This ppt covers the following topics:
Structural evolution of cellular communications;
Frequency reuse;
Duplex techniques;
Multiple-access/broadcasting techniques;
Handover (handoff);
Multi-cell cooperation/processing;
Resource allocation;
Cognitive radios;
MIMO and massive MIMO;
Distributed antenna wireless communications;
Cellular social networks.
OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access PPT by PREM KAMALprem kamal
This document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), a multiple access technique used in wireless communication. OFDMA is a specialized version of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) where all subcarriers within a channel are orthogonal to each other, allowing them to overlap without interference. This allows for more efficient spectrum usage than traditional FDMA. OFDMA was introduced in the 1960s-70s and has since been used in technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, LTE, and is being researched for future 5G networks due to its ability to support high-speed data transmission.
Massive MIMO is an antenna technology that uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve spectral and energy efficiency. It allows communication with multiple devices simultaneously, decreasing wait times and dramatically increasing network speeds. The key benefits of massive MIMO are high spectral and energy efficiency, more reliable signals, boosted capacity and coverage, high data rates, and the ability to serve many users simultaneously through beamforming. However, massive MIMO systems require more hardware resources and power while also being more costly than single antenna systems.
The document discusses massive MIMO technology. It defines massive MIMO as using a very large number of antennas at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. Key benefits include high spectral and energy efficiency. It explains that massive MIMO differs from conventional MU-MIMO by benefiting greatly from excess antennas. The document also covers topics like TDD vs FDD operation, pilot contamination issues and potential mitigation techniques, and synergies with mmWave networks.
Demand assigned and packet reservation multiple accessGowriLatha1
Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) is a technology that assigns communication channels based on requests from user terminals to a network control system. Channels are allocated on an as-needed basis and are not available to other users until the current user's session is finished. Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) is a multiple access strategy that uses fixed-length frames containing a set number of time slots. Terminals compete to transmit data packets in any free slot. Joint Code Division Multiple Access Packet Reservation Multiple Access (CDMA/PRMA) was introduced as a candidate uplink protocol for 3G that combines aspects of packet CDMA and PRMA by using a slotted time axis with packet access to slots grouped into frames.
The document discusses handoff in cellular networks. It begins by explaining that handoff is required when a mobile moves between coverage areas of different cells during a call. The main points are:
1) The MSC must identify a new BS to handle the call and seamlessly transfer control to it, assigning the call new forward and reverse channels.
2) Important performance metrics for handoff include it being seamless to the user, minimizing unnecessary handoffs, low probability of blocking new calls in the new cell, and handing off to a channel with good signal quality.
3) Handoff involves initiation when a need is identified, reserving resources in the new cell, executing the actual handoff, and free
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. MIMO offers various diversity modes like time, frequency, and space diversity to decrease fading. It can also do spatial multiplexing to increase capacity without additional power or bandwidth. MIMO is used in many wireless standards like 802.11n, LTE, and is key to improving data rates towards 1Gbps while maintaining reliability. However, MIMO systems also face challenges of increased hardware complexity, power consumption, and processing requirements.
OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access PPT by PREM KAMALprem kamal
This document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), a multiple access technique used in wireless communication. OFDMA is a specialized version of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) where all subcarriers within a channel are orthogonal to each other, allowing them to overlap without interference. This allows for more efficient spectrum usage than traditional FDMA. OFDMA was introduced in the 1960s-70s and has since been used in technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, LTE, and is being researched for future 5G networks due to its ability to support high-speed data transmission.
Massive MIMO is an antenna technology that uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve spectral and energy efficiency. It allows communication with multiple devices simultaneously, decreasing wait times and dramatically increasing network speeds. The key benefits of massive MIMO are high spectral and energy efficiency, more reliable signals, boosted capacity and coverage, high data rates, and the ability to serve many users simultaneously through beamforming. However, massive MIMO systems require more hardware resources and power while also being more costly than single antenna systems.
The document discusses massive MIMO technology. It defines massive MIMO as using a very large number of antennas at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. Key benefits include high spectral and energy efficiency. It explains that massive MIMO differs from conventional MU-MIMO by benefiting greatly from excess antennas. The document also covers topics like TDD vs FDD operation, pilot contamination issues and potential mitigation techniques, and synergies with mmWave networks.
