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Cells are the smallest units of life and are made up of organelles that perform specific functions. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier around the cell, controlling what enters and exits. Within the cell, the nucleus contains genetic material and directs cell activities, while other organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes perform essential functions like producing energy, photosynthesis, and breaking down waste.
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Cellularorganelles
Cells are the smallest units of life and are considered living organisms themselves. They contain organelles that perform specific functions, analogous to organs in the human body. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier around the cell, controlling what enters and leaves.
Cell Organelle Analogies
The document compares various cell organelles to parts of a shopping mall to help explain their functions. The nucleus is likened to the mall manager that oversees all activities. The mitochondria is analogous to the food court that provides energy. The cell membrane acts as the doors that control what enters and exits the mall.
Cell Project Emma t and jessica m
The document summarizes the key organelles found in animal cells and provides analogies comparing each organelle to something found in a hotel. It states that the cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell, like a doorman. It notes that the nucleus controls the cell's activities, similar to a hotel manager. It also explains that the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus, analogous to the front desk and guests at a hotel.
Cell organelles
This document uses town analogies to help explain the functions of some key animal cell organelles. The cell membrane is compared to a town gate that allows things to enter and exit. The nucleus is likened to a town hall that controls and plans the town's activities. The cytoplasm represents the town limits that contains all town residents. The endoplasmic reticulum transports materials within the cell similar to roads, while ribosomes help make proteins like a factory. The Golgi complex packages and ships materials like a postal system. Mitochondria provide energy to the cell as power lines do for a town. Vacuoles store materials, analogous to storage units in a town.
analogy of cell-cell is like chocolate factory
The document is an individual assignment comparing the structures and functions of a cell to that of a chocolate factory. It lists 16 analogies: (1) The nucleus is the central office that manages all activities; (2) The nucleolus are the factory employers that assemble ribosomal subunits; (3) The plasma membrane is the front door that controls what enters and exits the cell.
Cell partsgrade7
The document defines and describes the basic parts of a cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and ribosomes. It distinguishes between prokaryotic cells, which lack membrane-bound structures, and eukaryotic cells, which contain organelles like the nucleus. The cell theory is described as the idea that all organisms are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
Cells
Cells are the basic unit of life and come in two main types - eukaryotic cells with a nucleus like plant and animal cells, and prokaryotic cells without a nucleus like bacteria. All cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions to keep the cell alive. Animal cells are usually round and contain organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Plant cells are usually square shaped and contain everything in animal cells plus chloroplasts and a cell wall. Bacterial cells are smaller and simpler than plant or animal cells, lacking a nucleus but containing DNA, a cell membrane, and ribosomes.
Cellular Presentation
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes the main components of plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes. It contrasts plant and animal cells, noting plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells have centrioles. The document also distinguishes between single-celled and multicellular organisms, and introduces microscopy and the cell theory.
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Cellularorganelles
Cells are the smallest units of life and are considered living organisms themselves. They contain organelles that perform specific functions, analogous to organs in the human body. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier around the cell, controlling what enters and leaves.
Cell Organelle Analogies
The document compares various cell organelles to parts of a shopping mall to help explain their functions. The nucleus is likened to the mall manager that oversees all activities. The mitochondria is analogous to the food court that provides energy. The cell membrane acts as the doors that control what enters and exits the mall.
Cell Project Emma t and jessica m
The document summarizes the key organelles found in animal cells and provides analogies comparing each organelle to something found in a hotel. It states that the cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell, like a doorman. It notes that the nucleus controls the cell's activities, similar to a hotel manager. It also explains that the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus, analogous to the front desk and guests at a hotel.
Cell organelles
This document uses town analogies to help explain the functions of some key animal cell organelles. The cell membrane is compared to a town gate that allows things to enter and exit. The nucleus is likened to a town hall that controls and plans the town's activities. The cytoplasm represents the town limits that contains all town residents. The endoplasmic reticulum transports materials within the cell similar to roads, while ribosomes help make proteins like a factory. The Golgi complex packages and ships materials like a postal system. Mitochondria provide energy to the cell as power lines do for a town. Vacuoles store materials, analogous to storage units in a town.
analogy of cell-cell is like chocolate factory
The document is an individual assignment comparing the structures and functions of a cell to that of a chocolate factory. It lists 16 analogies: (1) The nucleus is the central office that manages all activities; (2) The nucleolus are the factory employers that assemble ribosomal subunits; (3) The plasma membrane is the front door that controls what enters and exits the cell.
