This document help to hand hygiene; use of gloves, gown, mask, eye protection or face shield, depending on the anticipated exposure; and safe injection practices
infection control in conservative dentistry and endodontics.pptxDentalYoutube
Infection control in dentistry is important to prevent transmission between patients and dental health care workers. Proper procedures include standard precautions like hand hygiene, protective barriers, and sterilization of instruments. Airborne pathogens can spread through aerosols from handpieces, so high-volume evacuation and masks are used. Exposure risks include contamination of surfaces and cross-infection, so aseptic protocols are followed. Immunization of dental workers against diseases like hepatitis B and influenza helps control infections. High-risk patients require additional precautions with barriers and care of instruments.
This document discusses healthcare associated infections (HAIs) and standard precautions to prevent their transmission at Sandhills Endoscopy Center. It outlines objectives to understand what HAIs are, how to stop their spread, and the importance of following standard precautions protocols. The document reviews guidelines from the CDC and ASGE for using standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, cleaning equipment and the environment to minimize infection risks during GI procedures and within the endoscopy unit.
Challenges in healthcare and infection controlLee Oi Wah
The document discusses various challenges in healthcare-associated infection control and prevention. It outlines key challenges like multidrug-resistant organisms, changing healthcare settings, and emerging diseases. It also summarizes strategies like surveillance, standard and transmission-based precautions, and the roles of infection control personnel in outbreak prevention and management. Effective infection control requires a multifaceted approach including education, environmental controls, and collaboration across the healthcare system.
This document discusses key aspects of infection prevention for healthcare settings. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of infection control professionals in establishing surveillance, outbreak control, isolation protocols, education programs, and ensuring regulatory compliance. Important functions like hand hygiene, antibiotic stewardship, and cleaning medical equipment are examined. The document also explains the chain of infection and methods for breaking it, such as standard and transmission-based precautions. Specific guidelines are provided for cleaning glucometers and handling test strips to prevent cross-contamination between patients. Overall, the document provides healthcare workers with evidence-based strategies and best practices for infection control.
This document discusses isolation precautions and techniques used to prevent the spread of infections. It outlines standard precautions that should be applied to all patients, such as hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment. It also describes transmission-based precautions including contact precautions, which are intended to prevent transmission through direct or indirect contact and involve use of single-patient rooms, gowns, and gloves by healthcare workers.
Infection Prevention - Induction program HIC SK.pptxSandhya Kulkarni
This document provides an overview of hospital infection control practices and induction training for October 2023. It covers key topics like standard and transmission-based precautions, hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene, safe injection practices, needlestick injury management, blood and body fluid spill management, healthcare-associated infections, and microbiology laboratory sample collection. The goal is to train staff on breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of disease in healthcare settings.
Prevention of Surgical Site Infection- SSI [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection- SSI
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
infection control in conservative dentistry and endodontics.pptxDentalYoutube
Infection control in dentistry is important to prevent transmission between patients and dental health care workers. Proper procedures include standard precautions like hand hygiene, protective barriers, and sterilization of instruments. Airborne pathogens can spread through aerosols from handpieces, so high-volume evacuation and masks are used. Exposure risks include contamination of surfaces and cross-infection, so aseptic protocols are followed. Immunization of dental workers against diseases like hepatitis B and influenza helps control infections. High-risk patients require additional precautions with barriers and care of instruments.
This document discusses healthcare associated infections (HAIs) and standard precautions to prevent their transmission at Sandhills Endoscopy Center. It outlines objectives to understand what HAIs are, how to stop their spread, and the importance of following standard precautions protocols. The document reviews guidelines from the CDC and ASGE for using standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, cleaning equipment and the environment to minimize infection risks during GI procedures and within the endoscopy unit.
