Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller. This increases the gas velocity and converts it to pressure increase. Key components include the impeller, diffuser, volute, and casing. Surge is a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly in the compressor. Proper maintenance like lubrication and monitoring for surge are important to prevent damage. Centrifugal compressors can be arranged in single stage or multistage configurations with intercoolers. Common drivers include steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial flow types, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Key components are the cylinder, piston, valves. Selection depends on factors like operating conditions, safety, economics.
Compressors system Designing 919825024651Sdsplit Split
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons to compress air inside cylinders. Rotary compressors like screw, vane, and lobe compressors compress air using rotating elements. Centrifugal and axial compressors accelerate air to increase pressure, with centrifugal compressors using impellers and axial using rotating and stationary blades in stages. The document provides details on components and operating principles of these compressor types.
Compressors and compressed air systems were discussed. There are two main types of compressors - positive displacement and dynamic. Positive displacement compressors include reciprocating and rotary types while dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial types. Proper assessment of compressor capacity and efficiency is important to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency such as reducing system pressure and minimizing leaks. Maintenance is also key to ensuring optimal performance of compressed air systems.
Compressor and types of compressors (Thermodynamics)Hasnain Yaseen
This document provides information about different types of compressors used in thermodynamics. It discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors. It also discusses positive displacement compressors like rotary, reciprocating, and scroll compressors. It describes the working principles, applications, and types of each compressor in 1-3 sentences per section. The document is an assignment on compressors for a thermodynamics lab class. It includes sections on centrifugal compressors, axial compressors, rotary compressors like screw and vane compressors, reciprocating compressors, and multi-stage centrifugal compressors.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons in cylinders to compress air, and rotary compressors such as screw, vane, lobe, and centrifugal compressors that compress air using rotating components. It also discusses axial flow compressors which accelerate air along a shaft using alternating stationary and rotating blades to increase pressure.
This document discusses different types of air compressors. It describes positive displacement compressors as those that trap and compress fixed amounts of air, including rotary and reciprocating compressors. Rotary compressors use a rotating roller to compress air, while reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. Dynamic compressors, like centrifugal and axial compressors, continuously compress air using rotating impellers to increase air velocity and pressure. The document outlines the basic workings and advantages and disadvantages of these compressor types.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial flow types, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Key components are the cylinder, piston, valves. Selection depends on factors like operating conditions, safety, economics.
Compressors system Designing 919825024651Sdsplit Split
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons to compress air inside cylinders. Rotary compressors like screw, vane, and lobe compressors compress air using rotating elements. Centrifugal and axial compressors accelerate air to increase pressure, with centrifugal compressors using impellers and axial using rotating and stationary blades in stages. The document provides details on components and operating principles of these compressor types.
Compressors and compressed air systems were discussed. There are two main types of compressors - positive displacement and dynamic. Positive displacement compressors include reciprocating and rotary types while dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial types. Proper assessment of compressor capacity and efficiency is important to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency such as reducing system pressure and minimizing leaks. Maintenance is also key to ensuring optimal performance of compressed air systems.
Compressor and types of compressors (Thermodynamics)Hasnain Yaseen
This document provides information about different types of compressors used in thermodynamics. It discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors. It also discusses positive displacement compressors like rotary, reciprocating, and scroll compressors. It describes the working principles, applications, and types of each compressor in 1-3 sentences per section. The document is an assignment on compressors for a thermodynamics lab class. It includes sections on centrifugal compressors, axial compressors, rotary compressors like screw and vane compressors, reciprocating compressors, and multi-stage centrifugal compressors.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons in cylinders to compress air, and rotary compressors such as screw, vane, lobe, and centrifugal compressors that compress air using rotating components. It also discusses axial flow compressors which accelerate air along a shaft using alternating stationary and rotating blades to increase pressure.
