This document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It begins by outlining the chain of infection and explaining why isolation is important to control transmission. It then discusses the basics of infection control, including standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. It notes that nosocomial infections increase hospital stays and costs. Common types are also outlined. Strategies to reduce transmission include proper hand hygiene, isolation, appropriate staffing, and decolonization efforts. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers and facilities in preventing the spread of infections are emphasized.

1. Dr. Sadaf Ijaz
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2. 2
Identifying and reducing the risk
of infections developing or
spreading

3. 3
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of
Exit
Mode of
Transmission
Portal of
Entry
Susceptible
Host
Why Isolation?.. because transmission is
easier to control than the source / host!

4. Prevention of NI is the responsibility
of all individuals & services provided
by healthcare setting.
Implication of hospital polices &
procedures are applied to prevent
spread of infection in hospital.
Add flash-based quizzes and
demo to slide show to interact
with your audience.
one should know ,what is dirty ,what
is clean ,what is sterile & keep them
separate.
Basics of
infection
control

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The risk of infection is
always present

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Patient may acquire
infection
Community
acquired
infection
Nosocomial
infection

8.  Nosocomial comes from
the Greek word
nosokomeion meaning
hospital (nosos =
disease, komeo = to take
care of).
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9.  increased
rates of
nosocomial
infections
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10. • Not present nor incubating at admission,
• Infections that appear more than 48 hours
after admission,
• Those acquired in the hospital but appear
after discharge
• Also occupational infections among staff.
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11.  Stay longer in hospital
 Treated with more toxic
and less effective drugs
 Prone to surgical site
infections.
 Functional & emotional
disability.
 Death.
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12. Occur world wide
Incidence is 5-8% worldwide
1/3 of which is
preventable
Highest incidence in
South-East Asia and
Mediterranean's.

13.  The cost varies according to the type and
severity of these infections.
 1 to 4 extra days for a urinary tract infection.
 7 – 8 days for a surgical site infection.
 7 – 21 days for a blood stream infection.
 7 – 30 days for pneumonia.
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14.  Urinary tract infection (30-40%)
 Lower respiratory and surgical wound
infections(15%).
 Less frequent include bacteremia (5%).
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15. Intrinsic contamination of infusion
fluid
Connection with administration set
Insertion site
Injection ports
Administration set connection with
IV catheter
Port for
additives
Sources of Infection
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16. Strategies to decrease
transmission
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17.  Proper hand hygeine
 Gowns and gloves
 Isolation of patients
 Appropriate staffing
ratios
 Decolonization of
patients (chlorhexidine
body washes,)
 Decolonization of
health care worker
carriers
 Antibiotics
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18. Aiming at preventing spread
of infection
Standard precautions:
These measures must be applied
during every patient care, during
exposure to any potentially infected
material or body fluids as blood and
others.
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19. A. Hand washing.
B. Barrier precautions.
C. Sharp disposal.
D. Handling of contaminated
material.
E. Environmental control
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20. 1. Hands Hygiene
2. Use Personal protective equipment's (PPE)
 Gloves
 Gowns
 Masks
 Eye protection
 Face Shields
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21.  Hand washing is the single most
effective precaution for prevention of
infection transmission between
patients and staff.
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22. - NOARTIFICIALNAILS
-CLEANSINGHANDS -THEMOST IMPORTANTMEANSOF
PREVENTING
THESPREADOFINFECTION
HAND HYGIENE
Germs don’t have a
chance with the proper
use of these weapons.
Soap / Water
10-15sec Alcohol-based hand
hygiene products 60sec

23. Hand Hygiene
Soap and water for 15
seconds. (Make bubbles
while applying friction).
Alcohol hand rub if no visible
soiling present on hands.
Two different ways to keep your hands germ free

24. Quick Easy to use
Very effective antisepsis due to bactericidal properties of alcohol

25.  Jewelry must be
removed. If unable
to remove rings,
wash and dry
thoroughly around
them.
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Gloves is not substitute of hand
washing, it must be done before
putting on gloves and after their
removal.

30. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Healthcare workers must treat all
blood & body fluids as infectious.

