1) The document discusses infection control and medical asepsis, including hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and caring for patients with multidrug-resistant organisms.
2) Key aspects of infection control are reducing transmission of infections, protecting patients and healthcare providers, and practicing proper hand hygiene.
3) Medical asepsis and isolation precautions aim to reduce the spread of organisms and prevent the transfer of infections between patients or from patients to healthcare providers.
Medical asepsis refers to practices that limit the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms between patients and their environment. Key methods of medical asepsis include isolation precautions, hand washing, use of protective equipment like gowns and gloves, disinfection of surfaces and equipment, and maintaining staff and patient health and hygiene. Isolation systems used in healthcare facilities include category-specific isolation, disease-specific isolation, and universal precautions based on CDC guidelines.
Definition of Isolation, Need of isolation, Types of Isolation, Mode Of Transmission Of Disease, Modes of Isolation, Types of precautions, Universal / standard precautions, Transmission based precautions, Advantages of Isolation, Disadvantages of Isolation, Isolation Ward in Hospital, Isolation Room in Hospital, Disease Wise Periods of Isolation Recommended etc.
Isolation precautions are special measures used to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. They include wearing protective equipment like gloves, gowns, goggles and masks. The goals are to prevent cross-contamination between patients and staff, contain infectious agents, and contain blood and body fluids. Basic principles include handwashing and careful disposal of contaminated materials. Guidelines distinguish standard precautions that all patients receive from transmission-based precautions for specific diseases, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions. Isolation precautions are meant to protect both patients and public from infection.
The document provides information about an infection control orientation program. It discusses the infection control unit's mission to identify, control, and prevent infections. It outlines the infection control team members and various infection control policies and procedures, including standard and transmission-based precautions, waste management, sharps safety, hand hygiene, and medical record identification of infectious diseases. The overall goal is to facilitate safe care and prevent the spread of infections in the healthcare setting.
The document discusses infection control and sterilization in dentistry. It outlines the objectives of infection control as removing or destroying microorganisms to prevent contamination and infection. It describes universal precautions for treating all patients as potentially infectious and discusses personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, and protective eyewear to act as barriers against transmission of infection. It also covers sterilization methods for destroying all microorganisms, as well as disinfection for reducing pathogenic microorganisms.
This document discusses infection control practices, including standard precautions that must be applied to all patients, and additional transmission-based precautions specific to different modes of transmission. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, handling of patient care equipment and waste. Personal protective equipment like gloves and masks are described. Additional precautions target airborne, droplet, and contact transmission routes.
The Ebola epidemic which has no existing cure warrants a unique approach from medicine; barrier nursing which emphasises control and prevention of further infection. For now, this method should be considered to gain control over the outbreak.
This document outlines standard precautions for infection control, including proper hand hygiene techniques, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe injection practices, and protocols for cleaning patient equipment and transport. It emphasizes applying these practices to all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or contaminated surfaces or equipment.
Medical asepsis refers to practices that limit the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms between patients and their environment. Key methods of medical asepsis include isolation precautions, hand washing, use of protective equipment like gowns and gloves, disinfection of surfaces and equipment, and maintaining staff and patient health and hygiene. Isolation systems used in healthcare facilities include category-specific isolation, disease-specific isolation, and universal precautions based on CDC guidelines.
Definition of Isolation, Need of isolation, Types of Isolation, Mode Of Transmission Of Disease, Modes of Isolation, Types of precautions, Universal / standard precautions, Transmission based precautions, Advantages of Isolation, Disadvantages of Isolation, Isolation Ward in Hospital, Isolation Room in Hospital, Disease Wise Periods of Isolation Recommended etc.
Isolation precautions are special measures used to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. They include wearing protective equipment like gloves, gowns, goggles and masks. The goals are to prevent cross-contamination between patients and staff, contain infectious agents, and contain blood and body fluids. Basic principles include handwashing and careful disposal of contaminated materials. Guidelines distinguish standard precautions that all patients receive from transmission-based precautions for specific diseases, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions. Isolation precautions are meant to protect both patients and public from infection.
The document provides information about an infection control orientation program. It discusses the infection control unit's mission to identify, control, and prevent infections. It outlines the infection control team members and various infection control policies and procedures, including standard and transmission-based precautions, waste management, sharps safety, hand hygiene, and medical record identification of infectious diseases. The overall goal is to facilitate safe care and prevent the spread of infections in the healthcare setting.
The document discusses infection control and sterilization in dentistry. It outlines the objectives of infection control as removing or destroying microorganisms to prevent contamination and infection. It describes universal precautions for treating all patients as potentially infectious and discusses personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, and protective eyewear to act as barriers against transmission of infection. It also covers sterilization methods for destroying all microorganisms, as well as disinfection for reducing pathogenic microorganisms.
This document discusses infection control practices, including standard precautions that must be applied to all patients, and additional transmission-based precautions specific to different modes of transmission. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, handling of patient care equipment and waste. Personal protective equipment like gloves and masks are described. Additional precautions target airborne, droplet, and contact transmission routes.
The Ebola epidemic which has no existing cure warrants a unique approach from medicine; barrier nursing which emphasises control and prevention of further infection. For now, this method should be considered to gain control over the outbreak.
This document outlines standard precautions for infection control, including proper hand hygiene techniques, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe injection practices, and protocols for cleaning patient equipment and transport. It emphasizes applying these practices to all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or contaminated surfaces or equipment.
