industrial materials

1. CERAMICS
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non metallic materials and
things made from them.

2. Physical Property of Ceramics
• Density- in general, ceramics are lighter than metals and heavier than
polymers
• Melting temperatures- higher than most metals.
• Thermal Expansion – somewhat less than for metals, but affects are
more damaging because of brittleness.
• Electrical and Thermal conductivities – lower than for metals; but the
range of values is greater, so some ceramics are insulators while
others are conductorS

3. Method to Strengthen Ceramics
Materials
• Make starting materials more uniform.
• Decrease grain size in polycrystalline ceramic products.
• Minimize porosity
• Introduce compressive surface stresses.
• Use fiber reinforcement.
• Heat treat

4. Classification of Ceramic materials
• Glasses
• Glasses-Ceramics
• Clay Products
• Refractory Ceramics
• Abrasive Ceramics
• Cements

5. Traditional and Advance
Ceramic Materials
• - Traditional ceramics are materials made from naturally occurring
materials, such as quartz sand or clay minerals. They are mainly used
for the creation of clay tile and brick, China tableware, refractory
linings, and industrial abrasives.
• - Advance ceramics refers to all products made from inorganic, high-
purity compounds through a series of specialized manufacturing
process.
- Can be used for various purposes due to their permeability,
magnetism, insulation, and conduction.

6. Traditional Ceramics vs. Advanced
Ceramics

7. Glass-Ceramics
- Type of ceramic materials the combines both properties of ceramics
and glasses.
- Has the transparency and smooth surface of a glass. And at the same
time Possesses the hardness, strength, and thermal stability of a
ceramic.

8. Some Uses of Glass-Ceramics
• Crockery
• Floor and wall tiles
• Sanitary – Wares
• Electrical Porcelain
• Decorative Ceramics

9. Refractory ceramics
- Materials that are able to resist high
temperature and maintain their strength and
chemical stability under extreme conditions.
- Typically made from combination of oxides,
carbides, and other material that have high
melting points and are resistant to thermal
shock

10. Refractory Ceramics - Examples
• Alumina – can steelmaking temperatures up to 1800 c°; commonly
used in furnace lining and crucibles.
• Silicon Carbide – used in application such as kiln shelves and radiant
tubes.
• Zirconia – used in oxygen sensors and thermal barrier coatings.
• Mullite – cow thermal expansion. It finds application in kiln furniture,
refractory bricks, and thermal insulations.
• Magnesia – commonly used in the lining of steelmaking furnaces,
cement kilns, and glass melting tanks.

11. Refractory Ceramics – Applications

12. Abrasive Ceramics
- possesses exceptional hardness,
wear resistance and toughness,
making them suitable for various
abrasive application.
- designed to grind or cut away
softer materials.

13. Abrasive Ceramics – Examples/Applications
• Diamond – possesses exceptional hardness and abrasion resistance. Commonly
used for high precision grinding, cutting, and polishing.
• Boron Carbide – an extremely hard ceramic material with exceptional wear
resistance. It is commonly used in abrasive blasting nozzles and armor
application.
• Silicon Carbide – possesses extreme hardness and thermal stability. Used in
applications where high material removal rates and precision grinding are
required.
• Aluminum Oxide – Offers high hardness and excellent wear resistance, making it
suitable for grinding, cutting, and polishing applications.

14. Clay
• Clay is the oldest known
ceramic material.
• is a type of fine-grained natural soil
material containing clay minerals.
Clays develop plasticity when wet but
can be hardened through firing.

15. Types of Clay ceramics / Application
• Earthenware: a low-fired clay that is porous and often
glazed.
• Stoneware: a high-fired clay that is dense and durable.
• Porcelain: a fine-grained clay that is white and translucent.
• Ball clay: a plastic clay that is used to improve the workability
of other clays.

16. Clay Ceramics
Earthenware Stoneware
Porcelain Ball clay

17. Cements
• a building material that is a powder made
of a mixture of calcined limestone and clay;
• used with water and sand or gravel to make concrete and
mortar
• Ceramic cements can be applied in many different
ways: potting, casting, sealing, encapsulating, bonding
and coating.

18. Types of cements
• Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
• Portland pozzolana cement (PPC)
• Rapid hardening cement
• Quick-setting cement
• Low heat cement
• Sulfates resisting cement
• Blast furnace slag cement
• High alumina cement
• White cement