Challenges in healthcare and infection controlLee Oi Wah
The document discusses various challenges in healthcare-associated infection control and prevention. It outlines key challenges like multidrug-resistant organisms, changing healthcare settings, and emerging diseases. It also summarizes strategies like surveillance, standard and transmission-based precautions, and the roles of infection control personnel in outbreak prevention and management. Effective infection control requires a multifaceted approach including education, environmental controls, and collaboration across the healthcare system.
This document discusses key aspects of infection prevention for healthcare settings. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of infection control professionals in establishing surveillance, outbreak control, isolation protocols, education programs, and ensuring regulatory compliance. Important functions like hand hygiene, antibiotic stewardship, and cleaning medical equipment are examined. The document also explains the chain of infection and methods for breaking it, such as standard and transmission-based precautions. Specific guidelines are provided for cleaning glucometers and handling test strips to prevent cross-contamination between patients. Overall, the document provides healthcare workers with evidence-based strategies and best practices for infection control.
This document discusses isolation precautions and techniques used to prevent the spread of infections. It outlines standard precautions that should be applied to all patients, such as hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment. It also describes transmission-based precautions including contact precautions, which are intended to prevent transmission through direct or indirect contact and involve use of single-patient rooms, gowns, and gloves by healthcare workers.
Infection Prevention - Induction program HIC SK.pptxSandhya Kulkarni
This document provides an overview of hospital infection control practices and induction training for October 2023. It covers key topics like standard and transmission-based precautions, hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene, safe injection practices, needlestick injury management, blood and body fluid spill management, healthcare-associated infections, and microbiology laboratory sample collection. The goal is to train staff on breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of disease in healthcare settings.
Prevention of Surgical Site Infection- SSI [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection- SSI
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
This document discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), also known as hospital-acquired infections. It identifies the most common HAI types as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and surgical site infections. The document outlines standard and transmission-based precautions to prevent HAIs, including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and isolation protocols. It also describes care bundles to prevent specific HAIs like CAUTIs, CLABSIs, and VAP through evidence-based interventions. The role of the hospital infection control committee and infection control nurses in monitoring HAIs and training staff on prevention protocols is also summarized.
The document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It notes that nosocomial infections occur in 5-8% of hospitalized patients, with 1/3 being preventable. They can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with patients or contaminated surfaces/instruments. Proper infection control practices are important to prevent transmission and protect patients and healthcare workers. These include standard precautions like hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, as well as isolation precautions depending on the type of infection.
Hospital-associated infections, also known as nosocomial infections, can occur in patients receiving healthcare in hospitals or other facilities. They are caused by a variety of microorganisms that are able to spread via the hands of healthcare workers, medical equipment, other environmental surfaces, or through procedures. Proper hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are essential for preventing the transmission of pathogens between patients and healthcare workers. Adhering to standard and transmission-based precautions can significantly reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections.
An infection control nurse informed the PICU consultant that two patients have been found to have MDR Acinetobacter infections. This may constitute an Acinetobacter outbreak. The consultant should confirm it is an outbreak by investigating patients and the environment, calculating the attack rate, and comparing it to the background rate. If confirmed, treatment and prevention measures should be implemented, including isolation, cohorting, strict sterilization and disinfection procedures.
The document discusses improving safety in dialysis units. It identifies that 10% of hospital patients experience preventable safety incidents and 60% of equipment-related incidents are due to improper usage. The document then analyzes safety incident data from dialysis units in England and Wales and identifies common incident types, including failures of dialysis techniques and equipment. It provides recommendations to improve safety, such as ensuring proper sanitary environment and hand hygiene practices, staff training, and documenting patient information.
Nosocomial infections are an important cause of additional morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, mortality, and increased costs. They are most common in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. The major types of nosocomial infections include catheter-related bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Transmission occurs primarily through healthcare workers' hands. Effective prevention relies on good hand hygiene, limiting unnecessary device use, and implementing a multimodal infection control program with surveillance, education, and performance feedback.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It begins by defining infection and infection control. It then discusses the history and objectives of infection control. The main modes of disease transmission in a dental setting are through airborne contamination, contact transmission, and cross-contamination. The document outlines various exposure risks for patients and dental personnel and infection control programs. It discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques as well as infectious diseases of concern in dentistry such as viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. The principles of universal precautions like hand hygiene and protective barriers are emphasized.
