Design Criteria for Optimization of the Cross Ignition Process in Gasturbine-...
Heat Flux Method
1. Experimental And Numerical Study Of
Laminar Burning Velocity Of Methane-Air
Mixture Using Heat Flux Method
Pawan Kumar (SC11B038)
Under the guidance of:
Dr. Prathap C.
Asst. Professor, IIST
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
Thiruvananthapuram
29 April, 2015
2. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Outline
1 Introduction
Aim
2 Laminar Burning Velocity
3 Heat Flux Method
Experimental Result
4 Numerical Method
5 Results And Discussions
Computational Result
6 Conclusions
7 Scope of Future Work
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 2/33
3. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Aim
1 To design a new flat flame burner according to Van
Maaren (1993) and fabricated it. The burner is validated
according to CH4-Air mixture. 1, 2
1
L. De Goey, A. Van Maaren, and R. Quax, Stabilization of adiabatic premixed laminar flames on a flat
flame burner,
2
K. J. Bosschaart and d. L. Goey, Extension of the heat flux method to subatmospheric pressures,
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 3/33
4. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Aim
1 To design a new flat flame burner according to Van
Maaren (1993) and fabricated it. The burner is validated
according to CH4-Air mixture. 1, 2
2 Using Heat Flux Method
Experimentally anchor an adiabatic laminar Flat Flame.
Measurement of Laminar Burning Velocity of 1-D adiabatic
flame using Flat Flame Burner.
1
L. De Goey, A. Van Maaren, and R. Quax, Stabilization of adiabatic premixed laminar flames on a flat
flame burner,
2
K. J. Bosschaart and d. L. Goey, Extension of the heat flux method to subatmospheric pressures,
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 3/33
5. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Aim
1 To design a new flat flame burner according to Van
Maaren (1993) and fabricated it. The burner is validated
according to CH4-Air mixture. 1, 2
2 Using Heat Flux Method
Experimentally anchor an adiabatic laminar Flat Flame.
Measurement of Laminar Burning Velocity of 1-D adiabatic
flame using Flat Flame Burner.
3 2-D and 3-D simulation using ANSYS-FLUENT
4 Comparison of 2-D and 3-D simulation results.
1
L. De Goey, A. Van Maaren, and R. Quax, Stabilization of adiabatic premixed laminar flames on a flat
flame burner,
2
K. J. Bosschaart and d. L. Goey, Extension of the heat flux method to subatmospheric pressures,
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 3/33
6. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Introduction
Combustion is a rapid oxidation
process of fuel which generates
essentially heat and sometimes light.
• A flame front is a visible part of exothermic reaction.
• Flame is self sustaining zone of localized combustion.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 4/33
7. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
On the basis of phases the fuel can be divided in three type :
Fuel
Gas SolidLiquid
Methane(CH4)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 5/33
8. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Types of Flame: On the basis of state of mixedness
• Premixed Flame
• Non-Premixed Flame
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 6/33
9. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Types of Flame: On the basis of state of mixedness
• Premixed Flame
• Non-Premixed Flame
The laminar premixed flames can be characterised by the
following ways:
• Laminar Burning Velocity
• Quenching Distance: Minimum distance for flame to quench.
• Flammability Limit: The lowest mole fraction of fuel and
oxidiser require to anchor a flame.
• Minimum Ignition Energy : Minimum amount of energy
required to ignite a sustainable flame
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 6/33
10. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Methods For Laminar Burning
Velocity
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 7/33
11. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Methods For Laminar Burning
Velocity
Stationary Flames
• Conical Flame Method
(Orifice/Nozzle/Slot)
• Counter Flow Method
• Flat Flame Method (Heat Flux
Method)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 7/33
12. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Methods For Laminar Burning
Velocity
Stationary Flames
• Conical Flame Method
(Orifice/Nozzle/Slot)
• Counter Flow Method
• Flat Flame Method (Heat Flux
Method)
Propagating Flames
• Cylindrical Tube Method
• Spherical Bomb Method
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 7/33
13. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Laminar Burning Velocity
is defined as the relative velocity, of unburned reactants
propagating normal to the flame front.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 8/33
14. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Laminar Burning Velocity
is defined as the relative velocity, of unburned reactants
propagating normal to the flame front.