The nursing technique by which a patient with an infectious disease is prevented from infecting other people is called barrier nursing.Hand hygiene is the simplest, most effective measure for infection control.Contact Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Three more elements have been added to standard precautions. They are:
4.1 Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
4.2 Safe injection practices
4.3Use of masks for insertion of catheters or injection into spinal or epidural areas
Hand Hygiene and Isolation Precautionsanthonystull
Hand hygiene and isolation precautions are important for preventing the spread of infections in hospitals. An estimated 1.7 million hospital-acquired infections occur annually in the US, resulting in 99,000 deaths and $6 billion in costs. Proper hand hygiene using soap, alcohol-based sanitizers, or chlorhexidine can reduce transmission. Standard precautions assume all patients may harbor infectious organisms and require gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection. Isolation precautions with additional protective equipment and cleaning protocols are implemented for patients confirmed to have diseases like MRSA, C. difficile, or influenza. Proper use and removal of protective equipment helps limit disease transmission in healthcare settings.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
Nurse aides have a responsibility to understand and follow their facility's infection control policies and procedures. This includes practicing proper hand hygiene and aseptic technique. Nurse aides must understand how infections spread via the chain of infection and take steps to prevent the transmission of pathogens between residents and in the healthcare environment. Key aspects of infection control that nurse aides must know include standard precautions, proper handling of equipment and supplies, signs and symptoms of local and systemic infections, and their role in preventing the spread of infection.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
The document outlines standard safety measures that should be used in healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of infections. It discusses 19 different safety measures including hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. Adhering to standard safety measures helps control the spread of communicable diseases in hospitals and prevents cross-infection. Proper implementation of practices such as sanitation, sterilization, isolation protocols, and immunization are crucial for maintaining health and safety.
This document discusses infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It provides information on standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste, and cleaning and disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of infection through these measures to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
This document outlines Montgomery Medical Services' infection control aims, objectives, and procedures. It discusses (1) universal precautions that all staff should follow to prevent disease spread, such as hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment; (2) how infectious diseases spread and the chain of infection; and (3) specific policies for hand washing, exposure response, waste disposal, and reporting incidents to minimize infection risks. The goal is to break the chain of infection and protect patients, staff, and others.
Infection prevention & control general orientation [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection prevention & control general orientation
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader, MD, PhD.
Infection Control Consultant, MOH
Infection Control CBAHI Surveyor
Infection Prevention Control Director
KKH.
This document discusses infection control measures used in healthcare settings. It defines infection control as measures to prevent the spread of infections between patients and healthcare providers. Infection control is based on how infectious agents are transmitted and includes standard and additional precautions. Standard precautions include personal protective equipment like gloves and masks, proper hand washing, waste disposal, and cleaning/disinfection. They aim to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens from all patients. Additional precautions may be needed based on how an infection spreads.
The document discusses the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings for preventing the spread of infections from healthcare workers' hands to patients. It notes that hand hygiene, including proper hand washing and use of alcohol-based hand rub, is the most effective way to reduce transmission of harmful germs. However, compliance with hand hygiene guidelines among healthcare workers remains unacceptably low. The document therefore recommends various strategies and products like alcohol-based hand rub to help improve hand hygiene practices in clinical settings.
This document discusses infection control and prevention in a hospital setting. It begins by defining infection and listing some common infectious agents. It then discusses the importance of infection control in hospitals, noting that hospital-acquired infections are a leading cause of preventable death. The document outlines the chain of infection and various ways to break the chain, including appropriate handling of infectious materials and waste, sterilization and disinfection, isolation protocols, and other infection prevention strategies. It provides details on standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and maintaining a sterile field during procedures. The role of nurses in infection control is also highlighted.
Note decontamination of equipment & unitBabitha Devu
The document discusses the process of decontaminating medical equipment and units. It defines decontamination as removing or destroying contamination to prevent microorganisms from reaching susceptible sites. The decontamination process involves cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization depending on the item's risk level and intended use. Effectively decontaminating equipment requires following proper procedures and is important for preventing transmission of infections to both patients and staff.
Dr. Satti M. Saleh discusses isolation precautions in hospitals. He outlines the rationale for precautions, which requires an organism, source, mode of transmission, and host. Sources of infection include patients, personnel, visitors, and the inanimate environment. Host factors include age, underlying diseases, and treatments that weaken defenses. Main transmission routes are contact, droplets, airborne, and vectors. Interrupting transmission is aimed at these routes but has disadvantages like added costs and depriving patients of social relationships. Guidelines have evolved from separate facilities in the 1800s to universal, body substance, and new precautions in the 1980s-1990s focusing on standard, contact, droplet and airborne transmission.
Infection control practice and standard safety measuresVANITASharma19
The document discusses infection control and standard safety measures in healthcare facilities. It covers topics like infection control programs, the chain of infection, hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, needlestick injury prevention, environmental cleaning, cleaning and sterilization of medical equipment, biomedical waste management, safe injection practices, and the roles and responsibilities of hospital infection control committees. The overall aim is to prevent healthcare-associated infections and protect both patients and healthcare workers from infections.
This document discusses infection control and the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings. It notes that while hospitals treat patients, they can also introduce risks of infection. Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent transmission of pathogens between patients and healthcare workers. Proper handwashing and alcohol-based hand rub techniques are described that should be used before and after contact with patients according to the Five Moments for Hand Hygiene. Compliance with hand hygiene is low globally and barriers include time constraints and skin irritation.