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Infection prevention and control is everybody's business! It is an essential, though often under-recognised and under supported part of the infrastructure of health care. However it saves lives and prevents avoidable morbidity and mortality. This presentation highlights the importance and the practical components of infection prevention and control in the hospital setting.
This document discusses guidelines for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It covers types of infections, precautions like standard and contact precautions, personal protective equipment including gloves, gowns and masks, hand hygiene, and safe injection practices. Healthcare workers are responsible for following guidelines to minimize transmission and educating patients on clean hands and precautions. Proper handwashing and immunizations are emphasized as key to infection prevention.
1. Healthcare-associated infections are one of the most common complications of healthcare and can increase patient morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, and costs. Common healthcare infections include catheter-associated urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
2. Infections in hospitals can be transmitted via direct contact, airborne routes like coughing and sneezing, or ingestion of contaminated items. Standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and equipment are recommended to prevent transmission.
3. The hospital infection control committee is responsible for implementing infection control policies and programs. This includes surveillance of healthcare-associated infections, training of
This document discusses the role of nurses in infection control. It defines infection and describes different types such as localized, systemic, and nosocomial infections. It outlines the infection cycle including portals of entry and exit, means of transmission, reservoirs, and susceptible hosts. It discusses standard and transmission-based precautions that nurses should follow to prevent the spread of infections. The roles of nurses in promoting positive patient outcomes are maintaining hand hygiene, using aseptic technique, cleaning practices, respiratory hygiene, assessing patients for additional precautions, using safety devices, and providing patient education.
This document discusses biosecurity and infection control in hospitals and clinics. It defines biosecurity and biosafety, and explains that biosecurity takes a strategic approach to analyzing and managing risks to human, animal, and plant life. Biosafety focuses on safely handling pathogens and hazardous biological materials. The document also discusses nosocomial infections, universal precautions, hand hygiene, and cleaning and disinfection practices that are important for infection control. India faces challenges in implementing effective biosecurity and infection control programs.
This document discusses the hygienic characteristics and working conditions of doctors in various specialties. It outlines the importance of hygiene in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. The document then describes hygienic characteristics that doctors follow, such as using barrier protection, gloves, gowns, and carefully handling equipment to prevent the transmission of infections either directly or indirectly.
Dr. Prince is an experienced Microbiology teacher with 24 years of experience in teaching various medical and paramedical students.
This ppt explains the types of hospital acquired infection and their control methods.
This document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It begins by outlining the chain of infection and explaining why isolation is important to control transmission. It then discusses the basics of infection control, including standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. It notes that nosocomial infections increase hospital stays and costs. Common types are also outlined. Strategies to reduce transmission include proper hand hygiene, isolation, appropriate staffing, and decolonization efforts. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers and facilities in preventing the spread of infections are emphasized.
Biosecurity and infection control in hospitals aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. It includes proper hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, use of personal protective equipment, and isolation techniques. Ensuring strict adherence to protocols through staff training and environmental monitoring is key to reducing healthcare-associated infections and protecting patients, staff, and the community.
ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMA...ssuser3155141
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
IS DEFINED AS
“ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING
THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMANS
OR ANIMALS OR IN RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES PERTAINING THERTO
OR IN THE
PRODUCTION OR
TESTING OF BIOLOGI
This document provides information on preventing hospital acquired infections. It discusses key topics like universal precautions, hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and disinfection of medical equipment to prevent the spread of infections. The document emphasizes the importance of knowledge, skills, and proper techniques in infection control and outlines best practices for preventing common infections like those related to urinary catheters, central lines, and ventilators.
nursing management of patient with Empyema pptblessyjannu21
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
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This document discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), also known as hospital-acquired infections. It identifies the most common HAI types as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and surgical site infections. The document outlines standard and transmission-based precautions to prevent HAIs, including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and isolation protocols. It also describes care bundles to prevent specific HAIs like CAUTIs, CLABSIs, and VAP through evidence-based interventions. The role of the hospital infection control committee and infection control nurses in monitoring HAIs and training staff on prevention protocols is also summarized.