Cell partsgrade7
The document defines and describes the basic parts of a cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and ribosomes. It distinguishes between prokaryotic cells, which lack membrane-bound structures, and eukaryotic cells, which contain organelles like the nucleus. The cell theory is described as the idea that all organisms are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
Cells
Cells are the basic unit of life and come in two main types - eukaryotic cells with a nucleus like plant and animal cells, and prokaryotic cells without a nucleus like bacteria. All cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions to keep the cell alive. Animal cells are usually round and contain organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Plant cells are usually square shaped and contain everything in animal cells plus chloroplasts and a cell wall. Bacterial cells are smaller and simpler than plant or animal cells, lacking a nucleus but containing DNA, a cell membrane, and ribosomes.
Cellular Presentation
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes the main components of plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes. It contrasts plant and animal cells, noting plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells have centrioles. The document also distinguishes between single-celled and multicellular organisms, and introduces microscopy and the cell theory.
Cell project Jonathan haims 7 w
The document describes the parts of an animal cell and compares each part to elements of a sports team. It lists the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, genetic material, nuclear pores, nuclear membrane, and nucleolus. For each, it provides a brief analogy comparing the cell part's function to the role of a similar element in a sports team, such as comparing the nucleus to a coach and the mitochondria to fans.
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
This document provides an introduction to plant and animal cell structures and functions. It defines cells as the smallest units that make up living things and outlines the hierarchical organization of cells into tissues, organs, and organ systems. The key components of plant cells are identified as the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Animal cells are described as lacking a cell wall and chloroplast. The functions of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, and mitochondria are explained for both plant and animal cells.
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The document provides information about the structures and organelles found within animal and plant cells. It defines key terms like the cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and describes their basic functions. The cell membrane surrounds all cells and is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass in and out. The nucleus is a spherical body that controls many cell functions like protein synthesis and contains DNA and the nucleolus. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs to produce energy, and are only found in plant cells.
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The document summarizes the key parts and functions of animal and plant cells. For animal cells, the main parts are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like interior where cell activities occur. The nucleus acts as the control center storing DNA. For plant cells, the main parts are the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and nucleus. The cell wall provides structure, while chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis to produce food. Both cell types share a nucleus that controls the cell and cytoplasm for internal processes.
There is a party in the cell Louis Tuchman
The nucleus acts as the host that gives instructions to the organelles, similar to a party host. The Golgi apparatus checks and sends out completed proteins like invitations. Ribosomes make proteins to work for the cell like waiters and entertainers at a party. The vacuole stores extra food and water for the cell, analogous to a storage room. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell, functioning as security. Mitochondria make energy to keep the cell active in the same way dancing and games energize a party. Lysosomes clean up after the cell, comparable to a maintenance crew cleaning up after a party.
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
This document provides an overview of plant and animal cell structures and their functions. It explains that cells are the smallest unit of living things and can be either unicellular or multicellular. The key structures of plant cells are the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Animal cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, and mitochondria but lack a cell wall and chloroplast. Each structure performs important functions like controlling what enters and leaves the cell, storing materials, producing energy, and controlling cell processes.
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- The LAC operon is activated under conditions where glucose is low/lactose is high. It is inactivated when glucose is high/lactose is low.
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Structure of DNA
The document summarizes the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of four nucleotides - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix structure. The bases pair with each other according to Watson-Crick base pairing rules - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the pairing between the bases. The double helix structure has an antiparallel arrangement with the strands running in opposite directions.
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Immunology of transplantation with MHC
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Ethics & organ transplantation
This document discusses the ethics of organ transplantation. It provides background on the history and types of organ transplants, as well as the World Health Organization's guiding principles on transplantation. Some key ethical issues discussed include how to allocate scarce organ resources fairly, whether organ markets should be allowed, and whether living donors should be compensated. Overall, the document examines the complex ethical considerations surrounding this medical procedure.