SL = Ug
Flame Front
Unburnt Gas
Burner
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 8/33
15. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Figure 1: Complete Setup Of Heat Flux Method
11 12
3
7
4
6
1
2
5
8
9
10
A (1). Compressor (5). Methane Cylinder (9). Computer
(2). Air tank with pressure (6). Methane Rotameter (10). Sony Camera
(3). Valve (7). Burner Stand (11). Hotwater Chamber
(4). Air Rotameter (8). Burner with Flame (12). Coldwater Chamber
Experimetal Setup for Flat Flame Burner Using Heat Flux Method
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 9/33
16. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Heat Flux Method
The heat flux method is based on measuring the net heat loss
from the flame to the burner.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 10/33
17. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Heat Flux Method
The heat flux method is based on measuring the net heat loss
from the flame to the burner.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 10/33
18. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Energy Balance
To analyse the heat flux balance in the burner plate
quantitatively, we will consider the energy equation :
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 11/33
19. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Energy Balance
To analyse the heat flux balance in the burner plate
quantitatively, we will consider the energy equation :
− ∂
∂x
λp,x (r)∂Tp
∂x
− 1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂Tp
∂r
= α(x)[Tg − Tp]
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 11/33
20. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Energy Balance
To analyse the heat flux balance in the burner plate
quantitatively, we will consider the energy equation :
− ∂
∂x
λp,x (r)∂Tp
∂x
− 1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂Tp
∂r
= α(x)[Tg − Tp]
λ = Thermal Conductivity (for brass λ = 129Wm−1K−1)
α = Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm−3K−1)
p= Plate
g = gas
x and r are axial and radial direction respectively.
Tp and Tg = f(x,r)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 11/33
21. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
−1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂
∂r
h
o
Tpdx =
h
o
α(x)[Tg − Tp]
+λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=h − λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=0 = q(r)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 12/33
22. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
−1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂
∂r
h
o
Tpdx =
h
o
α(x)[Tg − Tp]
+λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=h − λp,x
∂Tp
∂x
|x=0 = q(r)
Where as q is net heat transfer . For 1-D flame , q is
independent of r.
Avg.Temperature : Tp(r) = 1
h
h
o
Tpdx
• Temperature gradient along φ is zero because of symmetry.
• Also this is for steady state.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 12/33
23. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
−1
r
∂
∂r
λp,r (r)r ∂Tp(r)
∂r
= q(r)
h
Assuming that the conduction coefficient λp,r does not depend
on temperature, and therefore not on r , equation can be solved
easily by Integrating over burner plate thickness x=0 to x=h.
Tp(r) = Tcenter − q
4λh
r2
Using the above equation relation between Tp and r is
parabolic and axis symmetric.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 13/33
24. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY
Figure 2: Burner Head
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 13/33
25. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
The new burner3 is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a burner
head, and a plenum chamber.
3
Vaan Maaren.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 14/33
26. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Burner Head
• Perforated Plate
• Heating/Cooling Jacket
Figure 3: Burner Head (Heating/Cooling Jacket)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 15/33
27. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Plate Dia Thickness Hole Dia Pitch Pattern
32 2 0.5 0.7 Hexagonal
Table 1: Perforated Plate Specification4
4
All dimension are in mm
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 16/33
28. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Thermocouple
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 17/33
29. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Thermocouple
K-type thermocouples were attached to the brass plate having
1.5 mm blind hole at different radial locations, as the
temperature distribution is constant in the tangential direction.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 17/33
30. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Thermocouple
K-type thermocouples were attached to the brass plate having
1.5 mm blind hole at different radial locations, as the
temperature distribution is constant in the tangential direction.