Demand assigned and packet reservation multiple accessGowriLatha1
Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) is a technology that assigns communication channels based on requests from user terminals to a network control system. Channels are allocated on an as-needed basis and are not available to other users until the current user's session is finished. Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) is a multiple access strategy that uses fixed-length frames containing a set number of time slots. Terminals compete to transmit data packets in any free slot. Joint Code Division Multiple Access Packet Reservation Multiple Access (CDMA/PRMA) was introduced as a candidate uplink protocol for 3G that combines aspects of packet CDMA and PRMA by using a slotted time axis with packet access to slots grouped into frames.
The document discusses handoff in cellular networks. It begins by explaining that handoff is required when a mobile moves between coverage areas of different cells during a call. The main points are:
1) The MSC must identify a new BS to handle the call and seamlessly transfer control to it, assigning the call new forward and reverse channels.
2) Important performance metrics for handoff include it being seamless to the user, minimizing unnecessary handoffs, low probability of blocking new calls in the new cell, and handing off to a channel with good signal quality.
3) Handoff involves initiation when a need is identified, reserving resources in the new cell, executing the actual handoff, and free
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. MIMO offers various diversity modes like time, frequency, and space diversity to decrease fading. It can also do spatial multiplexing to increase capacity without additional power or bandwidth. MIMO is used in many wireless standards like 802.11n, LTE, and is key to improving data rates towards 1Gbps while maintaining reliability. However, MIMO systems also face challenges of increased hardware complexity, power consumption, and processing requirements.
This document discusses space division multiplexing (SDM), a new technique for fiber optic communication that increases transmission capacity. SDM utilizes unused space within the core or additional fiber cores to establish independent transmission channels. There are two main SDM strategies: multi-core fiber which has multiple cores embedded in the cladding, and multi-mode fiber which supports propagation of multiple independent modes within a single core. SDM provides significant advantages like high scalability and the ability to achieve terabit per second throughput. When combined with software defined networking, SDM networks also enable efficient infrastructure utilization and flexible bandwidth provisioning. However, SDM also faces challenges like crosstalk between cores and high insertion losses.
This document provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses key topics such as optical transmission, DWDM components like multiplexers/demultiplexers and amplifiers, DWDM networks and topologies, and transmission quality parameters. The presentation contains 32 slides and is intended to briefly explain DWDM as a means of achieving effective fiber-optic transmission and increasing bandwidth.
The document discusses the fundamentals, opportunities, and challenges of massive MIMO technology. Massive MIMO involves using very large antenna arrays (e.g. 100 antennas) at base stations to serve many terminals simultaneously. It has the potential to dramatically improve data rates and reliability while enabling large reductions in transmit power. Key opportunities include achieving high multiplexing and array gains by exploiting favorable propagation conditions. Challenges include acquiring accurate channel state information from limited pilot resources and managing interference with simple linear processing as the array size increases.
This document discusses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, including their motivations and capabilities. MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high data rates approaching 1 Gbps while maintaining quality of service. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity, design criteria like diversity and spatial multiplexing, practical architectures like V-BLAST and Alamouti's scheme, and applications to networking including MIMO-OFDM and MIMO MAC protocols.
This document provides an overview of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and its use in 802.11n wireless networks. MIMO works by using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication in three ways: by providing signal diversity to increase range and resilience, by enabling spatial multiplexing to increase data rates, and by allowing beamforming to focus signals in certain directions. The 802.11n standard will incorporate MIMO to achieve data rates up to 600Mbps using techniques like multi-path mitigation, modulation schemes, channel coding, and frame formatting adapted for MIMO transmissions. MIMO thus allows 802.11n to continue advancing wireless LAN speeds and performance.
introduction to lte 4g lte advanced bsnl training SumanPramanik7
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE-Advanced technologies including carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint operation, self-organizing networks, and inter-cell interference coordination. It discusses how carrier aggregation allows combining of multiple component carriers to increase channel bandwidth up to 100MHz. Coordinated multipoint operation helps improve cell edge performance through coordination between base stations. Self-organizing networks allow dynamic configuration and optimization of heterogeneous networks. Inter-cell interference coordination further improves performance through techniques like almost blank subframes.