This document discusses different types of air compressors. It describes positive displacement compressors as those that trap and compress fixed amounts of air, including rotary and reciprocating compressors. Rotary compressors use a rotating roller to compress air, while reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. Dynamic compressors, like centrifugal and axial compressors, continuously compress air using rotating impellers to increase air velocity and pressure. The document outlines the basic workings and advantages and disadvantages of these compressor types.
The document discusses air compressors and pneumatic systems. It describes how air compressors work by reducing the volume of air and increasing pressure using positive displacement or dynamic mechanisms. Common types of air compressors include reciprocating, rotary screw, and centrifugal compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons in cylinders to compress air in single or multiple stages to achieve higher pressures. Selection of an air compressor depends on required pressure, air flow rates, cylinder geometry and piston speed. Compressed air finds applications in powering pneumatic tools and equipment.
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor_.pdfaliaseo052
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
By understanding this fundamental mechanism, one can appreciate the versatility and efficiency of air compressors in numerous settings, from industrial manufacturing to everyday tools and devices.
An air compressor is a device designed to pressurize air, which can be used for various purposes, from inflating tyres to powering pneumatic tools.
DETAIL STUDY ON TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR (POSITIVE & DYNAMIC ) WITH ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE. ADVANTAGE OF DYNAMIC COMPRESSURE, ADVANTAGE OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR,DRAWBACK OF SINGLE STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR OVER MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types: dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors that use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure to gases, and positive displacement compressors like reciprocating and screw compressors that use trapped volumes of gas to increase pressure. Compressors have many applications including air conditioning, refrigeration, manufacturing, and more. The document discusses the working principles, components, advantages, and disadvantages of these different compressor types.
This document provides information about different types of air compressors. It begins with an introduction to air compressors in general, then classifies them based on their working principles, number of stages, piston action, number of cylinders, pressure ratio, and cooling method. It defines key terminology used in air compressors. It then describes the workings and applications of three main types of air compressors: reciprocating compressors, centrifugal compressors, and axial compressors. It concludes by listing references used to compile the information.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases and have various applications. They are widely used in industries to compress air or refrigerants. Compressors can be classified as centrifugal compressors, axial flow compressors, or positive displacement compressors. Centrifugal compressors achieve compression by applying inertial forces via rotating impellers to force the gas outward, while axial flow compressors increase energy by rotor blades acting on the fluid flowing parallel to the axis of rotation. Positive displacement compressors work by trapping a fixed amount of air and forcing it into the discharge pipe, which can be further broken down into rotary compressors that use a rotating roller inside a cylinder or reciprocating compressors that use pistons driven by
An air compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume. It uses either positive displacement or dynamic compression methods. Positive displacement compressors like reciprocating compressors increase pressure by reducing the air volume in an enclosed chamber. Reciprocating compressors are commonly used in pneumatic applications. They consist of pistons moving inside cylinders to draw in, compress, and discharge air. Multi-stage compressors are needed to achieve higher pressures over 35 kg/cm^2. Selection of an air compressor depends on the required pressure, air flow rates, cylinder geometry, piston speed, and layout of the pneumatic system.
An air compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume. It uses either positive displacement or dynamic compression methods. Positive displacement compressors like reciprocating compressors increase pressure by reducing the air volume in an enclosed chamber. Reciprocating compressors are commonly used in pneumatic applications. They consist of pistons moving inside cylinders to draw in, compress, and discharge air. Multi-stage compressors are needed to achieve higher pressures over 35 kg/cm^2. Proper selection of an air compressor depends on the required pressure, flow rates, cylinder geometry, piston speed, and layout of the pneumatic system.