Hand hygience usp infection control dr.rs 14 06-2017SOMESHWARAN R
Hand Hygiene Infection control Universal Safety Precautions Standard Precautions MBBS UG Microbiology Nosocomial infections PPT POWERPOINT CLASS PRESENTATION DOCTOR MEDICINE PATIENT CASE
Universal Precautions outlines standard precautions that should be used in healthcare settings to reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens. These include practicing hand hygiene, which is one of the most effective ways to prevent transmission, as well as using personal protective equipment appropriate to the level of anticipated contact with blood or body fluids. Standard precautions, which include infection control practices carried out by all healthcare workers and visitors, should be viewed as the minimum level of precautions used for all patients to help reduce unnecessary risks.
The document defines standards and safety, and describes various types of safety including normative, substantive, and perceived safety. It then lists common safety measures such as root cause analysis, visual inspections, safety factors, training, and regulations. Specific standard safety measures for hospitals are also outlined, including physical environment, biomedical waste management, and standard precautions such as hand hygiene and personal protective equipment.
This document discusses personal hygiene and bed making. It covers topics like hygiene, principles for practice, patient-centered care, evidence-based practice, safety guidelines, the skin, mouth, hair, nails, bed baths, oral hygiene, hair care, and nail/foot care. Key points include the importance of regular hygiene for health, accommodating patient preferences, using techniques to prevent injury, and considering special needs of populations like pediatrics, geriatrics, and home care patients.
The document discusses principles of care for patients with visual or hearing impairments. It covers risks to sensory structures and functions, and how nurses can help protect and restore vision and hearing through artificial devices. Key points include dual sensory impairment potentially leading to cognitive decline; ensuring patient understanding through communication adjustments; and prioritizing safety when caring for those with sensory alterations. Guidelines are provided for eye and ear irrigation and care of contact lenses, hearing aids, and comatose patients' eyes.
The nursing technique by which a patient with an infectious disease is prevented from infecting other people is called barrier nursing.Hand hygiene is the simplest, most effective measure for infection control.Contact Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Three more elements have been added to standard precautions. They are:
4.1 Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
4.2 Safe injection practices
4.3Use of masks for insertion of catheters or injection into spinal or epidural areas
Hand Hygiene and Isolation Precautionsanthonystull
Hand hygiene and isolation precautions are important for preventing the spread of infections in hospitals. An estimated 1.7 million hospital-acquired infections occur annually in the US, resulting in 99,000 deaths and $6 billion in costs. Proper hand hygiene using soap, alcohol-based sanitizers, or chlorhexidine can reduce transmission. Standard precautions assume all patients may harbor infectious organisms and require gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection. Isolation precautions with additional protective equipment and cleaning protocols are implemented for patients confirmed to have diseases like MRSA, C. difficile, or influenza. Proper use and removal of protective equipment helps limit disease transmission in healthcare settings.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
Nurse aides have a responsibility to understand and follow their facility's infection control policies and procedures. This includes practicing proper hand hygiene and aseptic technique. Nurse aides must understand how infections spread via the chain of infection and take steps to prevent the transmission of pathogens between residents and in the healthcare environment. Key aspects of infection control that nurse aides must know include standard precautions, proper handling of equipment and supplies, signs and symptoms of local and systemic infections, and their role in preventing the spread of infection.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
The document outlines standard safety measures that should be used in healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of infections. It discusses 19 different safety measures including hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. Adhering to standard safety measures helps control the spread of communicable diseases in hospitals and prevents cross-infection. Proper implementation of practices such as sanitation, sterilization, isolation protocols, and immunization are crucial for maintaining health and safety.
This document discusses infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It provides information on standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste, and cleaning and disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of infection through these measures to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
This document outlines Montgomery Medical Services' infection control aims, objectives, and procedures. It discusses (1) universal precautions that all staff should follow to prevent disease spread, such as hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment; (2) how infectious diseases spread and the chain of infection; and (3) specific policies for hand washing, exposure response, waste disposal, and reporting incidents to minimize infection risks. The goal is to break the chain of infection and protect patients, staff, and others.
Infection prevention & control general orientation [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection prevention & control general orientation
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader, MD, PhD.
Infection Control Consultant, MOH
Infection Control CBAHI Surveyor
Infection Prevention Control Director
KKH.
This document discusses infection control measures used in healthcare settings. It defines infection control as measures to prevent the spread of infections between patients and healthcare providers. Infection control is based on how infectious agents are transmitted and includes standard and additional precautions. Standard precautions include personal protective equipment like gloves and masks, proper hand washing, waste disposal, and cleaning/disinfection. They aim to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens from all patients. Additional precautions may be needed based on how an infection spreads.
The document discusses the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings for preventing the spread of infections from healthcare workers' hands to patients. It notes that hand hygiene, including proper hand washing and use of alcohol-based hand rub, is the most effective way to reduce transmission of harmful germs. However, compliance with hand hygiene guidelines among healthcare workers remains unacceptably low. The document therefore recommends various strategies and products like alcohol-based hand rub to help improve hand hygiene practices in clinical settings.
This document discusses infection control and prevention in a hospital setting. It begins by defining infection and listing some common infectious agents. It then discusses the importance of infection control in hospitals, noting that hospital-acquired infections are a leading cause of preventable death. The document outlines the chain of infection and various ways to break the chain, including appropriate handling of infectious materials and waste, sterilization and disinfection, isolation protocols, and other infection prevention strategies. It provides details on standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and maintaining a sterile field during procedures. The role of nurses in infection control is also highlighted.
Note decontamination of equipment & unitBabitha Devu
The document discusses the process of decontaminating medical equipment and units. It defines decontamination as removing or destroying contamination to prevent microorganisms from reaching susceptible sites. The decontamination process involves cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization depending on the item's risk level and intended use. Effectively decontaminating equipment requires following proper procedures and is important for preventing transmission of infections to both patients and staff.
