values, and how the presence of oxidized wax leads to stronger intercalation of materials into clay layers.
This document discusses thermodynamic equilibrium, states, and phases. It defines thermodynamic equilibrium as a state where a system achieves thermal, chemical, and mechanical balance, with nothing changing at the macroscale. Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects have the same temperature, and chemical equilibrium is a state where reactants and products are present at constant concentrations. A system's state is defined by variables like temperature, pressure, and volume, and a phase is a physically distinct, chemically homogeneous portion of a system. The phase rule relates the number of degrees of freedom in a system to the number of components and phases present.
The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body. It explains why certain processes are not possible, such as heat flowing from a cold object to a hot object without work being performed. The second law is described by both the Kelvin-Planck statement and the Clausius statement, which are equivalent. It introduces the concept of entropy, which measures the amount of disorder or unavailable energy in a system. Entropy always increases over time as the result of irreversible processes.
This chapter discusses the atomic mechanisms of diffusion, including vacancy diffusion and interstitial diffusion. It introduces diffusion couples and the concepts of interdiffusion and self-diffusion. Steady-state and nonsteady-state diffusion are covered, as well as how temperature, diffusion mechanism, diffusing and host species, and microstructure influence diffusion rates. An example problem calculates the diffusion flux of carbon through an iron plate exposed to different carbon concentrations on each side.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique used to analyze characteristics of polymers and other materials. DSC measures heat flow into and out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held isothermally. By monitoring the heat difference between a sample and an inert reference, DSC can detect physical and chemical changes associated with phase transitions, such as glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization events. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications, and interpretation of DSC analysis for studying various material properties and transitions.
Ic technology- chemical vapour deposition and epitaxial layer growthkriticka sharma
This document discusses chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial layer growth techniques used in integrated circuit technology. It begins with an overview of CVD, describing the basic process and steps involved, including transport of reactants, adsorption, surface reactions, and removal of byproducts. It then covers various types of CVD systems like atmospheric pressure CVD, low pressure CVD, and plasma-enhanced CVD. The document also discusses epitaxial growth techniques like vapor phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy. It explains concepts like lattice matching and defects that can occur during heteroepitaxial growth when the film and substrate materials have different lattice constants.
This document provides an overview of thin film deposition methods and thin film characterization techniques. It discusses the objectives of the course, which are to provide an understanding of thin film deposition methods, their capabilities and limitations. Hands-on demonstrations and experiments will help participants understand each deposition method and stimulate discussion. The document then summarizes various thin film deposition techniques like evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, their principles and examples of applications. It also summarizes various characterization techniques used to analyze thin films and determine properties like composition, structure, thickness and defects.
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is a method for growing thin films one layer at a time under ultra-high vacuum conditions. It involves heating solid sources of material in effusion cells to create molecular beams that are deposited on a heated substrate. The absence of carrier gases and ultra-high vacuum environment result in films of the highest purity. MBE is widely used to manufacture semiconductor devices and is considered a fundamental tool for nanotechnology development due to its precise control over layer thickness down to a single atomic layer.
This document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and their application to materials characterization. XRD works on Bragg's law to detect crystalline structures by measuring diffraction patterns from samples bombarded with X-rays. Key applications of XRD include phase identification, crystal structure determination, and measuring properties like crystal size and strain. The document outlines the components of an XRD system and how diffraction data is collected, indexed, and compared to standards to analyze materials. Limitations include issues with non-homogeneous samples and challenges in analyzing complex crystal structures.
Thermal properties of materials determine how they react to heat. The major thermal properties are heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and thermal stress. Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change a material's temperature by one degree. Thermal expansion causes materials to change shape as heat is added or removed. Thermal conductivity determines a material's ability to conduct heat. Thermal stress is the stress on a material caused by expansion or contraction from temperature changes and can cause cracking. These properties are important in applications like thermostats and preventing cracks in roads.
The Laue method is used to determine the orientation of large single crystals. There are two types of Laue methods - transmission and back reflection. In transmission, an x-ray film is placed behind the crystal. In back reflection, the film is between the x-ray source and crystal to record diffracted beams. The patterns are analyzed using Leonhardt or Greninger charts to determine the crystal structure.