Figure 4: Thermocouple Temperature Variation
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 17/33
31. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Procedure
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 18/33
32. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Procedure
1 Supply the air for some time.
2 Supply the hot water in heating jacket and wait till the
radial profile temperature of plate become uniform.
3 After that pass the methane and ignite the flame.
4 Wait for certain time for constant temperature.
5 Vary the velocity with keeping the equivalence ratio
constant and change the flow rate of air and CH4 using
rotameter.
6 Also change the equivalence ratio and find the
corresponding velocity.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 18/33
33. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Experimental Result:
Figure 5: Laminar Burning Velocity(Sl) vs Equivalence Ratios(φ)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 19/33
34. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Figure 6: Uncertainity in Result of Present Study
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 20/33
35. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Numerical Method
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 21/33
36. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
2-D Axis-symmetry Simulation
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 22/33
37. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
2-D Axis-symmetry Simulation
Quadrilateral 199,064
Total Cells 199,064
Total Points 200,550
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 22/33
38. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Pointwise Grid
2-D Computational Grid
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 23/33
39. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
ANSYS-FLUENT Problem Setup
There are many options to specify when computational fluid
dynamics model needs to be setup.
Table 2: Steps To solve Computational Fluid Dynamics Model
Solver Type Pressure-Based
Viscous Model Laminar
Gravitational Effects OFF
2D Space Axisymmetric
Pressure Velocity Coupling SIMPLE
Momentum Equation Discretization Second-Order Upwind
Species Equation Discretization Second-Order Upwind
Energy Equation Discretization Second-Order Upwind
The viscous model was set to be laminar, since the Reynolds
number was kept ( Re< 2000) and the work is at steady state.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 24/33
40. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
• Gas : Ideal
• Flow : Laminar
• Inlet pressure : 1 atm
• Inlet Temperature : 300 K
• Fuel : Methane
• Oxidiser : Air
• Chemical Kinetics Scheme : Methane-Air
Single Step Chemistry
• Patching : 2400 K
• Adapation : Gradient Based
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 25/33
41. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 26/33
42. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Results And Discussions
Computational Result:
Figure 7: Mass Fraction (CH4, O2, CO2, H2O) along with Axial
Coordinate (m)
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 27/33
43. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
3-D Simulation
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 28/33
44. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
3-D Simulation
Figure 8: 3-D Grid
Hexahedral 8,039250
Prism 127,710
Total Cells 8,166960
Total Points 8,398,954
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 28/33
45. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Comparison between 2-D and 3-D result
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 29/33
46. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Comparison between 2-D and 3-D result conti..
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 30/33
47. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Conclusions
In this project work, the methane-air flames has been
anchored on the basis of the experiment , 2D and 3D
numerical simulation of a perforated-plate burner.
The measured values of laminar burning velocity were
compared with the literature data and the comparison was
good.
The flame height increase with the increase in the inlet
velocity.
Comparision between 2-D and 3-D simulation was also
reasonably good.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 31/33
48. Flat Flame
Using Heat
Flux Method
Introduction
Aim
Laminar
Burning
Velocity
Heat Flux
Method
Experimental
Result
Numerical
Method
Results And
Discussions
Computational
Result
Conclusions
Scope of
Future Work
Scope of Future Work
Future work can be continued through well developed
measurement technique is as follows:
• Velocity measurement can also be calculated for
propagating flame by using other method like freely
propagating Spherical Flame Method.
• The present design can be modified more importantly with
the application of a microcontroller operated by its
appropriate programming to derive the desired result (as in
the form of velocity) directly on to the display.
• The setup is only suitable for gaseous fuels. So, this setup
can be modified for the measurement of burning velocity
of liquid fuels.
• This setup can also be used for see the dilutant effect on
laminar burning velocity.
Flat Flame Using Heat Flux Method 29 April, 2015 32/33