Dr. Satti M. Saleh discusses isolation precautions in hospitals. He outlines the rationale for precautions, which requires an organism, source, mode of transmission, and host. Sources of infection include patients, personnel, visitors, and the inanimate environment. Host factors include age, underlying diseases, and treatments that weaken defenses. Main transmission routes are contact, droplets, airborne, and vectors. Interrupting transmission is aimed at these routes but has disadvantages like added costs and depriving patients of social relationships. Guidelines have evolved from separate facilities in the 1800s to universal, body substance, and new precautions in the 1980s-1990s focusing on standard, contact, droplet and airborne transmission.
Infection control practice and standard safety measuresVANITASharma19
The document discusses infection control and standard safety measures in healthcare facilities. It covers topics like infection control programs, the chain of infection, hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, needlestick injury prevention, environmental cleaning, cleaning and sterilization of medical equipment, biomedical waste management, safe injection practices, and the roles and responsibilities of hospital infection control committees. The overall aim is to prevent healthcare-associated infections and protect both patients and healthcare workers from infections.
This document discusses infection control and the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings. It notes that while hospitals treat patients, they can also introduce risks of infection. Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent transmission of pathogens between patients and healthcare workers. Proper handwashing and alcohol-based hand rub techniques are described that should be used before and after contact with patients according to the Five Moments for Hand Hygiene. Compliance with hand hygiene is low globally and barriers include time constraints and skin irritation.
Hand hygience usp infection control dr.rs 14 06-2017SOMESHWARAN R
Hand Hygiene Infection control Universal Safety Precautions Standard Precautions MBBS UG Microbiology Nosocomial infections PPT POWERPOINT CLASS PRESENTATION DOCTOR MEDICINE PATIENT CASE
Universal Precautions outlines standard precautions that should be used in healthcare settings to reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens. These include practicing hand hygiene, which is one of the most effective ways to prevent transmission, as well as using personal protective equipment appropriate to the level of anticipated contact with blood or body fluids. Standard precautions, which include infection control practices carried out by all healthcare workers and visitors, should be viewed as the minimum level of precautions used for all patients to help reduce unnecessary risks.
The document defines standards and safety, and describes various types of safety including normative, substantive, and perceived safety. It then lists common safety measures such as root cause analysis, visual inspections, safety factors, training, and regulations. Specific standard safety measures for hospitals are also outlined, including physical environment, biomedical waste management, and standard precautions such as hand hygiene and personal protective equipment.
This document discusses personal hygiene and bed making. It covers topics like hygiene, principles for practice, patient-centered care, evidence-based practice, safety guidelines, the skin, mouth, hair, nails, bed baths, oral hygiene, hair care, and nail/foot care. Key points include the importance of regular hygiene for health, accommodating patient preferences, using techniques to prevent injury, and considering special needs of populations like pediatrics, geriatrics, and home care patients.
The document discusses principles of care for patients with visual or hearing impairments. It covers risks to sensory structures and functions, and how nurses can help protect and restore vision and hearing through artificial devices. Key points include dual sensory impairment potentially leading to cognitive decline; ensuring patient understanding through communication adjustments; and prioritizing safety when caring for those with sensory alterations. Guidelines are provided for eye and ear irrigation and care of contact lenses, hearing aids, and comatose patients' eyes.
The document discusses sterile technique and its importance in minimizing patient exposure to infection-causing agents and reducing infection risks. It describes how sterile technique includes applying protective equipment like masks, eyewear, and gowns before performing procedures. Maintaining sterile technique is crucial for invasive procedures to prevent transmission of microorganisms. Standard precautions like hand hygiene must be followed for any sterile procedure.
The document discusses sterile technique and its importance in minimizing patient exposure to infection-causing agents and reducing infection risks. It describes how sterile technique includes applying protective equipment like masks, eyewear, and gowns before performing procedures. Maintaining sterile technique is crucial for invasive procedures to prevent transmission of microorganisms. Standard precautions like hand hygiene must be followed for any sterile procedure.
This document discusses patient safety and infection control. It begins by defining patient safety as minimizing adverse events in healthcare delivery. Globally, healthcare-associated infections affect millions of patients annually. Proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and sanitation are essential to prevent transmission of infections from healthcare workers to patients. Nurses play a key role in ensuring patient safety through applying best practices for infection control.
This document discusses guidelines for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It covers types of infections, precautions like standard and contact precautions, personal protective equipment including gloves, gowns and masks, hand hygiene, and safe injection practices. Healthcare workers are responsible for following guidelines to minimize transmission and educating patients on clean hands and precautions. Proper handwashing and immunizations are emphasized as key to infection prevention.
This document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It begins by outlining the chain of infection and explaining why isolation is important to control transmission. It then discusses the basics of infection control, including standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. It notes that nosocomial infections increase hospital stays and costs. Common types are also outlined. Strategies to reduce transmission include proper hand hygiene, isolation, appropriate staffing, and decolonization efforts. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers and facilities in preventing the spread of infections are emphasized.
The document discusses disaster preparedness for nurses. It defines disasters and outlines principles for practice in disaster response, including having communication plans, establishing incident command, and supporting victims and healthcare providers. It also provides guidelines for safely assessing and treating patients exposed to biological, chemical, or radiological agents, including using proper personal protective equipment. Key nursing roles include disaster planning, education, assessing psychological impacts, and caring for vulnerable populations like children and older adults.