This document discusses and compares two techniques for growing single crystal silicon: the Bridgman technique and the Czochralski (CZ) technique. It states that while the Bridgman technique is simpler, involving a quartz ampoule, boat, heater and temperature profile, crystals grown with this method contain many dislocations. The CZ technique is more complex but can produce higher quality crystals. It involves controlling a furnace, crystal pulling rate, ambient conditions and system. The document concludes that the CZ technique is preferable for growing single crystal silicon due to producing crystals with fewer defects.
This document discusses two approaches to describing the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries: the continuous Frank-Bilby approach and the discrete Read-Shockley approach. It focuses on the discrete approach, explaining Bollmann's model of intrinsic dislocations that form periodic networks at grain boundaries according to the misorientation angle between crystals. Primary intrinsic dislocations account for the deviation from a single crystal structure and have Burgers vectors of the crystal lattice. Their spacing decreases with increasing misorientation angle according to the Read-Shockley formula. Examples are provided for low-angle tilt and twist grain boundaries.
The document summarizes the thermoelectric effect, which is the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage and vice versa. It was discovered in the 1820s by Thomas Seebeck and Jean Peltier. The effect occurs due to charge carrier diffusion and phonon drag in materials. Thermoelectric modules use pairs of P-type and N-type semiconductors to generate electricity from heat gradients or create cooling by using electricity. Some applications of thermoelectric generators include cooling computers, drink coolers, recharging devices, and powering space probes.
Thermal and Electrical conductivity of metalsSangram Kadam
This document outlines an experiment to determine the thermal and electrical conductivity of metal rods. It describes measuring the heat capacity of a calorimeter and using it to calculate the thermal conductivity of a metal rod. Electrical conductivity is determined by measuring the current-voltage characteristic of a rod. The results are used to verify the Wiedemann-Franz law relating thermal and electrical conductivity. Modifications are proposed to better maintain steady temperatures in the calorimeter reservoirs during thermal conductivity measurements.
The document discusses different equations of state used to describe the properties of matter. It introduces the ideal gas equation and its assumptions. It then describes how Van der Waals modified the ideal gas equation to account for the non-zero volume of gas particles and attractive forces between particles. Finally, it briefly mentions virial equations of state and isothermal/thermal equations of state used for solids, including the Murnaghan and Vinet equations of state.
This document provides an overview of fundamental radiation concepts. It defines thermal radiation and blackbody radiation, describing the idealized blackbody and Stefan-Boltzmann law. It also covers radiation intensity, radiative properties including emissivity and absorptivity, and Kirchhoff's law relating emissivity and absorptivity. The objectives are to classify electromagnetic radiation, understand blackbody radiation characteristics, and apply concepts of radiation intensity and surface radiative properties.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
This is fire ball ball type extinguisher which is design to release cloud of carbon dioxide and extinguish fire.This ball can be thrown from 15 mts away from fire and it takes 3-5 secs for reaction to take place and it covers about 64sqft area with carbon dioxide cloud.This extinguisher will save lives of the many firemen who loose there lives due to accidents.
The document provides information about phase diagrams and equilibrium diagrams. It defines a phase as a state of matter that has uniform structure, composition, and properties throughout, with a clear interface between it and other phases. A phase diagram graphically represents the phases present in a material at different temperatures, pressures, and compositions, describing equilibrium conditions. It indicates melting/solidification temperatures and phase formation ranges. General types of solid solutions and Hume-Rothery's rules for substitutional solutions are discussed. Gibbs' phase rule relates the number of coexisting phases to components and degrees of freedom. Different types of phase diagrams including unary, binary, ternary and quaternary are classified.
A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measures the magnetic properties of materials by vibrating a sample in a uniform magnetic field and measuring the magnetic moment. It works by vibrating a sample in between sensor coils within an electromagnet, which produces a magnetic field. The sensor coils detect the sample's magnetization and transmit the data to an amplifier, lock-in amplifier, and computer interface. VSMs can characterize the magnetic properties of powders, bulk materials, crystals, and single crystals. They are used to measure magnetic fields and determine the magnetic properties of minerals and ores.
This document discusses x-ray diffraction (XRD), including how x-rays are produced, x-ray spectroscopy, diffraction, Bragg's law, and various XRD methods. It then discusses an application of XRD - analyzing the crystalline morphology of clays, oxidized wax, LLDPE polymer, and their composites using XRD. Key results include observing how the organic modifier of different clays affects d-spacing values, and how the presence of oxidized wax leads to stronger intercalation of materials into clay layers.