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Transplantation immunology
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DNA Structure and Replication
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This document provides an introduction to plant and animal cell structures and functions. It defines cells as the smallest units that make up living things and outlines the hierarchical organization of cells into tissues, organs, and organ systems. The key components of plant cells are identified as the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Animal cells are described as lacking a cell wall and chloroplast. The functions of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, and mitochondria are explained for both plant and animal cells.
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The document describes the structure of an exocrine gland, which contains secretory units made up of acinus cells that secrete substances through tubulo-alveolar structures. The exocrine gland also contains excretory units consisting of a series of ducts, including intercalated ducts that connect secretory units to interlobular ducts, which then connect to larger interlobar and main ducts that transport the secretions out of the gland.
Cells and organelles
The document provides information about the structures and organelles found within animal and plant cells. It defines key terms like the cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and describes their basic functions. The cell membrane surrounds all cells and is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass in and out. The nucleus is a spherical body that controls many cell functions like protein synthesis and contains DNA and the nucleolus. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs to produce energy, and are only found in plant cells.
Animal cells and plant cells
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of animal and plant cells. For animal cells, the main parts are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like interior where cell activities occur. The nucleus acts as the control center storing DNA. For plant cells, the main parts are the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and nucleus. The cell wall provides structure, while chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis to produce food. Both cell types share a nucleus that controls the cell and cytoplasm for internal processes.
There is a party in the cell Louis Tuchman
The nucleus acts as the host that gives instructions to the organelles, similar to a party host. The Golgi apparatus checks and sends out completed proteins like invitations. Ribosomes make proteins to work for the cell like waiters and entertainers at a party. The vacuole stores extra food and water for the cell, analogous to a storage room. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell, functioning as security. Mitochondria make energy to keep the cell active in the same way dancing and games energize a party. Lysosomes clean up after the cell, comparable to a maintenance crew cleaning up after a party.
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
This document provides an overview of plant and animal cell structures and their functions. It explains that cells are the smallest unit of living things and can be either unicellular or multicellular. The key structures of plant cells are the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Animal cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, and mitochondria but lack a cell wall and chloroplast. Each structure performs important functions like controlling what enters and leaves the cell, storing materials, producing energy, and controlling cell processes.
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The document describes the functions of various cell organelles. The mitochondrion functions in cellular respiration. The golgi apparatus packages and delivers proteins. Cell organelles are located within the cytoplasm of the cell. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material.
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Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
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This document provides an overview of organ transplantation, including:
- The types of organs and tissues that can be transplanted, such as hearts, kidneys, lungs, and skin.
- The history of transplantation, including milestones like the first successful cornea transplant in 1905 and kidney transplant in 1954.
- The different types of transplants including living donor, deceased donor, autograft, allograft, isograft, xenograft, split transplants, and domino transplants.
- Statistics on donation, such as the top 10 countries by economy of transplantation and that over 78,000 people in the US are waiting for organ transplants.
Molecular organization of chromosomes
Chromosomes are organized structures that package DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells. Bacterial genetic material is concentrated in the nucleoid as a single circular DNA chromosome. Eukaryotic cells contain linear chromosomes housed within the nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and non-histone proteins. They contain genes and regulatory elements and vary in structure between species.
Molecular Biology Lecture
1. The document discusses bacteriophages and their ability to infect bacteria. It describes experiments using radioactive labeling to track phage DNA and proteins during infection.
2. The structure of DNA is explained, including its phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, and sugar molecules. The four bases in DNA - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - are also defined.
3. DNA replication and protein synthesis are summarized, noting that replication occurs during S phase while synthesis happens during G0, G1, and G2 phases. The processes of transcription and translation are also overviewed.
Structure of DNA for medical school
The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)
- Transcription must occur before translation. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA, which is then used as a template for translation.
- The LAC operon is activated under conditions where glucose is low/lactose is high. It is inactivated when glucose is high/lactose is low.
- The DNA sequence provided would be transcribed into an RNA sequence where all Ts would be replaced with Us: 3'-UAC GGC AUU GCA CAU UUU AGG GGC AAU AUU-5'
Structure of DNA
The document summarizes the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of four nucleotides - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix structure. The bases pair with each other according to Watson-Crick base pairing rules - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the pairing between the bases. The double helix structure has an antiparallel arrangement with the strands running in opposite directions.