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Hospital-associated infections, also known as nosocomial infections, can occur in patients receiving healthcare in hospitals or other facilities. They are caused by a variety of microorganisms that are able to spread via the hands of healthcare workers, medical equipment, other environmental surfaces, or through procedures. Proper hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are essential for preventing the transmission of pathogens between patients and healthcare workers. Adhering to standard and transmission-based precautions can significantly reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections.
An infection control nurse informed the PICU consultant that two patients have been found to have MDR Acinetobacter infections. This may constitute an Acinetobacter outbreak. The consultant should confirm it is an outbreak by investigating patients and the environment, calculating the attack rate, and comparing it to the background rate. If confirmed, treatment and prevention measures should be implemented, including isolation, cohorting, strict sterilization and disinfection procedures.
The document discusses improving safety in dialysis units. It identifies that 10% of hospital patients experience preventable safety incidents and 60% of equipment-related incidents are due to improper usage. The document then analyzes safety incident data from dialysis units in England and Wales and identifies common incident types, including failures of dialysis techniques and equipment. It provides recommendations to improve safety, such as ensuring proper sanitary environment and hand hygiene practices, staff training, and documenting patient information.
Nosocomial infections are an important cause of additional morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, mortality, and increased costs. They are most common in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. The major types of nosocomial infections include catheter-related bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Transmission occurs primarily through healthcare workers' hands. Effective prevention relies on good hand hygiene, limiting unnecessary device use, and implementing a multimodal infection control program with surveillance, education, and performance feedback.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It begins by defining infection and infection control. It then discusses the history and objectives of infection control. The main modes of disease transmission in a dental setting are through airborne contamination, contact transmission, and cross-contamination. The document outlines various exposure risks for patients and dental personnel and infection control programs. It discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques as well as infectious diseases of concern in dentistry such as viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. The principles of universal precautions like hand hygiene and protective barriers are emphasized.
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
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This document discusses guidelines for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It covers types of infections, precautions like standard and contact precautions, personal protective equipment including gloves, gowns and masks, hand hygiene, and safe injection practices. Healthcare workers are responsible for following guidelines to minimize transmission and educating patients on clean hands and precautions. Proper handwashing and immunizations are emphasized as key to infection prevention.
1. Healthcare-associated infections are one of the most common complications of healthcare and can increase patient morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, and costs. Common healthcare infections include catheter-associated urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
2. Infections in hospitals can be transmitted via direct contact, airborne routes like coughing and sneezing, or ingestion of contaminated items. Standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and equipment are recommended to prevent transmission.
3. The hospital infection control committee is responsible for implementing infection control policies and programs. This includes surveillance of healthcare-associated infections, training of
This document discusses the role of nurses in infection control. It defines infection and describes different types such as localized, systemic, and nosocomial infections. It outlines the infection cycle including portals of entry and exit, means of transmission, reservoirs, and susceptible hosts. It discusses standard and transmission-based precautions that nurses should follow to prevent the spread of infections. The roles of nurses in promoting positive patient outcomes are maintaining hand hygiene, using aseptic technique, cleaning practices, respiratory hygiene, assessing patients for additional precautions, using safety devices, and providing patient education.
This document discusses biosecurity and infection control in hospitals and clinics. It defines biosecurity and biosafety, and explains that biosecurity takes a strategic approach to analyzing and managing risks to human, animal, and plant life. Biosafety focuses on safely handling pathogens and hazardous biological materials. The document also discusses nosocomial infections, universal precautions, hand hygiene, and cleaning and disinfection practices that are important for infection control. India faces challenges in implementing effective biosecurity and infection control programs.