This document discusses air compressors and pneumatic systems. It describes how air compressors work by reducing the volume of air and increasing pressure using positive displacement or dynamic compression methods. Reciprocating air compressors are described as the most common type, using pistons in single or multiple stages to compress air. Other compressor types like rotary vane, centrifugal, and screw compressors are also summarized. Key factors for selecting a suitable air compressor like pressure, flow rates, cylinder geometry and layout are outlined.
chapter-no-3-air-compressors.ppt for electricbasant11731
An air compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume. It is used in various pneumatic applications like powering tools, operating cranes and brakes, spraying in agriculture, and conveying materials. There are two main types - positive displacement compressors that reduce air volume in an enclosed chamber, and dynamic compressors that impart energy to air flowing through a rotor. Reciprocating compressors are commonly used positive displacement compressors that operate a piston inside a cylinder to compress air in one or multiple stages to higher pressures. Selection of an air compressor depends on the required pressure, air flow rates, cylinder geometry and size, and layout of the pneumatic system.
This document provides information about Group No. 2's project on air compressors. It discusses various types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary vane, screw, and centrifugal compressors. It describes the working principles, classifications, advantages and disadvantages of different compressors. It also covers topics like compressor efficiency, multi-stage compression, selection of compressors, and industrial applications of compressed air.
The document summarizes different types of refrigeration system components including evaporators, compressors, and condensers. It describes the basic refrigeration cycle and explains the functions of evaporators, compressors, condensers, and expansion valves. It then provides more detailed descriptions and diagrams of common compressor types, including reciprocating, rotary, scroll, and screw compressors. For each compressor type, it explains the basic operation and highlights advantages and disadvantages.
A compressor is a type of machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors helps to transport the fluid through a pipe maintaining the high pressure conditions. It is convers power (using and electrical motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below.
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor.docxcemenntcompressor
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.
The document discusses centrifugal compressors. It begins with an introduction to air compressors in general, then describes the two main types: positive-displacement and dynamic-displacement. It focuses on centrifugal compressors, which use a rotating impeller to impart kinetic energy to air and compress it. The key components of a centrifugal compressor are the inlet, impeller, diffuser, and collector. Centrifugal compressors are commonly used in applications like gas turbines, turbochargers, pipelines, and HVAC due to benefits like fewer parts and higher efficiency compared to reciprocating compressors. However, they have a lower maximum compression ratio than reciprocating compressors.
Thermodynamics is the study of work, heat, and energy in systems. It is concerned with macroscopic and microscopic changes in systems. The laws of thermodynamics describe the behavior of energy in systems, including that heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot, and the entropy of systems approaches a minimum at absolute zero. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to increase the pressure of a fluid by accelerating it outwards from the center of rotation. Their operation can be described using terms like impeller, volute, head, and pressure.
Comparison Centrifugal and axial compessorRohiduzzaman7
Centrifugal compressors work by accelerating air radially outward between impeller vanes via centrifugal force, increasing pressure. Axial compressors compress air flowing parallel to the axis using multiple rotor and stator stages. Centrifugal compressors are commonly used in industrial applications while axial compressors are used in jet engines due to their high efficiency at large flow rates. The key differences are that centrifugal compressors have higher pressure ratios per stage but are limited to lower pressures overall, while axial compressors can achieve higher pressures through multiple stages but are more complex, heavy, and expensive.
Thermodynamics deals with the effects of work, heat and energy on systems. It considers macroscopic and microscopic changes. The laws of thermodynamics are:
1) Zeroth law - If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2) First law - The change in internal energy of a closed system equals the heat supplied minus the work done.
3) Second law - Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot body.
4) Third law - The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
The document discusses air compressors and pneumatic systems. It describes how air compressors work by reducing the volume of air and increasing pressure using positive displacement or dynamic mechanisms. Common types of air compressors include reciprocating, rotary screw, and centrifugal compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons in cylinders to compress air in single or multiple stages to achieve higher pressures. Selection of an air compressor depends on required pressure, air flow rates, cylinder geometry and piston speed. Compressed air finds applications in powering pneumatic tools and equipment.
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor_.pdfaliaseo052
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
By understanding this fundamental mechanism, one can appreciate the versatility and efficiency of air compressors in numerous settings, from industrial manufacturing to everyday tools and devices.
An air compressor is a device designed to pressurize air, which can be used for various purposes, from inflating tyres to powering pneumatic tools.
