Ceramic materials originate from the Greek word 'keramos' meaning burnt matter. Ceramics cover a wide range of inorganic, non-metallic materials processed at high temperatures. Ceramic structures like pottery and the Great Pyramids have survived for thousands of years due to their corrosion and decay resistance. Ceramics are categorized into traditional materials like bricks and tiles or engineering ceramics with advanced processing for high performance. While ceramics have high strength, their low fracture toughness makes them brittle and sensitive to flaws.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
3. Ceramic Materials
• The term ceramics has its origin in the Greek
word 'keramos', meaning burnt matter. Probably
associated with 'Cerami', an ancient district in
Athens.
• The term ceramics covers a wide variety of
inorganic materials, which are generally non-
metallic and frequently processed at high
temperatures.
4. • Ceramic structures have survived longer than
any other works.
• The great pyramids of Giza is solid ceramic
(nearly 1,000,000 tonnes of it) and pottery from
5000 BC survives to the present day.
• Ceramics may not be as tough as metals, but for
resistance to corrosion, wear, decay, they are
incomparable.
5. • In view of the advances made in
the last thirty years, it is
convenient to categorize the
ceramic materials into two classes:
• a- Traditional ceramics
• b- Engineering ceramics
6. Traditional Ceramics
Traditional or conventional
ceramics:
These are generally in
monolithic (uniform) form.
These include bricks, pottery,
tiles and variety of objects.
8. Engineering Ceramics
Advanced, engineering or high
performance ceramics:
these represent a new and improved
class of ceramic materials where some
sophisticated chemical processing route
is used to obtain them. Generally their
characteristics are a sensitive function
of the high quality and purity of the
raw materials used.
12. Importance in some applications
• Cutting tools made of ‘sialons’ or of
dense ‘alumina, can cut faster and last
longer than the best metal tools.
Engineering ceramics are highly wear-
resistant: they are used to clad the
leading edges of agricultural machinery
like harrows, increasing the life by 10
times.
13. • They are inert and
biocompatible, so they are good
for making artificial joints
(where wear is a big problem)
and other implants.
• A major attraction of ceramics is
its relatively high mechanical
strength at high temperatures.
14. Structure of ceramics
•A ceramic, like a metal, has
structure at the atomic scale:
crystal structure (crystalline),
or its amorphous structure
(glassy).
15. Types of Ceramic Structures
Ceramics is classified into two
main structure patterns:
• 1- Ionic Ceramics
• 2- Covalent Ceramics
16. Ionic Ceramics
Ionic ceramics are, typically,
compounds of a metal with a
non-metal;
Examples of ionic ceramics:
sodium chloride, NaCl;
magnesium oxide, MgO;
alumina Al2O3;
zirconia ZrO2.
17. Bonding in Ionic ceramics
The metal and nonmetal
have unlike electric charges.
For example in sodium chloride,
the sodium atoms have one
positive charge and the chlorine
atoms have one negative charge
each.
18. The electrostatic attraction between the
unlike charges gives most of the bonding.
So the ions pack densely (to get as many plus
and minus charges close to each other as
possible), but with the constraint that ions of
the same type (and so with the same
charge) must not touch.
19. This leads to certain basic ceramic
structures, typified by:
Rock salt, NaCl, or by alumina
Al2O3
22. Covalent Ceramics
• Covalent ceramics are different.
• They are compounds of two non-
metals (like silica SiO2),
• or, some times, are just pure
elements (like diamond, C, or
silicon, Si).
23. • An atom in this class of ceramic
(Covalent Ceramics) bonds by
sharing electrons with its
neighbours to give a fixed
number of directional bonds.
27. Properties of Ceramic Materials
Crystalline and non-crystalline states
High melting temperatures (varying from 3500
to 7000 o F)
All ceramics are brittle at room temperatures
Very low resistance to tensile loads.
Very low fracture strengths. Microcracks are
formed very easily under tensile stresses.
Stronger under compressive loads and
microcracks are not formed as easily as in tension.
28. Properties of Ceramic Materials (Cont’d)
High hardness and good wear resistance.
High toughness
Low thermal and electrical conductivity.
High creep resistance at elevated temperatures
Un-reactive and inert when exposed to severe
environments (chemically stable)
Can be magnetized and demagnetized, some can
be permanently magnetized
29. Fracture Properties
At room temperature, ceramics almost
fracture before plastic deformation occur
in tensile loading. The measure of
ceramic material’s ability to resist
fracture when a crack is present is
specified in terms of fracture toughness.
30. Material Material Fracture
Toughness
(psiin x103
)
Metals
Alloy steel (4340 tempered) 46
Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) 40-60
Ceramics
Aluminum Oxide 2 -5
Soda-lime glass 0.7
Polymers
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 0.9
Polystyrene (PS) 0.7 -1.0
comparison between the toughness of ceramics and other materials.
31. Stress-Strain Behavior of Ceramics
Instead of standard tensile test which is
applied to metals, a transverse bending test
(three-or four-point loading) is employed. In
this test a rod specimen having either a
circular or a rectangular cross section is bent
until fracture.
LOAD (F)
L/2 L/2
SUPPORT
32. Stress-Strain Behavior of Ceramics
The maximum stress, or stress at fracture is
known as the Modulus of Rupture (mr),
which is an important mechanical parameter
for ceramics. Modulus of rupture is given by
the following equations:
2
2
3
bd
FL
mr
RECTANGULAR
d
b
CIRCULAR
3
R
FL
mr
2R
33. MATERIAL Modulus of
Rupture
(Ksi)
Modulus of
Elasticity
(Ksi)
Aluminum Oxide 30-50 53
Silicon Carbide 25 68
Titanium Carbide 160 45
Glass 10 10
Table 2. Characteristic modulus of rupture
and elastic modulus values for various
ceramic materials.
42. Ceramic Materials Drawback
• Ceramics have high strength but
low fracture toughness.
• The low fracture toughness has
its origin in the extreme
sensitivity of ceramics to the
presence of flaws in them.
43. Flaw types in ceramics
• Various flaw types can occur in ceramics. They
could be categorized into three broad types
• a- Processing induced flaws such as inclusions,
pores, isolated large grains, laminations induced
during pressing, machining induced necks and
thermal stresses.
• b- Design induced flaws like sharp corners,
burrs, etc.
c- Service induced flaws such as environmental
degradation, thermal stresses, impact and wear.