This document discusses the hygienic characteristics and working conditions of doctors in various specialties. It outlines the importance of hygiene in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. The document then describes hygienic characteristics that doctors follow, such as using barrier protection, gloves, gowns, and carefully handling equipment to prevent the transmission of infections either directly or indirectly.
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This ppt explains the types of hospital acquired infection and their control methods.
This document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It begins by outlining the chain of infection and explaining why isolation is important to control transmission. It then discusses the basics of infection control, including standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. It notes that nosocomial infections increase hospital stays and costs. Common types are also outlined. Strategies to reduce transmission include proper hand hygiene, isolation, appropriate staffing, and decolonization efforts. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers and facilities in preventing the spread of infections are emphasized.
Biosecurity and infection control in hospitals aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. It includes proper hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, use of personal protective equipment, and isolation techniques. Ensuring strict adherence to protocols through staff training and environmental monitoring is key to reducing healthcare-associated infections and protecting patients, staff, and the community.
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BIOMEDICAL WASTE
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ACTIVITIES PERTAINING THERTO
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prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
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Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
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Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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1. Planning and Preparing
for Emerging Infectious
Diseases
AN EXERCISE BASED WORKSHOP FOR
RURAL AND CRITICAL ACCESS
HOSPITALS
2. Introductions and Welcome!
• Deb French
• Colorado Hospital Association, Hospital Emergency Preparedness
• Teri Hulett
• Infection Prevention Consultant
•Ashley Baker
• Colorado Hospital Association, Hospital Emergency Preparedness
3. Why a Workshop on Exercising Emerging
Infectious Disease for Rural Hospitals?
•Lessons learned from Ebola and other
infectious disease threats
•Unique challenges facing rural hospitals
•Best line of defense – testing and evaluating
capacity and capabilities for infectious
disease prevention
4. Why a Workshop on Exercising Emerging
Infectious Disease for Rural Hospitals?
•Required to test every three years.
State Board of Health Rule 6 CCR 1009-5
Preparations for a Bioterrorist Event,
Pandemic Influenza, or an Outbreak by a
Novel and Highly Fatal Infectious Agent or
Biological Toxin
5. Objectives
•Review best practices for transmission-
based precautions
•Review exercise design made easy
concepts
•Identify positive planning aspects and/or
identify gaps in planning through tabletop
exercise
6. A Special Thank You!
•Linda Navrkal, Parkview Medical
Center
•Dee Ann Sierra, Rio Grand
Hospital
•Julie Zangari, St. Anthony
Summit Medical Center
•Laura Wilson, Southeast
Colorado Hospital District
•Mary Rasmusson, Montrose
Memorial Hosp
•Toni Foos, Colorado Hospital
Association
•Dave McGraw, Spanish Peaks
Regional Medical Center
•Mary Pancheri and Melissa
Miccio, Longmont United
Hospital
•Karri Knight, Denver Health
•Brigitte French, Penrose and St.