DETAIL STUDY ON TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR (POSITIVE & DYNAMIC ) WITH ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE. ADVANTAGE OF DYNAMIC COMPRESSURE, ADVANTAGE OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR,DRAWBACK OF SINGLE STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR OVER MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types: dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors that use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure to gases, and positive displacement compressors like reciprocating and screw compressors that use trapped volumes of gas to increase pressure. Compressors have many applications including air conditioning, refrigeration, manufacturing, and more. The document discusses the working principles, components, advantages, and disadvantages of these different compressor types.
This document provides information about different types of air compressors. It begins with an introduction to air compressors in general, then classifies them based on their working principles, number of stages, piston action, number of cylinders, pressure ratio, and cooling method. It defines key terminology used in air compressors. It then describes the workings and applications of three main types of air compressors: reciprocating compressors, centrifugal compressors, and axial compressors. It concludes by listing references used to compile the information.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases and have various applications. They are widely used in industries to compress air or refrigerants. Compressors can be classified as centrifugal compressors, axial flow compressors, or positive displacement compressors. Centrifugal compressors achieve compression by applying inertial forces via rotating impellers to force the gas outward, while axial flow compressors increase energy by rotor blades acting on the fluid flowing parallel to the axis of rotation. Positive displacement compressors work by trapping a fixed amount of air and forcing it into the discharge pipe, which can be further broken down into rotary compressors that use a rotating roller inside a cylinder or reciprocating compressors that use pistons driven by
An air compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume. It uses either positive displacement or dynamic compression methods. Positive displacement compressors like reciprocating compressors increase pressure by reducing the air volume in an enclosed chamber. Reciprocating compressors are commonly used in pneumatic applications. They consist of pistons moving inside cylinders to draw in, compress, and discharge air. Multi-stage compressors are needed to achieve higher pressures over 35 kg/cm^2. Selection of an air compressor depends on the required pressure, air flow rates, cylinder geometry, piston speed, and layout of the pneumatic system.
An air compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume. It uses either positive displacement or dynamic compression methods. Positive displacement compressors like reciprocating compressors increase pressure by reducing the air volume in an enclosed chamber. Reciprocating compressors are commonly used in pneumatic applications. They consist of pistons moving inside cylinders to draw in, compress, and discharge air. Multi-stage compressors are needed to achieve higher pressures over 35 kg/cm^2. Proper selection of an air compressor depends on the required pressure, flow rates, cylinder geometry, piston speed, and layout of the pneumatic system.
This document discusses air compressors and pneumatic systems. It describes how air compressors work by reducing the volume of air and increasing pressure using positive displacement or dynamic compression methods. Reciprocating air compressors are described as the most common type, using pistons in single or multiple stages to compress air. Other compressor types like rotary vane, centrifugal, and screw compressors are also summarized. Key factors for selecting a suitable air compressor like pressure, flow rates, cylinder geometry and layout are outlined.
chapter-no-3-air-compressors.ppt for electricbasant11731
An air compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume. It is used in various pneumatic applications like powering tools, operating cranes and brakes, spraying in agriculture, and conveying materials. There are two main types - positive displacement compressors that reduce air volume in an enclosed chamber, and dynamic compressors that impart energy to air flowing through a rotor. Reciprocating compressors are commonly used positive displacement compressors that operate a piston inside a cylinder to compress air in one or multiple stages to higher pressures. Selection of an air compressor depends on the required pressure, air flow rates, cylinder geometry and size, and layout of the pneumatic system.
This document provides information about Group No. 2's project on air compressors. It discusses various types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary vane, screw, and centrifugal compressors. It describes the working principles, classifications, advantages and disadvantages of different compressors. It also covers topics like compressor efficiency, multi-stage compression, selection of compressors, and industrial applications of compressed air.