This document discusses thermodynamic equilibrium, states, and phases. It defines thermodynamic equilibrium as a state where a system achieves thermal, chemical, and mechanical balance, with nothing changing at the macroscale. Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects have the same temperature, and chemical equilibrium is a state where reactants and products are present at constant concentrations. A system's state is defined by variables like temperature, pressure, and volume, and a phase is a physically distinct, chemically homogeneous portion of a system. The phase rule relates the number of degrees of freedom in a system to the number of components and phases present.
The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body. It explains why certain processes are not possible, such as heat flowing from a cold object to a hot object without work being performed. The second law is described by both the Kelvin-Planck statement and the Clausius statement, which are equivalent. It introduces the concept of entropy, which measures the amount of disorder or unavailable energy in a system. Entropy always increases over time as the result of irreversible processes.
This chapter discusses the atomic mechanisms of diffusion, including vacancy diffusion and interstitial diffusion. It introduces diffusion couples and the concepts of interdiffusion and self-diffusion. Steady-state and nonsteady-state diffusion are covered, as well as how temperature, diffusion mechanism, diffusing and host species, and microstructure influence diffusion rates. An example problem calculates the diffusion flux of carbon through an iron plate exposed to different carbon concentrations on each side.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique used to analyze characteristics of polymers and other materials. DSC measures heat flow into and out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held isothermally. By monitoring the heat difference between a sample and an inert reference, DSC can detect physical and chemical changes associated with phase transitions, such as glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization events. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications, and interpretation of DSC analysis for studying various material properties and transitions.
Ic technology- chemical vapour deposition and epitaxial layer growthkriticka sharma
This document discusses chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial layer growth techniques used in integrated circuit technology. It begins with an overview of CVD, describing the basic process and steps involved, including transport of reactants, adsorption, surface reactions, and removal of byproducts. It then covers various types of CVD systems like atmospheric pressure CVD, low pressure CVD, and plasma-enhanced CVD. The document also discusses epitaxial growth techniques like vapor phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy. It explains concepts like lattice matching and defects that can occur during heteroepitaxial growth when the film and substrate materials have different lattice constants.
This document provides an overview of thin film deposition methods and thin film characterization techniques. It discusses the objectives of the course, which are to provide an understanding of thin film deposition methods, their capabilities and limitations. Hands-on demonstrations and experiments will help participants understand each deposition method and stimulate discussion. The document then summarizes various thin film deposition techniques like evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, their principles and examples of applications. It also summarizes various characterization techniques used to analyze thin films and determine properties like composition, structure, thickness and defects.
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is a method for growing thin films one layer at a time under ultra-high vacuum conditions. It involves heating solid sources of material in effusion cells to create molecular beams that are deposited on a heated substrate. The absence of carrier gases and ultra-high vacuum environment result in films of the highest purity. MBE is widely used to manufacture semiconductor devices and is considered a fundamental tool for nanotechnology development due to its precise control over layer thickness down to a single atomic layer.
This document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and their application to materials characterization. XRD works on Bragg's law to detect crystalline structures by measuring diffraction patterns from samples bombarded with X-rays. Key applications of XRD include phase identification, crystal structure determination, and measuring properties like crystal size and strain. The document outlines the components of an XRD system and how diffraction data is collected, indexed, and compared to standards to analyze materials. Limitations include issues with non-homogeneous samples and challenges in analyzing complex crystal structures.
Thermal properties of materials determine how they react to heat. The major thermal properties are heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and thermal stress. Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change a material's temperature by one degree. Thermal expansion causes materials to change shape as heat is added or removed. Thermal conductivity determines a material's ability to conduct heat. Thermal stress is the stress on a material caused by expansion or contraction from temperature changes and can cause cracking. These properties are important in applications like thermostats and preventing cracks in roads.
The Laue method is used to determine the orientation of large single crystals. There are two types of Laue methods - transmission and back reflection. In transmission, an x-ray film is placed behind the crystal. In back reflection, the film is between the x-ray source and crystal to record diffracted beams. The patterns are analyzed using Leonhardt or Greninger charts to determine the crystal structure.