The Case Of Organ Donation
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Lecture 7 microbial genetics
This document provides an overview of microbial genetics. It discusses key topics like DNA, RNA, proteins, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and genetic variation. Regarding prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, it notes that prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles and their DNA is not sequestered in the nucleus. It also explains processes like DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how gene expression is regulated through operons and repressor/activator proteins binding DNA. The document outlines bacterial mechanisms of genetic variation like mutation and horizontal gene transfer through conjugation, transformation and transduction.
Immunology of transplantation with MHC
Recognition of transplanted cells is determined by polymorphic MHC genes inherited from both parents. Alloantigen elicit cell-mediated and humoral immune responses from components like antigen presenting cells, B cells, antibodies, and T cells. Cytokines also mediate graft rejection. HLA matching and immunosuppressive drugs are used to minimize rejection, but chronic rejection remains a problem. New methods using genomic analysis and RNA sequencing are being developed to better determine HLA type for transplantation matching.
Ethics & organ transplantation
This document discusses the ethics of organ transplantation. It provides background on the history and types of organ transplants, as well as the World Health Organization's guiding principles on transplantation. Some key ethical issues discussed include how to allocate scarce organ resources fairly, whether organ markets should be allowed, and whether living donors should be compensated. Overall, the document examines the complex ethical considerations surrounding this medical procedure.
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Transplantation basics explained with history . For details look at the subtext for every slide. Immune suppression drugs. Body reaction to grafts are all explained
Mechanism of tissue graft rejection
This document summarizes tissue graft rejection mechanisms. It discusses different types of grafts and rejection responses, including first and second set rejection. It also describes the time course of rejection responses like hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection. Immunosuppressive therapies aim to diminish the rejection response through general approaches like corticosteroids and specific therapies like monoclonal antibodies. Graft acceptance and tolerance can develop under certain conditions.
Transplantation immunology
History
Introduction
Classification of grafts
The Immunology of Allogeneic Transplantation
Genetics of graft rejection
Types of rejection
Recognition of Alloantigens
Effector Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection
Prevention of graft rejection
Graft versus host reaction
DNA Structure and Replication
This document provides information about DNA structure and replication. It discusses that DNA is a type of macromolecule called a nucleic acid, made of nucleotides. The four nucleotides contain one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. The bases bond with each other in complementary pairs to form the two strands of DNA's double helix structure. Prior to cell division, DNA replicates its strands through a process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for producing a new complementary strand. This results in two new double-stranded DNA molecules.
Structure and functions of immune system
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the immune system. It describes the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems, which include lymphoid organs like the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where T cells and B cells develop. Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue are secondary lymphoid organs that help the immune response. The document also outlines the different immune cells like lymphocytes, their classifications, and origins from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and thymus.
The immune system
The immune system provides defense against pathogens. It includes cells that carry out immune functions and circulate in the body. The immune system distinguishes self from non-self and protects against microbes, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. It also destroys cancer cells. Both nonspecific innate immunity and specific acquired immunity work together to provide protection. Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, complement proteins, and interferons that provide a first line of defense against pathogens.
Human organ transplantation
The Transplantation of Human Organs Act of 1994 regulates organ transplantation in India by prohibiting commercial dealings in human organs and establishing an authorization process for organ transplants.
It allows donations from near relatives and live donors not related to the recipient with approval from an Authorization Committee. Paying for human organs is illegal.
Proposed amendments include removing the age limit for cadaver donors, permitting paired donor exchanges between incompatible families, and providing direct compensation to living donors for losses like wages. However, some argue this could promote illegal organ trading.
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DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
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Student example: Animal cell presentation
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The document discusses the fundamental unit of life, the cell. It states that cells are the basic structural and functional units that make up all living organisms. Cells can exist as single-celled unicellular organisms or many-celled multicellular organisms. All cells contain basic structures like a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Organelles like the cell wall, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum allow cells to carry out specialized functions and processes.
Cells (Structure and Function)
Cells are the basic unit of life and come in two types - eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and include animal and plant cells. Both cell types contain a nucleus that acts as the cell's brain, a cell membrane that controls what enters and exits, and cytoplasm that holds the cell parts. Plant cells also contain a cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and vacuoles for storage, while animal cells contain mitochondria that generate energy.