The document summarizes different types of refrigeration system components including evaporators, compressors, and condensers. It describes the basic refrigeration cycle and explains the functions of evaporators, compressors, condensers, and expansion valves. It then provides more detailed descriptions and diagrams of common compressor types, including reciprocating, rotary, scroll, and screw compressors. For each compressor type, it explains the basic operation and highlights advantages and disadvantages.
A compressor is a type of machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors helps to transport the fluid through a pipe maintaining the high pressure conditions. It is convers power (using and electrical motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below.
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor.docxcemenntcompressor
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.
The document discusses centrifugal compressors. It begins with an introduction to air compressors in general, then describes the two main types: positive-displacement and dynamic-displacement. It focuses on centrifugal compressors, which use a rotating impeller to impart kinetic energy to air and compress it. The key components of a centrifugal compressor are the inlet, impeller, diffuser, and collector. Centrifugal compressors are commonly used in applications like gas turbines, turbochargers, pipelines, and HVAC due to benefits like fewer parts and higher efficiency compared to reciprocating compressors. However, they have a lower maximum compression ratio than reciprocating compressors.
Thermodynamics is the study of work, heat, and energy in systems. It is concerned with macroscopic and microscopic changes in systems. The laws of thermodynamics describe the behavior of energy in systems, including that heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot, and the entropy of systems approaches a minimum at absolute zero. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to increase the pressure of a fluid by accelerating it outwards from the center of rotation. Their operation can be described using terms like impeller, volute, head, and pressure.
Comparison Centrifugal and axial compessorRohiduzzaman7
Centrifugal compressors work by accelerating air radially outward between impeller vanes via centrifugal force, increasing pressure. Axial compressors compress air flowing parallel to the axis using multiple rotor and stator stages. Centrifugal compressors are commonly used in industrial applications while axial compressors are used in jet engines due to their high efficiency at large flow rates. The key differences are that centrifugal compressors have higher pressure ratios per stage but are limited to lower pressures overall, while axial compressors can achieve higher pressures through multiple stages but are more complex, heavy, and expensive.
Thermodynamics deals with the effects of work, heat and energy on systems. It considers macroscopic and microscopic changes. The laws of thermodynamics are:
1) Zeroth law - If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2) First law - The change in internal energy of a closed system equals the heat supplied minus the work done.
3) Second law - Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot body.
4) Third law - The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
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Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
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Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
2. Contents
Theory of compression
Purpose of compression
Understanding of key terms
Kinetic theory of gases
Compressibility
Methods of compression
Types of compressors
Centrifugal compressors
Advantages and disadvantages
Basic construction
Understanding compressor curves
Basic operation
Compressor arrangements
Maintenance
3. Theory of compression
Compression
Process of increasing the pressure of a fluid in order to make it travel to another place
Compressor
Mechanical equipment that is used to increase the pressure of a compressible fluid.
Why compressors are required
Increase temperature and pressure of gas for certain reactions to take place.
Liquefaction of gases for storage purposes
Refrigeration effect
Pressurized air is used for measuring and control
Applications in industry
In every field of life.
Purpose of compression
5. Theory of compression
Capacity of a compressor
Understanding of key terms
Volume of gas handled in a unit time.
Its units are cubic feet per minute
Capacity is always measured at compressor suction flange.
SCFM and ACFM
9. Theory of compression
The average kinetic energy of the
molecules does not change with time.
The average kinetic energy of the
molecules is proportional to absolute
temperature.
Kinetic theory of gases
11. Theory of compression
Trap quantities of gas, reduce the volume, push the compressed gas out
of the enclosure.
Trap gas, carry it without volume change to the discharge opening.
Compress the gas by backflow from discharge system, then push the
compressed gas out of the enclosure
Compress by the mechanical action rotating impellers or bladed rotors
that impart velocity and pressure
Entrain the gas in a high velocity jet of the same or another gas and
convert the high velocity of the mixture into pressure in a diffuser.
Methods of compression
15. Types of compressors
Continuous and intermittent
Compressors can be subdivided into two broad groups based on
compression mode.