Wireless cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller sections called cells to improve capacity and coverage. Each cell uses a subset of available frequencies and is served by a base station. As users move between cells, their active connections are handed off between base stations through a process managed by the mobile switching center. Cell sizes and the frequency reuse plan must be optimized to balance capacity, coverage, and interference between cells using the same frequencies.
This document provides an overview of GSM principles and network structure. It discusses key aspects of the GSM system including frequency reuse, multiple access techniques, network components, numbering plans and identifiers. The objectives are to understand the GSM system, its structure, protocols, channel combinations, radio techniques and the introduction of GPRS and EDGE. It contains detailed descriptions and illustrations of concepts such as cells, frequency division duplexing, time division multiple access, frequency planning and network interfaces.
The document provides an overview of MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems in wireless communications. It discusses how MIMO can provide array gain, diversity gain, and multiplexing gain to improve spectral efficiency, coverage, and quality of service. It also describes how MIMO reduces co-channel interference. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity results for different scenarios. It concludes by discussing how MIMO can be used to maximize diversity or throughput through different transmission techniques.
This presentation summarizes multicarrier modulation techniques OFDM and FBMC.
It begins with an overview of multicarrier modulation and its uses of multiple closely or non-orthogonally spaced carriers to avoid interference. It then provides details on OFDM including its system model of serial to parallel conversion, modulation, IDFT/DFT and parallel to serial conversion.
FBMC is then introduced as an evolution of subband processing that addresses some limitations of OFDM like cyclic prefix overhead. It utilizes analysis and synthesis filter banks at the transmitter and receiver.
The presentation concludes with a comparison of OFDM and FBMC, noting FBMC's advantages of higher spectral efficiency and better frequency localization but also its increased complexity,
This presentation provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses the basic components and operation of a DWDM system, including terminal multiplexers and demultiplexers, optical amplifiers, transponders, reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers, and optical cross connects. It also covers topics like wavelength converting transponders, channel spacing, categories of wavelength switches, integrating DWDM with SONET, using DWDM for IP networks, and the value of DWDM in metropolitan areas. The presentation was given by Nitesh Srivastava from the ECE department.
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
Multiple access techniques allow multiple users to share finite radio spectrum resources simultaneously. They can be categorized as narrowband or wideband. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. FDMA divides the total bandwidth into narrow channels that are allocated to users. TDMA divides each channel into time slots that are allocated to users. CDMA spreads the signal over a wide bandwidth using pseudo-random codes and allows multiple signals to overlap in both time and frequency.
Multiple access techniques allow multiple users to share the same wireless spectrum simultaneously. Common techniques include frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA assigns each user a different frequency band. TDMA assigns each user time slots on the same frequency. CDMA spreads each user's signal across the entire frequency band using unique codes.
CDMA is a digital cellular standard that allows multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique code sequences. Users are separated by spreading their transmitted signals across the frequency band using pseudo-random codes. CDMA provides advantages over other multiple access techniques like FDMA and TDMA such as increased capacity, soft handoffs between cells, and covert operation due to its noise-like signals. The IS-95 standard introduced CDMA to cellular networks and specified the use of orthogonal codes to separate signals and a 1.25 MHz channel bandwidth to support multiple simultaneous voice calls.
- The document discusses wireless channel propagation and fading. It covers topics like large-scale fading (path loss and shadowing), small-scale fading (time-selective and frequency-selective fading), and statistical characterization of fading channels.
- Small-scale fading is caused by multipath propagation and results in rapid fluctuations in the strength of the received signal over short periods of time or travel distances. It can be time-selective or frequency-selective depending on delay spread and Doppler spread.
- Common distributions for modeling fading amplitudes are Rayleigh for non-line-of-sight environments and Rician when there is a dominant line-of-sight path. The document presents models for generating both Rayleigh and Rician fading
The tutorial is designed for all those readers who are planning or pursuing the CDMA course to make their career in this field. However, it is also meant for the common readers who simply want to understand − what is CDMA Technology?