Animal/Plant cell
There are two main types of prokaryotic cells: Archaea and Bacteria. Eukaryotic cells, which make up the human body, are larger and contain membrane-bound organelles. The document then provides more details about the parts of cells, including their structures (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, etc.) and their functions (the nucleus acts as the brain, mitochondria produce energy, ribosomes make proteins, etc.). It notes that plant and animal cells contain these same basic parts but may differ in some additional structures like chloroplasts and cell walls.
cell physiology.pptx
The document provides information about cell structure and function. It discusses that cells are the fundamental units of living things and humans are made up of trillions of cells. It then describes the main parts of the cell in detail, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and microtubules. It explains the functions of these parts, such as how the organelles work together to keep the cell alive and allow it to carry out tasks like nutrient intake, processing, waste removal, and energy production. The document also discusses different types of transport across the cell membrane like endocytosis and pinocytosis.
Cell structural and functional unit
The document discusses cells and their components. It defines cells as the basic unit of structure and function of living things. It describes several key organelles and their functions, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. It also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes are smaller and lack a nucleus while eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.
Cells
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, centrosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also discusses epithelial tissues, mesophyll tissue, and parenchyma cells.
Cells
The document summarizes the structure and function of eukaryotic cell organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, centrosome, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also describes differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and types of epithelial and plant tissues.
Edible cell
This document summarizes the structure and function of plant cell organelles using food analogies. It describes the nucleus as a doughnut, the nucleolus as a mellow cup inside the doughnut-shaped nucleus, and the nuclear membrane as yellow icing surrounding the nucleus. It also characterizes the cytoplasm as a brownie, chloroplasts as tootsie rolls, mitochondria as twisty twizzlers, and the vacuole as blue icing. Ribosomes are represented by red dots, the endoplasmic reticulum by gummy worms of different textures, and the Golgi apparatus as a folded fruit roll-up. A key matching each organelle to its food analogy is also included.
Cell Project Shamma fox
The document describes the major organelles found in animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. It explains the basic functions of each organelle and provides analogies to compare them to objects and systems familiar to children, such as a coffee strainer, power plant, workplace, mail delivery service, garbage trucks, storage spaces, and town hall. The document uses a story format to imaginatively guide children through a cell and describe each organelle in simple, child-friendly language.
Cell Organelles
The document describes the main cell organelles found in eukaryotic cells, including their structures and functions. It notes that the nucleus is the control center that contains DNA, the cell membrane forms the boundary, and the endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and lipids. Other organelles mentioned are ribosomes for protein synthesis, Golgi apparatus for packaging molecules, mitochondria for energy production, chloroplasts for photosynthesis in plants, vacuoles for storage, and centrioles aiding cell division.
PHYSICS
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and can be single-celled, multicellular, or few-celled. A generalized cell consists of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm are various cell organelles that perform important functions like protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.
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Presentation fundamental unit_of_life_class10 _biology
Presentation fundamental unit_of_life_class10 _biology
More from Doug Jones
Introduction to Biotechnology
This document contains definitions and information about genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, clones, and the human genome from various websites. It defines genetic engineering as changes made to DNA to change an organism, DNA fingerprinting as the analysis of DNA samples to identify individuals, clones as identical copies of an organism, and the human genome as the total number of genes found in humans, which is estimated to be between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. The document provides short explanations and cites multiple online sources for each term.
Unit 10 lesson 2 notes
Gregor Mendel studied heredity by cross-fertilizing pea plants that were purple or white. In the first generation (F1), all plants were purple, showing that purple is dominant over white. When he allowed the F1 plants to self-fertilize, the second generation (F2) resulted in 3 purple plants and 1 white plant. Mendel concluded that each trait is determined by two alleles, one from each parent, and that dominance explains the phenotypes expressed. He represented alleles with letters, like P for purple and p for white, and used terms like homozygous and heterozygous to describe genetic makeup.
Adaptations
Animals can change over time through adaptations that help them survive in their environments. Adaptations include physical traits like claws, beaks, or camouflage that assist with tasks like hunting, defense, and avoiding predation. Some examples of adaptations are long claws for catching prey, short claws for burrowing, specialized beaks for feeding, overproduction of offspring to ensure some survive, and mimicry or camouflage to avoid danger. Adaptations are important for animals to thrive in their habitats.
