1. A centrifugal compressor uses radial acceleration from an impeller to compress gas, with multiple stages providing greater compression. Air passing through the impeller gains velocity and pressure before entering the diffuser. 2. The diffuser converts the velocity into pressure as the air slows down. Multiple components including the impeller and diffuser work together to increase the pressure. 3. Centrifugal compressors come in single stage for lower compression ratios up to 3:1, and multistage versions for higher compression using backward leaning blades for better efficiency. They are used widely in industries like oil/gas, food processing, and refrigeration.

1. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

2. INTRODUCTION
Centrifugal Compressor is a machine in which a particular
gas or vapor is compressed by a radial acceleration by an
impeller with the help of a surrounding case. It can then be
arranged multistage for greater proportions of compression.
The compression is largely influenced by a centrifugal
pump.

3. PRINCIPLE
The compression principle of centrifugal compressor is quite
different from that of reciprocating or rotary type
compressor.
When the air passes through the rotating impeller it
experiences force or work which is performed by centrifugal
forces. The work input takes place as an increase in
pressure and velocity or speed of the air flow through the
impeller.

4. The air flow loses its velocity after entering in the diffuser
section. The diffuser is actually a fixed or static component
that escorts the air flow when it leaves the impeller. This loss
in velocity eventually results in an additional increase of
pressure. The impeller and the diffuser contributes about
65% and 35% of the total pressure developed or produced
in the compressor.

5. CONSTRUCTION
A centrifugal
compressor generally
consists of four
components named
inlet , impeller,
diffusor and collector.

6. CASING AND INLET
The above mentioned components are usually protected or
guarded by a casing or housing . A case house consists of
number of bearings in order to provide radial and axial
support of the rotor. The case also contain nozzles along
with inlets and discharge flow connections in order to
introduce and extract flow from the compressor.

7. Casing are of two types :-
a.) Horizontally split
b.) Vertically split
A case is generally build of cast iron or steel.

8. IMPELLERS
The impellers are assembled or mounted on a steel shaft
and this assembly is known as compressor rotor (mostly in
multi stage compressors). The rotor provide velocity to the
gas with blades that are attached to a rotating disc. These
blades can be forward-leaning , radial or backward-leaning
depending upon the desired output . Most of the multistage
compressors use backward-leaning blades as they provide
the widest range of efficiency.

9. DIFFUSER
The impeller extracts the gas with great velocity into a
diffuser passage. The diffuser usually compromise two walls
which form a radial channel. Because of these arrangements
the velocity of the gas decreases and dynamic pressure is
converted into static pressure. The diffuser passages are
small space between adjacent diaphragms which generally
turns the gas flow 180° in order to direct it towards the next
impeller.

10. COLLECTOR
Following the last stage impeller the gas must be collected
and delivered to the discharge flange. The component used
to collect the gas discharged through the diffuser is called
as collector. It may also be termed as volute or scroll. The
collector may also contain valves and other instrumentation
in order to control the compressor.

11. TYPES
There are two types of it :-
1. Single stage centrifugal compressor
2. Multi stage centrifugal compressor
Both of these compressor work on the same principle but
they do have some drastic difference in their construction
and working.

12. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
Single stage compressors consist of only a single impeller
and it is use for moving the air or other gases up to 3 to 1
compression ratio for either pressure or vacuum duty. These
type of compressors are considered to have a beam design
or an overhung impeller arrangement. In this type of
arrangement the impeller is at the non-driving end of the
shaft. One major advantage of it over the multistage
compressor is that it provides high efficiency and the
delivered gas is totally oil and surge free.

13. MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR
● More than one impeller.
● Use backward leaning blades as they provide widest range of efficiency.
● Impellers gear unit and bearings largely determine the efficiency and
service life.
● Variety of flow path configuration.

14. COMPOUND MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR

17. SINGLE-THROUGH MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR

18. DOUBLE-FLOW MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR

19. APPLICATIONS
1. Compressed gas or air: Centrifugal compressor is one of
the most simple and efficient way to obtain or produce
compressed air. They are best suited when the demand of
air or gas is constant and excessive.
2. Food Industry: Food processing industry depends highly
on this type of compressor as it can provide oil free
compressed air which are necessary for some sensitive
petitions.

20. 3. Gas turbines: Gas turbines use either or both axial and
centrifugal compressor to provide the necessary
compression.
a.) Turboshaft
b.) Turboprop
c.) Micro turbines and
d.) Auxiliary power units

21. 4.) Oil refiners , petrochemical and chemical plants: The
centrifugal compressors used for the above purposes
generally have a horizontally split casing and most of them
are multistage compressors. These type of compressors are
generally operated by over-sized steam engines and gas
turbines,
5. Refrigeration and air control: Centrifugal Compressors
support a wide variety of refrigerants and thermodynamics
and are also able to supply compression in water chiller
cycles due to which it has a high demand for usage in
refrigerators and air conditioners.

22. ADVANTAGES
a.) When compared to other compressors, it is relatively
agile and easy to manufacturer.
b.) As this compressor does not require any special
foundation it is highly energy efficient and reliable.
c.) They consist of a small number of rubbing parts and are
absolutely oil free in nature.
d.) It generates a higher pressure ratio per stage than the
axial flow compressor.

23. DISADVANTAGES
a.) They produce a limited amount of pressure and are not
suitable for very high compression.
b.) As they work at relatively high speed an enlightened or
worldly mounting is required.
c.) They are very sensitive towards problems such as stalling
and choking.

24. CONCLUSION
This is all about centrifugal compressor principle, working,
construction, types, advantages, disadvantages with its
application.