This document discusses the importance of minimizing infection through improved infection control. It outlines the devastating effects of inadequate infection control and describes universal precautions that should be taken, such as proper hand hygiene techniques, use of protective equipment, safe disposal of sharps, and being immunized against Hepatitis B. The main causes of infection in healthcare settings are transmission between people via hands or equipment, environmental contamination, and carriers among staff. Common types of infections include urinary tract, surgical site, and bloodstream infections. Proper infection control is increasingly urgent due to antibiotic resistance and rising rates of hospital-acquired infections.
The document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It notes that nosocomial infections occur in 5-8% of hospitalized patients, with 1/3 being preventable. They can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with patients or contaminated surfaces/instruments. Proper infection control practices are important to prevent transmission and protect patients and healthcare workers. These include standard precautions like hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, as well as isolation precautions depending on the type of infection.
Chapter 20: Asepsis Protocols, SOP's and ChecklistsHeatherSeghi
This document outlines protocols and standard operating procedures for maintaining asepsis in the dental office. It discusses maintaining a safety culture and describes infection control procedures that should be followed before, during, and after patient treatment, as well as when taking radiographs and processing them. The protocols cover preparing the clinical area, patient seating, treatment, instrument sterilization, and disinfecting surfaces to minimize the spread of microorganisms.
The document discusses isolation precautions and barrier nursing techniques used to prevent the spread of infection in clinical settings. It defines isolation as techniques used to limit the spread of infection from infected to non-infected individuals. Barrier nursing refers to stringent infection control techniques used in nursing to protect medical staff and isolate infectious patients. The document outlines various isolation precautions like contact, airborne and droplet precautions. It emphasizes the importance of proper use of personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning and other standard safety precautions to interrupt transmission of microorganisms in healthcare settings.
The document provides guidance on infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies for COVID-19 recommended by the WHO. It outlines standard IPC precautions that should be applied to all patients, including hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) based on risk assessment. The WHO recommends IPC strategies for health care settings to prevent or limit COVID-19 transmission, including applying standard precautions, early recognition and source control, implementing additional precautions for suspected cases, and administrative controls.
This document discusses asepsis and infection control in endodontics. It begins with terminology used in infection control and the objectives of infection control which are to decrease pathogenic microbes and break the cycle of infection. Patient evaluation and preparation are discussed. Principles of infection control include using protective equipment, sterilizing instruments, preparing the operatory, and using barrier techniques like dental dams. Instruments are categorized as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on the tissues they contact, and the appropriate sterilization or disinfection method is described for each category. Common sterilization methods like steam autoclaving and chemical vapor sterilization are also summarized.
standard workplace precautions-waste managementikramdr01
The document outlines an orientation programme on standard workplace precautions and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for doctors at the Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital in Thiruvarur. The two-day programme will be led by medical professionals from the hospital and will cover topics like standard workplace precautions, bio-medical waste management, occupational illnesses, and procedures for evaluating and treating healthcare workers who experience exposures. It will discuss the risks of disease transmission from exposures to different bodily fluids and emphasize hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and waste segregation and disposal practices for infection control in healthcare settings.
The document discusses guidelines for developing and implementing an effective infection control program in hospitals, including establishing an infection control team, conducting surveillance to monitor infection rates, implementing standard precautions like hand hygiene and proper waste disposal, and using antimicrobials appropriately through an understanding of their mechanisms of action and developing resistance.
Ppt hospital infection control for small scale hospitalsDrNeha Sharma
This document outlines the policies and procedures for infection control and prevention in a hospital setting. It discusses establishing an infection control team to develop, implement, and monitor infection control programs and training. The roles and responsibilities of different departments in preventing infection transmission are defined. Standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe disposal of sharps and waste, and cleaning/disinfection of equipment and environment are emphasized. Surveillance activities to monitor infection rates and identify outbreaks are also summarized.
Hospital Acquired Infections: A guide for preventing HAIsMarketLab Inc.
Hospital staff can reduce costs, save lives, and prevent Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) with the right combination of infection control supplies and procedures. Learn more with this presentation.
The instructor demonstrates strong teaching skills. They have knowledge of their subject, use multiple teaching methods, and ensure students understand concepts. The instructor invites feedback, answers student questions thoroughly and professionally, controls the class environment, keeps grades updated, and is available to help students who need extra assistance. Overall, the instructor engages students, manages the class well, and facilitates learning.
The document discusses the foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing. It covers several topics:
1) The nurse-client relationship and principles of therapeutic communication including genuineness, respect, empathy and consideration of cultural beliefs.
2) Types of mental health including definitions of mental health and mental illness, coping mechanisms, and the DSM diagnostic manual.
3) Different types of therapies used in mental health care like milieu therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy and family therapy.
This document provides an overview of several mental health disorders, including anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, somatic symptom and related disorders, dissociative disorders, mood disorders, depression, and electroconvulsive therapy. For each disorder, it describes characteristics, assessments, and nursing interventions. The document is presented as 20 slides covering definitions, symptoms, and treatment approaches for various mental health conditions.
This document summarizes key information about various psychiatric medications, including SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antipsychotics, and medications for ADHD and Alzheimer's disease. For each class of medication, it describes their uses, side effects, interventions, and important considerations like toxicity and withdrawal. It emphasizes monitoring patients for side effects and educating them about safe usage of these medications.
This document discusses crisis theory and intervention, including various types of crises, grief, loss, and several forms of abuse and their assessment and treatment. It covers phases of a crisis, types of grief, nurse's role in addressing grief and loss, suicidal behavior assessment and interventions, family violence characteristics and interventions, child abuse assessment and reporting obligations, latchkey children risks, elder abuse contributing factors and signs, and rape trauma syndrome treatment. The priority is to provide a safe environment, report suspected abuse, and assist with care, documentation, and referrals.