Filters are required in wireless communication systems for multiple reasons:
1) At the transmitting end, filters are needed to limit the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and prevent interference with other frequency bands. Without filters, a wide range of frequencies would be transmitted.
2) At the receiving end, filters are required to select the desired incoming signal and reject signals from other transmitters using nearby frequencies. Without filters, the receiver would not be able to distinguish different signals.
3) If no filters are used at all, the system would be unable to isolate different frequency bands and signals would interfere with each other, degrading performance and preventing reliable communication from taking place. Filters are necessary to allow multiple access techniques like FDMA
This document discusses space division multiplexing (SDM), a new technique for fiber optic communication that increases transmission capacity. SDM utilizes unused space within the core or additional fiber cores to establish independent transmission channels. There are two main SDM strategies: multi-core fiber which has multiple cores embedded in the cladding, and multi-mode fiber which supports propagation of multiple independent modes within a single core. SDM provides significant advantages like high scalability and the ability to achieve terabit per second throughput. When combined with software defined networking, SDM networks also enable efficient infrastructure utilization and flexible bandwidth provisioning. However, SDM also faces challenges like crosstalk between cores and high insertion losses.
This document provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses key topics such as optical transmission, DWDM components like multiplexers/demultiplexers and amplifiers, DWDM networks and topologies, and transmission quality parameters. The presentation contains 32 slides and is intended to briefly explain DWDM as a means of achieving effective fiber-optic transmission and increasing bandwidth.
The document discusses the fundamentals, opportunities, and challenges of massive MIMO technology. Massive MIMO involves using very large antenna arrays (e.g. 100 antennas) at base stations to serve many terminals simultaneously. It has the potential to dramatically improve data rates and reliability while enabling large reductions in transmit power. Key opportunities include achieving high multiplexing and array gains by exploiting favorable propagation conditions. Challenges include acquiring accurate channel state information from limited pilot resources and managing interference with simple linear processing as the array size increases.
This document discusses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, including their motivations and capabilities. MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high data rates approaching 1 Gbps while maintaining quality of service. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity, design criteria like diversity and spatial multiplexing, practical architectures like V-BLAST and Alamouti's scheme, and applications to networking including MIMO-OFDM and MIMO MAC protocols.
This document provides an overview of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and its use in 802.11n wireless networks. MIMO works by using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication in three ways: by providing signal diversity to increase range and resilience, by enabling spatial multiplexing to increase data rates, and by allowing beamforming to focus signals in certain directions. The 802.11n standard will incorporate MIMO to achieve data rates up to 600Mbps using techniques like multi-path mitigation, modulation schemes, channel coding, and frame formatting adapted for MIMO transmissions. MIMO thus allows 802.11n to continue advancing wireless LAN speeds and performance.
introduction to lte 4g lte advanced bsnl training SumanPramanik7
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE-Advanced technologies including carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint operation, self-organizing networks, and inter-cell interference coordination. It discusses how carrier aggregation allows combining of multiple component carriers to increase channel bandwidth up to 100MHz. Coordinated multipoint operation helps improve cell edge performance through coordination between base stations. Self-organizing networks allow dynamic configuration and optimization of heterogeneous networks. Inter-cell interference coordination further improves performance through techniques like almost blank subframes.
Wireless cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller sections called cells to improve capacity and coverage. Each cell uses a subset of available frequencies and is served by a base station. As users move between cells, their active connections are handed off between base stations through a process managed by the mobile switching center. Cell sizes and the frequency reuse plan must be optimized to balance capacity, coverage, and interference between cells using the same frequencies.
This document provides an overview of GSM principles and network structure. It discusses key aspects of the GSM system including frequency reuse, multiple access techniques, network components, numbering plans and identifiers. The objectives are to understand the GSM system, its structure, protocols, channel combinations, radio techniques and the introduction of GPRS and EDGE. It contains detailed descriptions and illustrations of concepts such as cells, frequency division duplexing, time division multiple access, frequency planning and network interfaces.
The document provides an overview of MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems in wireless communications. It discusses how MIMO can provide array gain, diversity gain, and multiplexing gain to improve spectral efficiency, coverage, and quality of service. It also describes how MIMO reduces co-channel interference. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity results for different scenarios. It concludes by discussing how MIMO can be used to maximize diversity or throughput through different transmission techniques.