This document discusses and compares two techniques for growing single crystal silicon: the Bridgman technique and the Czochralski (CZ) technique. It states that while the Bridgman technique is simpler, involving a quartz ampoule, boat, heater and temperature profile, crystals grown with this method contain many dislocations. The CZ technique is more complex but can produce higher quality crystals. It involves controlling a furnace, crystal pulling rate, ambient conditions and system. The document concludes that the CZ technique is preferable for growing single crystal silicon due to producing crystals with fewer defects.
This document discusses two approaches to describing the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries: the continuous Frank-Bilby approach and the discrete Read-Shockley approach. It focuses on the discrete approach, explaining Bollmann's model of intrinsic dislocations that form periodic networks at grain boundaries according to the misorientation angle between crystals. Primary intrinsic dislocations account for the deviation from a single crystal structure and have Burgers vectors of the crystal lattice. Their spacing decreases with increasing misorientation angle according to the Read-Shockley formula. Examples are provided for low-angle tilt and twist grain boundaries.
The document summarizes the thermoelectric effect, which is the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage and vice versa. It was discovered in the 1820s by Thomas Seebeck and Jean Peltier. The effect occurs due to charge carrier diffusion and phonon drag in materials. Thermoelectric modules use pairs of P-type and N-type semiconductors to generate electricity from heat gradients or create cooling by using electricity. Some applications of thermoelectric generators include cooling computers, drink coolers, recharging devices, and powering space probes.
Thermal and Electrical conductivity of metalsSangram Kadam
This document outlines an experiment to determine the thermal and electrical conductivity of metal rods. It describes measuring the heat capacity of a calorimeter and using it to calculate the thermal conductivity of a metal rod. Electrical conductivity is determined by measuring the current-voltage characteristic of a rod. The results are used to verify the Wiedemann-Franz law relating thermal and electrical conductivity. Modifications are proposed to better maintain steady temperatures in the calorimeter reservoirs during thermal conductivity measurements.
The document discusses different equations of state used to describe the properties of matter. It introduces the ideal gas equation and its assumptions. It then describes how Van der Waals modified the ideal gas equation to account for the non-zero volume of gas particles and attractive forces between particles. Finally, it briefly mentions virial equations of state and isothermal/thermal equations of state used for solids, including the Murnaghan and Vinet equations of state.
This document provides an overview of fundamental radiation concepts. It defines thermal radiation and blackbody radiation, describing the idealized blackbody and Stefan-Boltzmann law. It also covers radiation intensity, radiative properties including emissivity and absorptivity, and Kirchhoff's law relating emissivity and absorptivity. The objectives are to classify electromagnetic radiation, understand blackbody radiation characteristics, and apply concepts of radiation intensity and surface radiative properties.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
This is fire ball ball type extinguisher which is design to release cloud of carbon dioxide and extinguish fire.This ball can be thrown from 15 mts away from fire and it takes 3-5 secs for reaction to take place and it covers about 64sqft area with carbon dioxide cloud.This extinguisher will save lives of the many firemen who loose there lives due to accidents.
It is fire extingusher in ball shape.This fire ball extinguisher can be thrown from 15 metres distance away from the fire it releases carbon dioxide cloud and cover about 64 sqft area.The reaction takes place in 3-5 secs after the plumger is pressed.This extinguisher will save lives of the many firemen who loose there lives due to these accidents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Performance Improvement Of Self-Aspirating Porous Radiant Burner By Controlli...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the performance of a self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) by controlling process parameters such as gas velocity. The study used an experimental setup including a two-layer SAPRB, thermocouples, an IR camera, and data acquisition systems to measure temperature profiles at different flame zones. Results showed that the maximum temperature and heat transfer rate increased with higher gas velocity due to combined convective and radiative heat transfer. The maximum thermal efficiency achieved was 64% which agrees with previous literature. Process parameters like gas velocity can be controlled to improve SAPRB performance.
HEAT TRANSFERCHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF ASPIRATING POROUS RADIANT BURNER FUELE...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This work presents the heat transfer characteristics of a self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples. The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity matrix. Time dependent temperature history from thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments.In the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the SMARTView software environments. The experimental results revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit, and scatter thermal radiation. The maximum heat transfer coefficient h, of the PRB was 40 w/m2k. The rate of heat transfer was more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of both convection & radiation might be realized.