The document discusses safe medication preparation and administration in nursing. It covers important pharmacological concepts, the six rights of medication administration, medication distribution systems, dosage calculations, and the nursing process for medication management. The goal is to provide guidelines for nurses to properly assess, plan, implement, document and evaluate medication therapy to ensure optimal patient outcomes and safety.
This document discusses safe patient handling techniques for nurses. It covers principles of safe transfer and positioning including applying proper body mechanics, safely moving patients to reduce immobilization risks, and always using safe handling techniques. Specific skills discussed include transferring patients between surfaces, moving and positioning patients in bed using devices and techniques to ensure proper alignment and circulation. Skills can be delegated to assistants under nurse supervision and direction.
1) The document discusses infection control and medical asepsis, including hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and caring for patients with multidrug-resistant organisms or C. difficile.
2) Key aspects of infection control are reducing transmission of infections, using proper hand hygiene, and applying standard and transmission-based precautions as needed.
3) Medical asepsis aims to reduce organisms and prevent their transfer, while isolation precautions are used to care for infected patients in a way that prevents cross-contamination.
Nurses regularly perform systematic physical assessments of patients to evaluate their health status and perceptions of health. This information is documented in the patient's medical record to promote continuity of care. Physical assessments involve inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation and other techniques. Nurses must properly prepare patients and ensure their safety, comfort and confidentiality during assessments. Assessments vary based on patient age, health issues and other factors. Abnormal findings are reported to supervising nurses or healthcare providers.
Chest physiotherapy techniques such as percussion, vibration, postural drainage, and assisted coughing are used to mobilize pulmonary secretions. They aim to drain secretions that accumulate in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. Careful patient assessment is required before administering techniques to ensure comfort, prevent fatigue, and consider cultural factors. Outcomes such as sputum amount and tolerance are recorded and reported. Safety guidelines include understanding conditions, medications, and activity tolerance.
The document discusses oxygen therapy and respiratory care. It covers various methods of oxygen delivery including nasal cannulas, masks, and mechanical ventilation. It emphasizes assessing patients, monitoring their response to treatment, educating them, and reporting any changes in condition. Proper use of devices like incentive spirometers and peak flowmeters is also reviewed. Throughout, it stresses the importance of clear communication between nurses and notifying the appropriate clinician about a patient's respiratory status.
This document discusses the administration of parenteral medications. It covers four main routes of parenteral administration and the importance of correctly injecting medications to avoid complications. It provides guidelines for safe administration including assessing the patient, using proper technique, monitoring for adverse effects, and documenting the procedure. Special considerations are given for different populations like pediatrics and geriatrics.
The document discusses principles and guidelines for administering nonparenteral medications. It covers oral, enteral, topical, and other non-injectable routes of administration. Key points include applying the six rights of medication administration, ensuring patient safety, educating patients, and following evidence-based practices such as using technology to reduce errors. Guidelines are provided for specific skills like administering oral medications, medications through feeding tubes, and applying topical medications.
The document discusses safe medication preparation and administration in nursing. It covers important pharmacological concepts, the six rights of medication administration, medication distribution systems, dosage calculations, and the nursing process for medication management. The goal is to provide guidelines for nurses to properly assess, plan, implement, document and evaluate medication therapy to ensure optimal patient outcomes and safety.
Palliative care aims to comprehensively manage pain and symptoms, provide psychosocial and spiritual support, and apply therapeutic communication. Palliative care goals include improving quality of life and facilitating a peaceful end of life, and it may transition to hospice care. Nurses play a key role in holistic assessment, physical management, and supporting patients and families through grief.
The document discusses various principles and guidelines for pain management, including assessing and treating different types of pain, using pharmacological interventions like opioids and nonpharmacological options, and ensuring patient-centered care by individualizing treatment plans and respecting cultural considerations. It also covers specific pain management skills like using patient-controlled analgesia, epidural analgesia, and local anesthetic infusion pumps.
The document discusses patient safety and fall prevention. It states that reducing harm from healthcare delivery is a national priority, and that safe healthcare reduces risks and costs while improving patient well-being. Nurses must use critical thinking and assess hazards to maintain a safe environment for patients. Fall prevention requires ongoing nursing assessment to identify risks, communicate interventions, and prevent injuries. Proper documentation and reporting of falls is also important.
The document discusses exercise and mobility for patients. It emphasizes the importance of early mobility and exercise to prevent functional decline in older adults. It provides guidelines for nurses on promoting exercise and mobility safely and effectively, including assessing patients' needs and comfort, using mobility aids, performing range-of-motion exercises, and collaborating with physical therapists. Nurses should educate patients and caregivers about maintaining exercise and watch for signs of intolerance.
This document discusses safe patient handling techniques for nurses. It covers principles of safe transfer and positioning including applying proper body mechanics, safely moving patients to reduce immobilization risks, and always using safe handling techniques. Specific skills discussed include transferring patients between surfaces, moving and positioning patients in bed using devices and techniques to ensure proper alignment and circulation. Skills can be delegated to assistants under nurse supervision and direction. Precautions are discussed for special populations like pediatrics and geriatrics.