Intermittent
This compression is cyclic in nature. A specific quantity
of gas is ingested by the compressor, acted upon and
discharged, before the cycle is repeated.
Continuous
The compression mode in which gas is moved into the
compressor, acted upon, moved through compressor,
and discharged without interruption of the flow at any
point in the process.
16. Types of compressors
Compressors
Positive displacement Dynamic
Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Axial
Single acting Double acting
Diaphragm
Lobe Screw Vane
Liquid ring Scroll
Ejector
19. Centrifugal Compressors
Working Principle
The working principle is based upon
imparting kinetic energy to a fluid
stream and conversion of this dynamic
energy into static energy, i.e., from
velocity into pressure.
The specific compression energy
transmitted to the gas by the impeller
is called "head."
The discharge pressure of a turbo
compressor, which is affected by gas
inlet conditions, is a function of head.
20. Centrifugal Compressors
Less efficient for small volumes.
Discharge pressure limitation.
Effect of gas density and temperature.
Problem of surge phenomenon.
Discharge flow is relatively free of pulsation.
Mechanical design permits high through puts, capacity limitation is
rarely a problem.
Centrifugal Compressors are capable efficient performance over a wide
range of pressure and capacities even at constant speed operation.
These are relatively small, occupy less space, operate with minimum
attention and quieter.
Less contamination due to lubricants.
Disadvantages
Advantages
21. Centrifugal Compressors
Major components of a centrifugal compressor include:
Impeller
The part of centrifugal compressor that moves the gas is the impeller. As the impeller
rotates, it moves the gas toward the outer rim of the impeller and its velocity
increases.
Diffuser
As the gas leaves impeller, it flows into a passage-way called the diffuser. The diffuser
being larger in volume, the velocity of gas decreases and its pressure increases
Volute
Gas passes from diffuser into the volute. In the volute, the conversion of velocity
energy to pressure energy continues.
Casing
It is the outer cover of a centrifugal compressor which contains inlet and discharge
nozzles.
Construction
22. Centrifugal Compressors
A centrifugal compressor has two main type of parts;
Rotor assembly
Main shaft
Impellers
Thrust runner
Disc spacer
Balance drum
Stationary parts
Casing
Nozzles
Volutes
Bearings
Shaft seals
Construction
51. Centrifugal Compressors
Incoming flow to compressor decreases below surge limit
Understanding Compressor Curves
Flow
Head Surge control
point
Surge
Stone wall
59. Centrifugal Compressors
Start up Sequence
All jobs completed and blinds removed
All instrument calibrated and in service
System Purging
Lube oil Circulation
Cooling water circulation
System pressurization
Sealing system
Start up
Basic Operation
69. Centrifugal Compressors
Start up Procedure
Open suction valve
Open discharge valve (discharge check valve closed).
Open bypass or vent valve
Start and bring up to speed
Close bypass or vent
Place bypass or vent on automatic control
Basic Operation
71. Centrifugal Compressors
Thermodynamic condition
A compressor's efficiency is reflected by its thermodynamic
performance Evaluation of performance requires acquisition of the
following data.
Suction and discharge pressures of each stage
Suction and discharge. temperatures of each stage
Volume flow
Density
Operating speed
Power consumption
Cooling water Flow rate,
Fouling
Basic Operation
72. Centrifugal Compressors
Mechanical condition
The most critical components of a compressor are the rotor, its bearings
and seals. Monitoring of mechanical compressor functions, therefore,
will center around the behavior of these components. The following
data allow assessment of the mechanical condition:
Radial vibration
Shaft position
Bearing temperature
Lube-oil supply pressure and temperature
Seal-oil supply temperature, and differential pressure between oil supply
and reference gas
Seal buffer-gas pressures and differential pressures
Compressor speed (with variable speed driver)
Basic Operation
73. Centrifugal Compressors
Common Problems
Dirty Intercoolers - Increased gas temperature reduces the density into the
compression stage.
Hot Coolant - Increased gas temperature reduces the gas density into the compression
stage.