Francis Health Services
•ASPR, Colorado Department of
Public Health and Environment,
Hospital Preparedness Program
Grant
8. Objectives
• Review the Chain of Infection
• Discuss Hand Hygiene Basics
• Identify Routes of Transmission
• Differentiate Categories of Transmission-
Based Precautions
• Discuss the role of Environmental Services
in Infection Prevention
10. The Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Reservoir
People
Environment
Equipment & Water
Portal of Exit
Excretion, secretions, skin, and
droplets
Means of Transmission
Direct/Indirect Contact
Inhalation
Airborne
Portal of Entry
Mucous Membranes
Respiratory & GI Tract
Broken Skin
Susceptible Host
Patient
Staff
Visitor
HCW
11. Breaking the chain of infection
Infectious Agent
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Reservoir
People
Environment
Equipment & Water
Portal of Exit
Excretion, secretions, skin,
and droplets
Means of
Transmission
Direct & Indirect Contact
Inhalation
Airborne
Portal of Entry
Mucous Membranes
Respiratory & GI Tract
Broken Skin
Susceptible Host
Patient
Staff
Visitor
HCW
Rapid identification, diagnosis,
and treatment
Education
Environmental Hygiene
Disinfection and
Sterilization
Hand Hygiene
Control of Excretions &
secretions
Proper attire
Hand Hygiene,
Personal Hygiene
Transmission Based Precautions
Aseptic Technique
Wound/catheter care
Hand Hygiene
Transmission based precautions
Environmental Hygiene
Recognition of high risk patients
Treatment of underlying disease
Immunizations
12. Three basic routes of transmission
Contact
Direct
Indirect
Droplet
Larger; don’t travel long distances, not infective over time
Spatial separation (≥ 3 feet)
Airborne
Smaller; infective over time and distance
https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007isolationPrecautions.html
13. Hand Hygiene
“Hand Hygiene (HH) has been cited frequently as the single most important
practice to reduce the transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings and
is an essential element of Standard Precautions.”
The term “hand hygiene” includes:
Handwashing with soap and water
Use of alcohol-based products that do not require the use of water (>60% alcohol)
No artificial nails for those having contact with (high-risk) patients
“CDC/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) recommend that
artificial fingernails and extenders not be worn by healthcare personnel who have contact
with high-risk patients due to the association with outbreaks of gram-negative bacillus and
candida infections.”
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions:
Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf
14. What are Transmission Based Precautions ?
Transmission-Based Precautions are designed
to supplement standard precautions in
patients/residents with documented or
suspected infection/colonization of highly
transmissible or epidemiologically important
pathogens.
http://www.mass.edu/mcncps/orientation/m2Transmission.asp
15. Transmission Based Precautions
• Hand Hygiene
• Gown
• Gloves
Contact Precautions
• Hand Hygiene
• Mask
Droplet Precautions
• Hand Hygiene
• Negative pressure room
• PAPR/N-95 Respirator mask
Airborne Precautions
https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007isolationPrecautions.html
16. Rationale
Transmission of infectious agents within a healthcare setting requires three
elements:
1. A source (or reservoir) of infectious agents
2. A susceptible host with a portal of entry receptive to the agent
3. A mode of transmission for the agent
https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007isolationPrecautions.html
17. Breaking the chain of infection transmission
Equipment cleaning Hand Hygiene Compliance w/ Precautions
18. Contact Precautions
“Contact Precautions are intended to prevent transmission of
infectious agents, including epidemiologically important
microorganisms, which are spread by direct or indirect contact with
the patient or the patient’s environment.”
Healthcare personal caring for patients on contact precautions MUST wear an isolation gown and
gloves/personal protective equipment (PPE) for all interactions (that may involve contact with the
patient or potentially contaminated areas in the patients environment)
Donning (putting on) of PPE must occur immediately prior to entry
Doffing (removing) PPE must occur immediately prior to exiting
ANYONE ENTERING THE PATIENT ROOM MUST COMPLY WITH TRANSMISSION BASED PRECAUTIONS
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions:
Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf
19. PPE Donning
file:///C:/Users/mhule/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/E9B9P01K/PPE-Sequence.pdf
6) Added wording that will ensure the training
of staff on the personal protective equipment
purchased. Ensuring the safety of staff by
having sufficient supplies and by being
properly trained with those supplies. This
inconsistency has been witnessed with recent
Ebola response
State Board of Health Rule 6 CCR 1009-5
Preparations for a Bioterrorist Event, Pandemic
Influenza, or an Outbreak by a Novel and
Highly Fatal Infectious Agent or Biological Toxin
24. Droplet Precautions
Droplet Precautions are intended to prevent transmission of pathogens
spread through close respiratory or mucous membrane contact with
respiratory secretions.”
“Pathogens requiring droplet precaution do not remain infectious over long
distances in a healthcare facility and so do not require special air handling and
ventilation to prevent droplet transmission.”