The document discusses diagnostic procedures and the nurse's role in caring for patients undergoing them. It outlines that the nurse is responsible for assessing the patient's knowledge, preparing them for the procedure, providing a safe environment and support. The nurse must understand procedures and use classifications to determine patient risk. The nurse should explain procedures to patients, understand their fears, and provide reassurance. Safety guidelines are provided for before, during, and after procedures. Monitoring, documentation and special considerations for different populations are also reviewed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This chapter reviews two skills and one procedure: hand hygiene, caring for patients under isolation precautions, and caring for patients with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) and Clostridium difficile.
Hand hygiene practices are major principles of infection control and are essential to safe patient care.
Patients in all health care settings are at risk of becoming colonized or infected as a result of an impaired immune response, exposure to increased numbers of pathogenic organisms, and performance of invasive procedures.
Know a patient’s susceptibility to infection. Age, nutritional status, stress, disease processes, and forms of medical therapy place patients at risk.
Health care–associated infections (HAIs) result from delivery of health services in a health care setting and were not present at the time of admission.
A hospital is one of the most likely settings for acquiring an HAI because staff, patients, and environmental factors support a high population of pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics.
Health care workers transmit many HAIs by direct contact during delivery of care.
Although protecting patients from HAIs is an obvious priority, nurses are also at risk because of contact with infectious materials or exposure to a communicable disease.
The presence of a pathogen does not mean that an infection will occur.
Infection occurs in a cycle, often referred to as the chain of infection, which depends on the presence of all six elements [Discuss each.]
[Shown is Figure 9-1: Chain of infection.]
An infection develops if this chain remains intact.
Use infection control practices to break an element of the chain so as not to transmit infection.
[Review with students Table 9-1, Breaking the Chain of Infection.]
[Ask students: what are some examples of medical asepsis practices? Discuss: hand hygiene, barrier techniques, routine environmental cleaning, washing hands before preparing food.]
Medical asepsis, or clean technique, includes procedures that reduce the number of organisms and prevent their transfer.
Principles of hand hygiene, barrier techniques, and routine environmental cleaning are examples of medical asepsis. These principles are common in the health care and home environment, as in the case of washing hands before preparing food.
[Ask students: what are some examples of invasive procedures that require sterile technique? Discuss: insertion of a central line or an indwelling urinary catheter.]
Techniques for maintaining surgical asepsis are more rigid than those performed under medical asepsis.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The nursing assistive personnel (NAP) is incorrect in saying that hand hygiene does not need to be performed before she assists the nurse. Although she may not touch the patient, she is still participating in patient care. Hand hygiene is performed by all caregivers.
Nurses are responsible for educating patients and their families about infection control, including information concerning signs and symptoms of infection, modes of transmission, and methods of prevention, knowledge of the infectious process, disease transmission, and critical thinking skills associated with use of aseptic techniques and barrier protection is essential.
Infection can require isolation. This may lead to loneliness or changes in self-concept or body image.
Know cultural views and preferences of your patients. When a patient from another culture requires isolation, use caution to be sure that the patient and family understand the therapeutic purpose of isolation.
Bundled interventions, such as ongoing education, reminders (e.g., posters), administrative support, wall mounted alcohol dispensers, pocket size bottles, improve hand hygiene practices.
Recent research shows that handwashing with plain soap sometimes results in paradoxical increases in bacterial counts on the skin.
Alcohol-based products are more effective than soap or antiseptic soaps for standard handwashing or hand antisepsis.
Brisk alcohol-based rinses or gels containing emollients cause substantially less skin irritation and dryness than plain or antimicrobial soaps.
Soap and water is still necessary for hand hygiene if hands are visibly soiled, or when the clinician is caring for patients infected with C. difficile.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Keeping nails short will limit collection of bacteria under the nails.
[Ask students: what are some of the factors that influence a patient’s susceptibility to infection? Discuss: age, nutritional status, stress, disease processes, and forms of medical therapy can place patients at risk.]
Always know a patient’s susceptibility to infection. Age, nutritional status, stress, disease processes, and forms of medical therapy can place patients at risk.
[What are some ways to encourage patients to cover their mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing?]
Recognize the elements of the chain of infection and initiate measures to prevent its onset and spread.
Health care workers should not wear artificial nails and extenders because of bacterial buildup.
Fingernails should not be longer than 0.625 cm in length and nail polish should not be chipped. There are no recommendations regarding nail polish color (Cook, 2011).
Consistently incorporate the basic principles of medical asepsis into patient care.
Ensure that patients, family members, and health care workers follow “cough hygiene practices” and cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, use tissues to contain respiratory secretions, dispose of tissues in the waste receptacle, and wash their hands.
Use clean gloves when you anticipate contact with body fluids, nonintact skin, or mucous membranes when there is a risk of drainage.
[Ask students to discuss how they would approach a co-worker who is not following safety guidelines.]
Hand hygiene is a general term that applies to handwashing, antiseptic hand wash, antiseptic hand rub, or surgical hand antisepsis.
Handwashing refers to washing hands with plain soap and water.
An antiseptic hand wash is defined as washing hands with water and soap or other detergents containing an antiseptic agent.
An antiseptic hand rub means applying an antiseptic hand rub product to all surfaces of the hands to reduce the numbers of microorganisms present.
Surgical hand antisepsis is the use of an antiseptic hand wash or antiseptic hand rub before surgery by surgical personnel to eliminate transient and to reduce resident hand flora.
Antiseptic detergent preparations often have persistent antimicrobial activity.
[Ask students: what do you think the compliance rate is for hand hygiene among health care workers? Discuss: Longtin et al. (2011) found that hand hygiene compliance among health care workers had an overall compliance rate below 40%. Ask students: what do you think are the consequences of not using proper hand hygiene?]