This document describes an experiment to determine the flash point and fire point of diesel fuel. The flash point of diesel was found to be 72.3°C on average, and the fire point was found to be 78°C. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel's vapors will ignite briefly, while the fire point is the temperature at which the vapors will continue burning after ignition. Determining these points is important for safety when storing and transporting fuels.
This research aims to characterize emissions and flame stability for a low swirl burner (LSB) design in a full-scale combustor facility using high-hydrogen fuel blends. Typical aircraft engines use high swirl combustors, but LSBs can stabilize flames over a wide range of operating conditions including very lean conditions to reduce emissions. The research will test an LSB design at pressures up to 8atm and 600°F preheat to simulate engine conditions. Objectives are to characterize NOx, CO, CO2 and O2 emissions for the LSB using methane and hydrogen mixtures, and to characterize flame shape using high-speed imaging of chemiluminescence. This research could apply to reducing emissions from gas turbines
This research aims to characterize emissions and flame stability for a low swirl burner (LSB) design in a full-scale combustor facility using high-hydrogen fuel blends. Previous research has shown LSBs can stabilize flames during lean combustion, reducing emissions. The full-scale combustor will test various hydrogen-methane mixtures at pressures and temperatures simulating gas turbine engines. High-speed imaging and emissions measurements will characterize flame shape and NOx, CO, CO2 levels for the LSB design across fuel mixtures. The goals are to better understand LSB combustion for applying alternative fuels to reduce environmental impacts of gas turbines.
This document is the dissertation of Johannes Marthinus Koorts submitted for his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Pretoria. The dissertation investigates optimizing industrial heat exchangers by minimizing entropy generation using the principles of entropy generation minimization and constructal design. It presents a literature review on entropy generation in heat exchangers and constructal design applied to heat exchangers. It then describes the development of mathematical models to calculate entropy generation in shell-and-tube, tube-fin, and tube-in-tube heat exchangers. The models take into account various operating conditions and material properties. Validation of the models is done through comparison to published literature. Results of applying the models to 27
Effect of Ambient Temperature and Composition on Liquid Droplet CombustionIJERA Editor
An unsteady, spherically symmetric, single component, diffusion controlled gas phase droplet combustion
model was developed assuming infinite kinetics and no radiation effects. Finite difference technique was used to
solve time dependent equations of energy and species. Adiabatic flame temperature which is important for
calculating thermodynamic properties was calculated by employing a detailed method. Effects of ambient
temperature and composition on important combustion parameters like adiabatic flame temperature, droplet
mass burning rate, burning constant and droplet lifetime were obtained. Results indicated that flame
temperature, burning constant and mass burning rate increased with an increase in ambient temperature while
the droplet life time decreased. The present gas phase code was used in conjunction with the Olikara and
Borman code for obtaining concentration of important species. Emission results showed that for a 100m nheptane
droplet burning in standard atmosphere, an increase in ambient temperature led to an increase in NO
and CO concentrations and a decrease in CO2 and H2O concentrations. Extinction diameter for a 3000m nheptane
droplet burning in oxygen-helium environment was determined. Also, effects of ambient temperature
and composition were obtained on droplet lifetime and mass burning rate as a function of initial droplet
diameter. The present gas phase model is simple but realistic and can be incorporated in spray combustion
codes.
CHARACTERIZATION AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF PREMIXED AND PREHEATED POROUS RADIA...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This document summarizes an experimental study on the characterization and emission analysis of premixed and preheated porous radiant burners during LPG combustion. Experiments were conducted on 13 different burners made of brass and cast iron with varying geometric parameters like diameter, thickness, pore size, number of pores, and pore distribution. The maximum thermal efficiency obtained was 64.59% for a cast iron burner with the largest diameter and pore distribution. Material, pore geometry, and firing rate significantly affected thermal efficiency and emissions. Burner material, precise pore design, and optimal firing rate are important to improve efficiency while meeting emission standards.
ANALYSIS OF THE COMBUSTION FUMES AND GASES RELEASED DURING THE BURNING OF SOM...Claudio Liciotti
Along with the strong growth of PV installations, also the
number of fires involving PV systems has grown. The fire
risk analysis due to PV systems has been taken into strong
consideration. About that, 3 were the most considered
issues:
1) PV modules and components fire behavior;
2) causes of fire ignition related to PV components;
3) risk of electrocution in firefighting activities in proximity
to photovoltaic generators.