Darwin, Evolution, & Natural Selection (Intro)
Charles Darwin observed various plants and animals during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. On the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that marine iguanas had adaptations for swimming while land iguanas had adaptations for climbing trees. He also saw that different species of finches had beaks adapted to their specific food sources. This led Darwin to conclude that natural selection results in organisms becoming perfectly adapted to their environments over generations, and to develop his theory of evolution.
Punnett Square Intro
The document describes how a Punnett square is used to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross between pea plants. It notes that there are two alleles that determine height in pea plants: the Tall (T) allele which is dominant, and the Short (t) allele which is recessive. The Punnett square shows that if one parent is homozygous tall (TT) and the other is heterozygous (Tt), the offspring will all be tall (TT or Tt genotypes).
DNA to RNA to Proteins: Part II
The document summarizes how proteins are made from DNA through RNA. It explains that messenger RNA (mRNA) copies instructions from DNA in the nucleus and leaves to combine with ribosomes and transfer RNA (tRNA). The ribosome reads the mRNA message and matches it to tRNAs carrying amino acids. Through repetitive binding of tRNAs, amino acids are linked together into a protein chain. Once the entire mRNA message is read, the protein is released.
DNA to RNA to Proteins
This document describes how DNA instructions are transferred out of the cell nucleus to make proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the DNA instructions and is allowed to leave the nucleus to deliver the message to the cell. The DNA unzips and mRNA makes a complementary copy, but uses uracil instead of thymine to pair with adenine. The mRNA can now leave the nucleus and transmit the protein production instructions to the cell.
Cell Theory
The Cell Theory states that (1) all living things are made of cells, (2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and (3) all cells come from other cells. This theory was developed from the scientific discoveries of several scientists between 1663-1855, including Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, who observed that plants and animals are made of cells and that cells reproduce through dividing.
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Cellularorganelleslrms
- 1. Cells are the smallest units of life. That means individual cells are alive. http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 2. Although cells are microscopic (really small), you can think of them as being their own living organism. http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 3. Amoeba Paramecium oberlin.k12.oh.us Here are three examples of organisms that are only made of ONE cell S910.photobucket.com Euglena simpletoremember.com
- 4. thinkstockphotos.com In the same way that humans are made up of organs (heart, lungs, kidneys) cells are made up of organelles (nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes). http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 5. The cell membrane is present around ALL cells. The cell membrane allows only certain substances to enter and leave (gateway) http://goo.gl/lFWYN The cell membrane is like a fence – it lets some things in and keeps some things out.
- 6. The nucleus controls all of the functions of the cell (control center). http://goo.gl/lFWYN The nucleus is like the “brain” of the cell.
- 7. The nuclearenvelopesurrounds the nucleus. The nuclearenvelopeallows substances to enter and leave the nucleus. http://goo.gl/lFWYN The nuclear envelopeis like awindow screen – lets air in and keeps bugs out.
- 8. Chromatin contains the instructions for all cell activities – genetic material (located in the nucleus). Chromatin directs cell activities (made of DNA). http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 9. The nucleolus, located in the nucleus, is where ribosomes are made. (Ribosomes produce proteins). http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 10. The cytoplasm is a jelly-like material in which the parts of the cell constantly move. The cytoplasm is the area outside the nucleus in which the organelles “float” around. http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 11. Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of cells. Mitochondria produce most of the energy of a cell. http://goo.gl/lFWYN The mitochondria are like the engines of a car.
- 12. The endoplasmic reticulum is like a series of "tunnels" that transport materials through the cytoplasm. http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 13. Ribosomes are tiny structures in the cytoplasm where proteins are made (the little dark specks). http://goo.gl/lFWYN
- 14. The golgi body packages and moves proteins outside the cell. http://goo.gl/lFWYN The golgi body is like the post office – receives, packages, and ships mail.
- 15. Green organelles which capture energy from sunlight and use it to make food for the cell - photosynthesis. http://www.stephsnature.com Chloroplasts are like food factories– places where food is produced (made).
- 16. Vacuoles (mostly found in plant cells) store water and nutrients for the cell. http://goo.gl/lFWYN A vacuole is like a pantry or refrigerator – a place to store water and nutrients.
- 17. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down food particles and waste. http://goo.gl/lFWYN