This presentation summarizes multicarrier modulation techniques OFDM and FBMC.
It begins with an overview of multicarrier modulation and its uses of multiple closely or non-orthogonally spaced carriers to avoid interference. It then provides details on OFDM including its system model of serial to parallel conversion, modulation, IDFT/DFT and parallel to serial conversion.
FBMC is then introduced as an evolution of subband processing that addresses some limitations of OFDM like cyclic prefix overhead. It utilizes analysis and synthesis filter banks at the transmitter and receiver.
The presentation concludes with a comparison of OFDM and FBMC, noting FBMC's advantages of higher spectral efficiency and better frequency localization but also its increased complexity,
This presentation provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses the basic components and operation of a DWDM system, including terminal multiplexers and demultiplexers, optical amplifiers, transponders, reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers, and optical cross connects. It also covers topics like wavelength converting transponders, channel spacing, categories of wavelength switches, integrating DWDM with SONET, using DWDM for IP networks, and the value of DWDM in metropolitan areas. The presentation was given by Nitesh Srivastava from the ECE department.
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
Multiple access techniques allow multiple users to share finite radio spectrum resources simultaneously. They can be categorized as narrowband or wideband. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. FDMA divides the total bandwidth into narrow channels that are allocated to users. TDMA divides each channel into time slots that are allocated to users. CDMA spreads the signal over a wide bandwidth using pseudo-random codes and allows multiple signals to overlap in both time and frequency.
Multiple access techniques allow multiple users to share the same wireless spectrum simultaneously. Common techniques include frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA assigns each user a different frequency band. TDMA assigns each user time slots on the same frequency. CDMA spreads each user's signal across the entire frequency band using unique codes.
CDMA is a digital cellular standard that allows multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique code sequences. Users are separated by spreading their transmitted signals across the frequency band using pseudo-random codes. CDMA provides advantages over other multiple access techniques like FDMA and TDMA such as increased capacity, soft handoffs between cells, and covert operation due to its noise-like signals. The IS-95 standard introduced CDMA to cellular networks and specified the use of orthogonal codes to separate signals and a 1.25 MHz channel bandwidth to support multiple simultaneous voice calls.
- The document discusses wireless channel propagation and fading. It covers topics like large-scale fading (path loss and shadowing), small-scale fading (time-selective and frequency-selective fading), and statistical characterization of fading channels.
- Small-scale fading is caused by multipath propagation and results in rapid fluctuations in the strength of the received signal over short periods of time or travel distances. It can be time-selective or frequency-selective depending on delay spread and Doppler spread.
- Common distributions for modeling fading amplitudes are Rayleigh for non-line-of-sight environments and Rician when there is a dominant line-of-sight path. The document presents models for generating both Rayleigh and Rician fading
The tutorial is designed for all those readers who are planning or pursuing the CDMA course to make their career in this field. However, it is also meant for the common readers who simply want to understand − what is CDMA Technology?
Filters are required in wireless communication systems for multiple reasons:
1) At the transmitting end, filters are needed to limit the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and prevent interference with other frequency bands. Without filters, a wide range of frequencies would be transmitted.
2) At the receiving end, filters are required to select the desired incoming signal and reject signals from other transmitters using nearby frequencies. Without filters, the receiver would not be able to distinguish different signals.
3) If no filters are used at all, the system would be unable to isolate different frequency bands and signals would interfere with each other, degrading performance and preventing reliable communication from taking place. Filters are necessary to allow multiple access techniques like FDMA
This document contains 61 multiple choice questions related to mobile computing and wireless communication technologies. It covers topics such as signals, modulation, multiplexing, cellular networks, GSM, GPRS, mobile IP, WAP, and satellite communication systems. The questions define key terms, ask about protocols and standards, and require calculations related to wireless networks and services.