To protect the firefighter and to respect the environment,
the type of fumes and gases that are released into the
environment during a fire of a PV system should also be
considered.
This paper shows the analysis of the fumes and gases
released during the burning and pyrolysis of some c-Si PV
modules.
This experiment aimed to determine the fire point of kerosene using the closed cup Penesky Marten's apparatus method. The experiment yielded flash point results of 45°C and 43°C, and fire point results of 55°C and 50°C. However, these results differed from literature values and errors were present in the experiment due to issues with the gas supply, damaged apparatus, and improper mixing of the sample. Determining flash and fire points is important for classifying petroleum products and assessing fire hazards during storage and transportation.
how to find Flash point and fire pointAbdul Rahman
This lab report details procedures for determining the flash point and fire point of a petroleum product sample using an open cup apparatus. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors ignite briefly, while the fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors will sustain burning. For the given sample, the flash point was determined to be 70°C and the fire point 84°C. The measurements characterize fire hazards and are useful for product identification and contamination detection.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
flash point petroleum and gas lab experiment report, The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied.Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container (cup) and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point. The closed-cup test PMA 5 contains any vapors
produced and essentially simulates the situation
in which a potential source of ignition is
accidentally introduced into a container. In this
test a test specimen is introduced into a cup and
a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup.
The cup and test specimen is heated.
Subsequently, apertures are opened in the lid to
allow air into the cup and the ignition source to
be dipped into the vapors to test for a flash.
The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations due to
its better precision. The following table shows the comparative flash points
measured in open and closed cup apparatus for some common pure liquids.
1. Experimental And Numerical Study Of
Laminar Burning Velocity Of Methane-Air
Mixture Using Heat Flux Method
Pawan Kumar (SC11B038)
Under the guidance of:
Dr. Prathap C.
Asst. Professor, IIST
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
Thiruvananthapuram
29 April, 2015
2. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Outline
1 Introduction
Aim
2 Laminar Burning Velocity
3 Heat Flux Method
Experimental Result
4 Numerical Method
5 Results And Discussions
Computational Result
6 Conclusions
7 Scope of Future Work
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 2/33
3. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Aim
1 To design a new flat flame burner according to Van
Maaren (1993) and fabricated it. The burner is validated
according to CH4-Air mixture. 1, 2
1
L. De Goey, A. Van Maaren, and R. Quax, Stabilization of adiabatic premixed laminar flames on a flat
flame burner,
2
K. J. Bosschaart and d. L. Goey, Extension of the heat flux method to subatmospheric pressures,
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 3/33
4. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Aim
1 To design a new flat flame burner according to Van
Maaren (1993) and fabricated it. The burner is validated
according to CH4-Air mixture. 1, 2
2 Using Heat Flux Method
Experimentally anchor an adiabatic laminar Flat Flame.
Measurement of Laminar Burning Velocity of 1-D adiabatic
flame using Flat Flame Burner.
1
L. De Goey, A. Van Maaren, and R. Quax, Stabilization of adiabatic premixed laminar flames on a flat
flame burner,
2
K. J. Bosschaart and d. L. Goey, Extension of the heat flux method to subatmospheric pressures,
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 3/33
5. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Aim
1 To design a new flat flame burner according to Van
Maaren (1993) and fabricated it. The burner is validated
according to CH4-Air mixture. 1, 2
2 Using Heat Flux Method
Experimentally anchor an adiabatic laminar Flat Flame.
Measurement of Laminar Burning Velocity of 1-D adiabatic
flame using Flat Flame Burner.
3 2-D and 3-D simulation using ANSYS-FLUENT
4 Comparison of 2-D and 3-D simulation results.
1
L. De Goey, A. Van Maaren, and R. Quax, Stabilization of adiabatic premixed laminar flames on a flat
flame burner,
2
K. J. Bosschaart and d. L. Goey, Extension of the heat flux method to subatmospheric pressures,
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 3/33
6. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Introduction
Combustion is a rapid oxidation
process of fuel which generates
essentially heat and sometimes light.
• A flame front is a visible part of exothermic reaction.