31. Gloves:
a) Direct contact with B/BF .
b) Examining a lacerated or non-
intact skin.
c) systemic examination.
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32. d) Working directly with contaminated
instruments or equipment's
e) HCW has skin cuts, lesions and
dermatitis
 Sterile gloves are used for invasive
procedures.
 GLOVES MUST BE of good quality, suitable
size and material. Never reused.
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33.  Masks must be of
good quality, properly
fixed on mouth and
nasal openings.
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34.  Wearing an apron during patient
care reduces the risk of infections.
 Apron is must for preventing
yourself from getting disease.

35. PPEs
Wear them proudly.

36.  Spraying or spattering of blood or body
fluids is anticipated e.g surgical procedures.
 Gowns must not permit blood or body fluids
to pass through.
 Sterile linen or disposable ones are used for
sterile procedures.
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37. “The Big 3”
HIV, HEPATITIS B ANDHEPATITS C
BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS
HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS:
Sharing Needles or other sharp objects
Unprotected Sexual Contact
Unclean Tattoo Parlors
Accidental puncture from contaminated needles and other sharps
can result in transmission of Bloodborne pathogens.
Safety Needles, Devices and
PPEs = Protection.
SPREAD THROUGH CONTACT WITH BLOOD &
BODY FLUIDS

38. .Discard needles and other sharps in the
sharp containers which are located as close
as possible to the area of use.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 38

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40. 1. Cleaning & decontamination of equipment:
protective barriers must be worn.
2. Handling & processing lab specimens:
must be in strong plastic bags with biohazard
label
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41. A. Cleaning of hospital environment and dis-
infection according to policies.
B. Proper air ventilation.
C. Water pipes examination, check its quality.
D. Proper waste collection and disposal.
E. Cleaning and dis-infection of equipment.
F. Proper linen collection, cleaning, distribution
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42. Cover coughs and sneezes
with tissue or your upper
sleeve, NOT your hand.
RESPIRATORY ETIQUETTE
Patients who can’t cover
their coughs might be
asked to wear a mask.
Put used tissues in trash ASAP.
Don’t forget to: wash wash wash
A.K.A. Good Health Manners
Keep your germs to yourself

43. For effective segregation of waste,
provision of different types of waste
containers in all clinical areas, is
necessary.
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44. • Environmental Services
should approach
cleaning in a orderly,
regularly scheduled
method.
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Equipment
Who is
Responsible Frequency Cleaning Process
Blood pressure
cuff
Nursing
Between
patients
EPA-registered
disinfectant
Call button
Environment
al Services
Between
patients
EPA-registered
disinfectant
Bed rails
Environment
al Services
Daily
EPA-registered
disinfectant

46. Recovery of MRSA, VRE, CNS. C.diff

47.  Food :ensure quality
&safety.
 Sterilization: Central
sterilization department
serving all hospital
departments compiling
with infection control
precautions.
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49.  Please do NOT come to
Volunteer if you are sick.
 Especially if you have
fever, rash, nausea,
vomiting or diarrhea.
 Stay up to date on
Vaccines
 Cover your cough

50.  A comprehensive, effective
and supported program is
essential for reducing
infection risk and
increasing hospital safety.
 It should include
surveillance, preventive
activities and staff training.
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51. InfectionConrtolTeam Infectioncontrolcommittee Infectioncontrolmanual
HospitalProgram
51

52. Infection Control Nurse
(ICN)
Infection Control Doctor (ICD)
Microbiologist

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55. Every Hospital should
have a nosocomial
infection prevention
manual compiling
recommended
instructions and practices
for patient care.
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56. :
1. HCW are at risk of acquiring infection, they can
also transmit infection to patients and
other employee.
2. Employee health history must be reviewed,
immunizations recommendations to be
considered.
3. Release from work if sick, occupation injury
must be notified.
4. Continuous education to improve practice,
better performance of new techniques.
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57.  There is no official national approach and no
real managerial support from authorities for
nosocomial infection
 Only thing is proper asepsis, proper hand
washing and sterilization.

58. WARNING
Nosocomial Infections in are Waiting
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 58

59. PLEASE WASH YOUR
HANDS