Hand hygiene is a critical responsibility of all health care workers.
[Discuss the guidelines for hand hygiene presented on the slide.]
Examples of spore-forming organisms are Clostridium difficile and Bacillus anthracis.
[Ask students: when do you think it would be a good time to use an alcohol-based hand rub? Discuss.]
Before and after having direct contact with patients
Before applying sterile gloves and inserting an invasive device such as an indwelling urinary catheter or a peripheral vascular catheter
After having contact with body fluids or excretions, mucous membranes, and nonintact skin
After having contact with wound dressings (if hands are not visibly soiled)
When moving from a contaminated body site to a clean body site during patient care
After having contact with inanimate objects (e.g., medical equipment) in the immediate vicinity of a patient
After removing gloves
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Alcohol-based hand sanitizers have been shown to reduce infection in a variety of settings from intensive care units to long-term care facilities. Alcohol-based rinses or gels containing emollients cause substantially less skin irritation and dryness than plain or antimicrobial soaps.
[Discuss ways to remember hand hygiene throughout the workday.]
Teaching
Instruct patient and family caregiver on proper techniques and situations for hand hygiene.
When patients are educated about the risks for infection, they play an important role in improving hand hygiene compliance in health care settings by reminding visitors and health care workers to perform hand hygiene.
Gerontological
Hand hygiene by staff attending older adults is of utmost importance and should be an ongoing continuing education requirement.
Evaluate patient and primary caregiver to determine their understanding of the transmission of microorganisms and their ability and motivation to perform hand hygiene correctly.
Evaluate hand hygiene facilities in the home to determine the possibility of contamination, proximity of the facilities to the patient, and the patient’s ability to maintain supplies and equipment.
When a patient has a known or suspected source of colonization or infection, health care workers follow specific infection prevention and control practices to reduce the risk of cross-contamination to other patients.
Standard precautions require you to wear clean gloves before coming in contact with mucous membranes, nonintact skin, blood, body fluids, or other infectious material.
You wear clean gloves routinely when performing a variety of procedures (e.g., nasogastric tube insertion).
Masks are worn when there is a risk of splash during a procedure or when certain sterile procedures such as changing a central line dressing are performed.
Protective eyewear and masks become important when there is a risk for splash of blood or other body fluids to the eyes or mouth.
[Ask students: when should you wear gloves, masks, or protective eyewear when tending to a patient? Discuss: you wear gloves routinely when performing a variety of procedures (e.g., nasogastric tube insertion). Masks are worn when there is a risk of splash during a procedure, or when certain sterile procedures such as changing a central line dressing are performed. Protective eyewear and masks become important when there is risk for splash of blood or other body fluids to the eyes or mouth.]
The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) of the CDC published revised guidelines for isolation precautions (2009). The guidelines contain recommendations for respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette as part of standard precautions.
[Review with students Box 9-1, Special Tuberculosis Precautions.]
[Review with students Box 9-2, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Isolation Guidelines.]
Cough etiquette is explained in Box 7-2.
Table 9-2 discusses airborne, droplet, contact, and protective environment. Infection/condition and barrier protection are also included.
The three types of transmission-based precautions—airborne, droplet, and contact—may be combined for diseases that have multiple routes of transmission (e.g., chickenpox). When used either singly or in combination, you use them in addition to standard precautions.
[Using the different categories, discuss with students which type of barrier protection is needed and the rationale for it.]
The task of caring for patients on isolation precautions can be delegated to NAP. However, the nurse must assess the patient’s status and isolation indications.
The nurse instructs NAP to:
Reason patient is on isolation precautions.
Precautions about bringing equipment into the patient’s room.
Special precautions regarding individual patient needs such as transportation to diagnostic tests.
[Ask students: what are some concerns that patients may have about isolation? How can you address these concerns?]
Pediatric
Strange environment adds to the confusion that a child feels during isolation.
Preschoolers are unable to understand cause-effect relationship for isolation.
Older children may be able to understand cause but still fantasize.
An example of a simple explanation is, “You need to be in this room to help you get better.”
Show all barriers to a child.
Actively involve parents in any explanations.
The nurse lets the child see her face before applying the mask, so the child does not become frightened.
Gerontological
Isolation can be a particular concern for older adults, especially those who have signs and symptoms of confusion or depression. Many times, patients become more confused when they are confronted with a nurse using barrier precautions, or when they are left in a room with the door closed. Nurses must assess the need for closing the door (negative-airflow room) along with the safety of the patient and additional safety measures that may need to be taken.
Assess older adults for signs of depression such as loss of appetite or decrease in verbal communications. If necessary, report to the health care team for appropriate interventions.
Home care
Although isolation precautions followed in the hospital are not directly applicable to home care, caregivers should be aware of potential sources of contamination in the home.
Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE).
In recent reports, MRSA caused upward of 19% of health care–associated bloodstream infections.
Clostridium difficile infection is one of the most common and costly HAIs:
In most instances, patient susceptibility to C. difficile infection requires prior treatment with antibiotics.
Unlike MRSA and VRE, C. difficile is difficult to eliminate from the environment because it is a spore-forming organism, meaning that it can remain on surfaces in its dormant state for long periods.
[Ask students: what is the most common way for patients to get one of these infections? Discuss: no matter which MDRO is involved, the most common means of transmission is by way of a health care worker’s hands. To reduce the risk of cross-contamination among patients, use contact precautions in addition to standard precautions when caring for these patients.]
Assessment of a patient’s status and the type of care required cannot be delegated to NAP.
Basic care procedures performed using contact precautions can be delegated to NAP.