• Flame is self sustaining zone of localized combustion.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 4/33
7. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
On the basis of phases the fuel can be divided in three type :
Fuel
Gas SolidLiquid
Methane(CH4)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 5/33
8. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Types of Flame: On the basis of state of mixedness
• Premixed Flame
• Non-Premixed Flame
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 6/33
9. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Types of Flame: On the basis of state of mixedness
• Premixed Flame
• Non-Premixed Flame
The laminar premixed flames can be characterised by the
following ways:
• Laminar Burning Velocity
• Quenching Distance: Minimum distance for flame to quench.
• Flammability Limit: The lowest mole fraction of fuel and
oxidiser require to anchor a flame.
• Minimum Ignition Energy : Minimum amount of energy
required to ignite a sustainable flame
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 6/33
10. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Methods For Laminar Burning
Velocity
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 7/33
11. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Methods For Laminar Burning
Velocity
Stationary Flames
• Conical Flame Method
(Orifice/Nozzle/Slot)
• Counter Flow Method
• Flat Flame Method (Heat Flux
Method)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 7/33
12. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Methods For Laminar Burning
Velocity
Stationary Flames
• Conical Flame Method
(Orifice/Nozzle/Slot)
• Counter Flow Method
• Flat Flame Method (Heat Flux
Method)
Propagating Flames
• Cylindrical Tube Method
• Spherical Bomb Method
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 7/33
13. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Laminar Burning Velocity
is defined as the relative velocity, of unburned reactants
propagating normal to the flame front.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 8/33
14. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Laminar Burning Velocity
is defined as the relative velocity, of unburned reactants
propagating normal to the flame front.
SL = Ug
Flame Front
Unburnt Gas
Burner
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 8/33
15. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Figure 1: Complete Setup Of Heat Flux Method
11 12
3
7
4
6
1
2
5
8
9
10
A (1). Compressor (5). Methane Cylinder (9). Computer
(2). Air tank with pressure (6). Methane Rotameter (10). Sony Camera
(3). Valve (7). Burner Stand (11). Hotwater Chamber
(4). Air Rotameter (8). Burner with Flame (12). Coldwater Chamber
Experimetal Setup for Flat Flame Burner Using Heat Flux Method
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 9/33
16. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Heat Flux Method
The heat flux method is based on measuring the net heat loss
from the flame to the burner.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 10/33
17. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Heat Flux Method
The heat flux method is based on measuring the net heat loss
from the flame to the burner.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 10/33
18. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Energy Balance
To analyse the heat flux balance in the burner plate
quantitatively, we will consider the energy equation :
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 11/33
19. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Energy Balance
To analyse the heat flux balance in the burner plate
quantitatively, we will consider the energy equation :
− ∂
∂x
λp,x (r)∂Tp
∂x
− 1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂Tp
∂r
= α(x)[Tg − Tp]
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 11/33
20. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Energy Balance
To analyse the heat flux balance in the burner plate
quantitatively, we will consider the energy equation :
− ∂
∂x
λp,x (r)∂Tp
∂x
− 1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂Tp
∂r
= α(x)[Tg − Tp]
λ = Thermal Conductivity (for brass λ = 129Wm−1K−1)
α = Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm−3K−1)
p= Plate
g = gas
x and r are axial and radial direction respectively.
Tp and Tg = f(x,r)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 11/33
21. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
−1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂
∂r
h
o
Tpdx =
h
o
α(x)[Tg − Tp]
+λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=h − λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=0 = q(r)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 12/33
22. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
−1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂
∂r
h
o
Tpdx =
h
o
α(x)[Tg − Tp]
+λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=h − λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=0 = q(r)
Where as q is net heat transfer . For 1-D flame , q is
independent of r.
Avg.Temperature : Tp(r) = 1
h
h
o
Tpdx
• Temperature gradient along φ is zero because of symmetry.
• Also this is for steady state.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 12/33
23. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
−1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂Tp(r)
∂r
= q(r)
h
Assuming that the conduction coefficient λp,r does not depend
on temperature, and therefore not on r , equation can be solved
easily by Integrating over burner plate thickness x=0 to x=h.
Tp(r) = Tcenter − q
4λh
r2
Using the above equation relation between Tp and r is
parabolic and axis symmetric.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 13/33
24. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY
Figure 2: Burner Head
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 13/33
25. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
The new burner3 is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a burner
head, and a plenum chamber.