A Cooperative Approach to Extend Cellular Coverage via D2D Architecture based...IJCNCJournal
The access part of all cellular network’s generation suffers from common concerns related to dead spots (zones that are not covered by the network) and hot spots (zones where the number of users is higher compared to network resources). During the last decade, lots of research proposals have tried to overcome cellular problems through multi-hop D2D architecture, which is a new paradigm allowing the direct communication between devices in cellular network to enhance network performances and improve user QoS. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop D2D architecture based on the OLSR protocol to extend cellular coverage. Cell-OLSR, which is the proposed adaptation of OLSR for our architecture, allows the exchange of cellular parameters between nodes to choose the best proxy device to forward data to the cellular base station (BS).
Modelling and QoS-Achieving Solution in full-duplex Cellular SystemsIJCNCJournal
The global bandwidth scarcity and the ever-growing demand for fast wireless services have motivated the quest for new techniques that enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless systems. Most conventional SE increasing methods (e.g., adaptive modulation and coding) have already been exhausted. Single-channel full-duplex (SCFD) communication is a new attractive approach in which each node may simultaneously receive and transmit over the same frequency channel, and thus, it has the potential to double the current SE figures. In this paper, we derive a model for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in a SCFD-based cellular system with imperfect self-interference cancellation. Furthermore, given a set of uplink and downlink quality of service requirements, we answer the following two fundamental questions. First, is this set achievable in the SCFD-based cellular system? Second, if the given set is achievable, what is the optimal achieving policy? To that end, we provide a unified model for the SCFD-based cellular system, and give insights in the matrix of interference channel gains. Simulation results suggest that depending on the locations of the users, a combination of full-duplex and half-duplex modes over the whole network is more favourable policy
The document discusses multiple access technologies used in cellular networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). FDMA divides the available spectrum into separate frequency channels that are assigned to users. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots that are assigned to users in a timed sequence. The document then covers the cellular concept, which involves dividing a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations and reusing frequencies in cells separated by a sufficient distance to avoid interference. This allows for increased network capacity compared to a single high-power transmitter covering the whole area. Key aspects covered include frequency reuse, cell shapes and sizes, interference types, and formulas for calculating reuse distance and network capacity
The document discusses multiple access technologies used in cellular networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). FDMA divides the available spectrum into separate frequency channels that are assigned to users. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots that are assigned to users in a timed sequence. The document then covers the cellular concept, which involves dividing a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations and reusing frequencies in cells separated by a sufficient distance to avoid interference. This allows for increased network capacity compared to a single high-power transmitter covering the whole area. Key aspects covered include frequency reuse, cell shapes and sizes, interference types, and formulas for calculating reuse distance and network capacity
The document discusses ad hoc and sensor networks. It provides sample questions and answers related to various topics in this area. Some key points covered include:
- Characteristics of wireless channels include path loss, fading, interference, Doppler shift, and transmission rate constraints.
- Shannon's theorem states the maximum possible data rate on a noisy channel as a function of bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
- An ad hoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network without any fixed infrastructure. It is suitable for situations where a wired network cannot be setup.
- Challenging issues in ad hoc network maintenance include medium access, routing, multicasting, transport layer protocols, pricing schemes, and quality of service
17 9253 denial of impedance for mobile cellular (edit ari)IAESIJEECS
Wireless network broadly utilized today incorporate, cell system, remote cross section system (WMNs), remote neighbourhood and individual zone system. The expanding interest for these systems has transformed range into a valuable asset. Consequently, there is dependably a requirement for techniques to pack more bits/Hz. In this paper, we list the purposes behind this far reaching doubt, and talk about how present and future patterns will expand the need and reasonability of multiuser collectors for both the uplink, where numerous offbeat clients will be all the while identified, and the downlink, where clients will be planned and generally orthogonal zed, yet the portable handset will in any case need to adapt to a couple of predominant meddling base stations. New results for impedance wiping out beneficiaries that utilization traditional front finishes are appeared to ease a large number of the deficiencies of earlier systems, especially for the testing uplink. This paper gives a diagram of key late research leaps forward on obstruction cancelation, and highlights framework level contemplations for future multiuser recipients.
Combination of iterative IA precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMAEditor IJMTER
Interference alignment (IA) Precoding is a generalization of beam forming to
support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications.