• Don face mask (NOT N-95 respirator)prior to entering patient room
• Spacial separation ≥ 3 feet
• Place face mask on patient for transport outside of room
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation
Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf
25. Airborne Precautions
“Airborne Precautions prevent transmission of infectious
agents that remain infectious over long distances when
suspended in the air (measles, chicken pox, TB)”
Patient must be placed in an airborne isolation infection room (AIIR):
this is a single-patient room equipped with special air handling and
ventilation capacity that complies with specific regulatory guidelines:
• monitored negative pressure relative to the surrounding area
• 6 or 12 air exchanges/hour
• Air exhausted directly to the outside or
recirculated through a HEPA filtration system before return
• Door MUST remain closed
• Staff must wear N-95 respirator mask or PAPR
• Visitors entering must wear surgical mask
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions:
Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf
26. But what’s missing in the discussion?
Apply to all patients receiving care in hospitals,
regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection
status
Designed to reduce the risk of transmission of
microorganisms from both recognized and
unrecognized sources of infections
Under standard precautions, blood and body
fluids of all patients are considered potentially
infectious
https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007isolationPrecautions.html
Standard Precautions
27. Standard Precautions
Standard Precautions combine the major features of Universal Precautions and Body
Substance Isolation and are based on the principle that all blood, body fluids,
secretions, excretions (except sweat), nonintact skin, and mucous membranes may
contain transmissible infectious agents. 2007 HICPAC Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in
Healthcare Settings
“Standard Precautions include a group of infection prevention practices that apply to
all patients, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status.”
• Hand Hygiene
• Use of gowns, gloves, face shields, eye protection
• Safe injection practices
https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007isolationPrecautions.html
28. STATE BOARD OF HEALTH REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO PREPARATIONS
FOR A BIOTERRORIST EVENT, PANDEMIC INFLUENZA, OR AN OUTBREAK BY
A NOVEL AND HIGHLY FATAL INFECTIOUS AGENT OR BIOLOGICAL TOXIN
B) Having sufficient supplies, training
for staff using personal protective
equipment, and a process for the
provision of personal protective
equipment to employees who are
assigned to work in areas where they
may be exposed to ill and contagious
persons or to infectious agents and
waste.
Personal protective equipment shall,
at a minimum, be the equipment and
supplies used to achieve standard
precautions against bacterial and viral
infections;
Lessons learned from Ebola and other infectious disease threats
What we learned in the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic is that the affected West Africa nations and international community were not prepared for an epidemic of this magnitude
That a threat in one country is a threat everywhere
Readiness to detect, respond and prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases is essential to preventing the spread whether it is in a country or within your facility
And that it takes many partners within a nation, community and facility to prevent the spread of a highly infectious disease
Unique challenges facing rural hospitals:
Limited resources
Staff that wear multiple hats
Often times, location is remote and neighboring hospitals are many miles away
Best Line of Defense--Testing and Evaluating Capacity and Capabilities for Infectious Disease Prevention
Exercises are an effective way to test, evaluate and improve protocols and plans
Integrating other hospital staff into an exercise helps to ensure that everyone is familiar with plans and procedures for infection prevention and have an opportunity to address weaknesses before they occur
Became effective July 15, 2015
Participants will receive instruction and written materials on best practices for transmission-based precautions.
Participants will receive instruction and written materials on exercise design and exercise design templates.
Participants will engage in a group exercise discussing standard transmission-based precautions for managing patients with a suspected infectious disease.
Participants will discuss lessons learned from the exercise to assess strengths and areas for improvement in their policies and procedures and overall planning for infection prevention.
Subject matter experts from rural, critical access hospitals and Colorado Hospital Association’s Hospital Emergency Preparedness Advisory Group
Excretion; the body excretes waste products – i.e., stool, urine, sweat
Secretion; substance expelled by a cell, gland, or organ – i.e., blood, breast milk, pus