3
Vaan Maaren.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 14/33
26. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Burner Head
• Perforated Plate
• Heating/Cooling Jacket
Figure 3: Burner Head (Heating/Cooling Jacket)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 15/33
27. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Plate Dia Thickness Hole Dia Pitch Pattern
32 2 0.5 0.7 Hexagonal
Table 1: Perforated Plate Specification4
4
All dimension are in mm
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 16/33
28. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Thermocouple
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 17/33
29. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Thermocouple
K-type thermocouples were attached to the brass plate having
1.5 mm blind hole at different radial locations, as the
temperature distribution is constant in the tangential direction.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 17/33
30. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Thermocouple
K-type thermocouples were attached to the brass plate having
1.5 mm blind hole at different radial locations, as the
temperature distribution is constant in the tangential direction.
Figure 4: Thermocouple Temperature Variation
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 17/33
31. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Procedure
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 18/33
32. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Procedure
1 Supply the air for some time.
2 Supply the hot water in heating jacket and wait till the
radial profile temperature of plate become uniform.
3 After that pass the methane and ignite the flame.
4 Wait for certain time for constant temperature.
5 Vary the velocity with keeping the equivalence ratio
constant and change the flow rate of air and CH4 using
rotameter.
6 Also change the equivalence ratio and find the
corresponding velocity.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 18/33
33. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Result:
Figure 5: Laminar Burning Velocity(Sl) vs Equivalence Ratios(φ)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 19/33
34. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Figure 6: Uncertainity in Result of Present Study
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 20/33
35. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Numerical Method
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 21/33
36. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
2-D Axis-symmetry Simulation
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 22/33
37. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
2-D Axis-symmetry Simulation
Quadrilateral 199,064
Total Cells 199,064
Total Points 200,550
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 22/33
38. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Pointwise Grid
2-D Computational Grid
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 23/33
39. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
ANSYS-FLUENT Problem Setup
There are many options to specify when computational fluid
dynamics model needs to be setup.
Table 2: Steps To solve Computational Fluid Dynamics Model
Solver Type Pressure-Based
Viscous Model Laminar
Gravitational Effects OFF
2D Space Axisymmetric
Pressure Velocity Coupling SIMPLE
Momentum Equation Discretization Second-Order Upwind
Species Equation Discretization Second-Order Upwind
Energy Equation Discretization Second-Order Upwind
The viscous model was set to be laminar, since the Reynolds
number was kept ( Re< 2000) and the work is at steady state.
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40. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
• Gas : Ideal
• Flow : Laminar
• Inlet pressure : 1 atm
• Inlet Temperature : 300 K
• Fuel : Methane
• Oxidiser : Air
• Chemical Kinetics Scheme : Methane-Air
Single Step Chemistry
• Patching : 2400 K
• Adapation : Gradient Based
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41. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
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42. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Results And Discussions
Computational Result:
Figure 7: Mass Fraction (CH4, O2, CO2, H2O) along with Axial
Coordinate (m)
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43. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
3-D Simulation
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44. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
3-D Simulation
Figure 8: 3-D Grid
Hexahedral 8,039250
Prism 127,710
Total Cells 8,166960
Total Points 8,398,954
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45. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Comparison between 2-D and 3-D result
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 29/33
46. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Comparison between 2-D and 3-D result conti..
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 30/33
47. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Conclusions
In this project work, the methane-air flames has been
anchored on the basis of the experiment , 2D and 3D
numerical simulation of a perforated-plate burner.
The measured values of laminar burning velocity were
compared with the literature data and the comparison was
good.
The flame height increase with the increase in the inlet
velocity.
Comparision between 2-D and 3-D simulation was also
reasonably good.
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48. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Scope of Future Work
Future work can be continued through well developed
measurement technique is as follows:
• Velocity measurement can also be calculated for
propagating flame by using other method like freely
propagating Spherical Flame Method.
• The present design can be modified more importantly with
the application of a microcontroller operated by its
appropriate programming to derive the desired result (as in
the form of velocity) directly on to the display.
• The setup is only suitable for gaseous fuels. So, this setup
can be modified for the measurement of burning velocity
of liquid fuels.
• This setup can also be used for see the dilutant effect on
laminar burning velocity.
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