Frederick Douglas was an escaped slave who lectured against slavery and published an abolitionist newspaper called The North Star. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 maintained a balance of power in Congress by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, dividing the Louisiana Territory between slave and free territories north and south of the line. The Dred Scott decision of 1857 ruled that slaves were property without rights, further fueling tensions between North and South. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860 on a platform opposing the expansion of slavery, leading several Southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America, precipitating the Civil War.

1. Chapter 4 Notes

3. Frederick Douglas, escaped slave made speeches against slavery owned newspaper called “North Star” Abolition - Effort to end slavery

4. Compromise of 1820 “Missouri Compromise” Missouri, a slave territory, applied to be a State would be admitted if Maine was admitted as a Free State

5. maintains the balance of power in congress (12 Free/12 Slave) Drew a line dividing the Louisiana Territory everything above must be free, except Missouri

6. Nat Turner Virginia slave, led slave revolt, 1831 50 followers attacked 4 plantations killing 60 people eventually captured and hanged

7. Compromise of 1850 California admitted as Free State South was given The Fugitive Slave Law runaway slaves were to be returned even if caught in the North

10. “ The Underground Railroad” Secret network of volunteers who hid fugitive slaves fleeing north

11. 1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act “ Popular Sovereignty” allow people to decide whether or not to have slavery cancels Missouri Compromise

12. “ Bleeding Kansas”- 1855 Kansas became battleground over slavery some say Civil War actually started here

13. 1857 - Dred Scott Case moved from slave state to free state and back to slave state Dred Scott sued for his freedom Supreme Court ruled that slaves are considered property and have no rights

14. 1858-Lincoln-Douglas debates U.S. senate race- Illinois Douglas was for popular sovereignty Lincoln said Union could not exist half slave, half free A “ House divided against itself, cannot stand.” Douglas wins but Lincoln becomes popular

15. Nov. 1860 - Lincoln elected 16th President, (ultimate cause of Civil War)

16. Dec. 1860 – South Carolina secedes from the Union 10 other slave states (including Texas) seceded forming The Confederate States of America

17. Four slave states did not secede/became known as “Border States” ( Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware )

18. Fort Sumter Union fort Falls to south starts combat

19. CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

20. Northern Leaders President Abraham Lincoln from 1863 - General Ulysses S. Grant

21. Southern Leaders President Jefferson Davis General Robert E. Lee

22. Strategies North blockade southern ports Stop trade with Europe split South in half by capturing Mississippi River capture Richmond, Virginia South’s capital South Fight a defensive war attack if possible

23. Union ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Population Larger military More Factories More Rail lines Poor leaders Did not know the land No Cause (save the Union) until 1863 (Free the slaves)

24. Confederate ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Fight a defensive war Knew the land Great leaders Cause, INDEPENDENCE Smaller population Smaller military Fewer factories Fewer rail lines

26. Major Battles

27. July, 1861 Battle of Bull Run Manassas, Virginia first land battle 25 miles from D.C. North expected quick, easy victory major victory for South many southern soldiers thought war was over and went home to celebrate

28. 1861-Antietam, MA. bloodiest single day battle 26,000 total casualties 1862-Shiloh, Tenn. North begins splitting South in half in Tenn.

29. Battle of the Ironclads 1862

30. July, 1863-Vicksburg, Miss. and Gettysburg, Pa. both major victories for the North Vicksburg split the South Gettysburg South lost 28,000 men turning point in the war southern morale drops

31. 1863-Gettysburg Address honoring the fallen after the battle

32. 1863-Emancipation Proclamation speech made by Lincoln freeing slaves in the south only changed the cause for the North

33. 1864 - Sherman’s March to the Sea from Tenn. through Georgia burned/destroyed farms, cities, railroads – 1 st total war Atlanta totally destroyed splits South again

35. April, 1865-Appomattox Court House, Va. Lee surrenders to Grant with generous terms , war ends

36. THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA (1865-1877)

37. Two Different Plans Lincoln’s Plan reunite the nation very lenient Radical Republicans make the South “pay” for starting the war military occupation of the South Black suffrage Voting rights

39. April, 1865 Lincoln assassinated By John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre Radical Reconstruction wins control

40. Andrew Johnson - president Lincoln’s V.P. tried to run Lincoln’s plan not strong enough to control Congress 1 st President to become impeached Be accused

41. Johnson’s Impeachment Trial Came within one vote of being removed from office

42. South divided into military districts Controlled by military governors

43. A different type of invasion

44. Sharecropping new form of slavery starts ex-slaves agree to farm land owned by someone else able to keep some of the crop for themselves always in debt

45. Ku Klux Klan born goal rid south of Reconstruction intimidate ex-slaves

46. Civil War Amendments passed 1865 - 13 th outlawed slavery 1866 - 14 th ex-slaves became U.S. citizens 1870 - 15 th ex-slaves given the right to vote

47. Southern States pass “Black Codes” which limit ex-slaves rights Jim Crow Laws made segregation legal in the South