Dirty Inlet Filter - Reduces the pressure into the first stage.
Driver Input Speed - The ability for a centrifugal compressor stage to make pressure
falls as the square of the stage speed. A reduction in the driver input speed can
dramatically affect the total machine ratio.
Discharge valve closure - Discharge valve closure decreased the flow through the
compressor hence increase the pressure and causes surging .
Suction valve closure- Suction valve closure or suction vent opening causes pressure
drop in suction reducing flow and surging the machine.
Inter stage vent malfunction- In a multistage compressor if inter stage vent valve
malfunction and opens the down stream stage will surge.
Change in gas composition. If the gas composition change it effects the pressure thus
the compressor can go into surge at the same speed
Recycle valve malfunction. Recycle valves are normally open during reduced flow
operation. if closes by accident or malfunction it will surge the compressor.
Basic Operation
75. Centrifugal Compressors
Surging
Flow reverses in 20 to 50 milliseconds
Surge cycles at a rate of 0.3 s to 3 s per cycle
Compressor vibrates
Temperature rises
“Whooshing” noise or “Clanking” noise
Trips may occur
Conventional instruments and human operators may fail to recognize
surge
Basic Operation
76. • Rapid flow oscillations
• Thrust reversals
• Potential damage
• Rapid pressure oscillations with
process instability
• Rising temperatures inside
compressor
FLOW
PRESSURE
TIME (sec.)
1 2 3
TEMPERATURE
TIME (sec.)
1 2 3
TIME (sec.)
1 2 3
Centrifugal Compressors
Trend of major process parameters during surge
77. Qs, vol
Pd
Machine shutdown
no flow, no pressure
• Electro motor is started
• Machine accelerates to nominal
speed
• Compressor reaches performance
curve
• Note: Flow goes up faster because
pressure is the integral of flow
• Pressure builds
• Resistance goes up
• Compressor “rides” the curve
• Pd = Pv + Rlosses
A
• Compressor reaches surge point A
• Compressor looses its ability to make
pressure
• Suddenly Pd drops and thus Pv > Pd
• Plane goes to stall - Compressor surges
B
• Because Pv > Pd the flow reverses
• Compressor operating point goes to point B
C
• Result of flow reversal is that pressure goes
down
• Pressure goes down => less negative flow
• Operating point goes to point C
D
• System pressure is going down
• Compressor is again able to overcome Pv
• Compressor “jumps” back to
performance curve and goes to point D
• Forward flow is re-established
Pd
Pv
Rlosses
Pd = Compressor discharge pressure
Pv = Vessel pressure
Rlosses = Resistance losses over pipe
• Compressor starts to build pressure
• Compressor “rides” curve towards surge
• Point A is reached
• The surge cycle is complete
• From A to B 20 - 50 ms Drop into surge
• From C to D 20 - 120 ms Jump out of surge
• A-B-C-D-A 0.3 - 3 seconds Surge cycle
Centrifugal Compressors
Surge representation on compressor curves
78. Centrifugal Compressors
Unstable flow and pressure
Damage in sequence with increasing severity to seals, bearings,
impellers, shaft
Increased seal clearances and leakage
Lower energy efficiency
Reduced compressor life
Some surge consequences
79. Centrifugal Compressors
Surge
Factors leading to onset of surge
Startup
Shutdown
Operation at reduced throughput
Operation at heavy throughput with:
- Trips - Power loss
- Operator errors - Process upsets
- Load changes - Gas composition changes
- Cooler problems - Filter or strainer problems
- Driver problems
Surge is not limited to times of reduced throughput. Surge can occur at
full operation
80. Qs, vol
Rc
stable zone
of operation
adding
control
margins
Actual available
operating zone
Centrifugal Compressors
Anti surge control
90. Centrifugal Compressors
Commonly used drivers for a centrifugal compressor are:
Steam Turbine
Electric motor
Induction
Synchronous
Gas Turbine
Expander
Compressor drivers