Another FDE receivers supported the iterative block decision-feedback equalization (IBDFE), that doesn't use cryptography inside the iterative method will expeditiously exploit the
inherent space-frequency diversity of the MC-CDMA systems. In this paper we have a
tendency to discuss the combination of Pseudo-random sequence generator based iterative IA
precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMA systems. The using of this sequence
generator we will be able to generate efficient pulse thus the performance might be able to
increase the performance of the system. In receiver aspect, first a linear filter is employed to
cut back the inter-user aligned interference, and so associate iterative FDE receiver is meant
to expeditiously separate the abstraction streams within the presence of residual inter-user
aligned interference at the output of the filter. The IBDFE based receiver primarily wont to
scale back the inter-user aligned interference and overall mean sq. error (MSE) at every
subcarrier in MC-CDMA and additionally scale reduce the no of iterations at the transmitter.
In this system achieves the most degrees of freedom provided by the IA precoding, and also
provide high space-diversity gain.
CDMA Transmitter and Receiver Implementation Using FPGAIOSR Journals
Abstract: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a spread spectrum technique that uses neither frequency channels nor time slots. With CDMA, the narrow band message (typically digitized voice data) is multiplied by a large bandwidth signal that is a pseudo random noise code (PN code). All users in a CDMA system use the same frequency band and transmit simultaneously. The transmitted signal is recovered by correlating the received signal with the PN code used by the transmitter. The DS - CDMA is expected to be the major medium access technology in the future mobile systems owing to its potential capacity enhancement and the robustness against noise. The CDMA is uniquely featured by its spectrum-spreading randomization process employing a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, thus is often called the spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA). As different CDMA users take different PN sequences, each CDMA receiver can discriminate and detect its own signal, by regarding the signals transmitted by other users as noise- like interferences. In this project direct sequence principle based CDMA transmitter and receiver is implemented in VHDL for FPGA. Modelsim 6.2(MXE) tool will be used for functional and logic verification at each block. The Xilinx synthesis technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGA Spartan 3E. Keywords: CDMA, DSSS, BPSK, GOLD code.
INVESTIGATION OF UTRA FDD DATA AND CONTROL CHANNELS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE ...ijngnjournal
In this paper, the main aim is to design and simulate UTRA FDD control channel in the presence of noise and wireless channel by using FDD library/Matlab box set that can be used to design and implement some
systems. Moreover, a test and verification of the library is achieved with different channel models such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fading and moving channel models. FDD library are employed to design whole transmitter and receiver. Then we had tested AWGN channel and some other channel models.
Also we illustrated what are control channels DCCH and the other one as understanding the whole system. Moreover, the standards have been covered as well as implemented the whole transmit and receive chain plus the generation of DPCH, DPCCH channel. we had tested the performance against the AWGN noise.
Then we have studied different channel models that are defined in the standard, used the few of them like the fading channel and moving channel. We have tried to compare the performance in terms of Monte Carlo simulation by producing the BER curves. We have also change some channel parameters like phase, number of multipaths and we have tried to see the performance of the model in the presence of actual channel model.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) could be a digital cellular tec.pdfannamalassociates
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) could be a digital cellular technology used for mobile
communication. CDMA is that the base on that access strategies like cdmaOne, CDMA-2000,
and WCDMA area unit designed. CDMA cellular systems area unit deemed superior to FDMA
and TDMA, that is why CDMA plays a essential role in building economical, robust, and secure
radio communication systems.
A Simple Analogy
Let’s take an easy analogy to grasp the thought of CDMA. Assume we\'ve a couple of students
gathered in a very room WHO would really like to speak to every alternative at the same time.
Nothing would be sonic if everybody starts speaking at constant time. Either they need to
alternate to talk or use totally different languages to speak.
The second choice is kind of just like CDMA students speaking constant language will perceive
one another, whereas alternative languages area unit perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly,
in radio CDMA, every cluster of users is given a shared code. several codes occupy constant
channel, however solely those users related to a selected code will communicate.
Salient options of CDMA
CDMA, that is predicated on the unfold spectrum technique has following salient options
In CDMA, each channel uses the total accessible spectrum.
Individual conversations area unit encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence so transmitted
employing a wide frequency vary.
CDMA systematically provides higher capability for voice and knowledge communications,
permitting a lot of subscribers to attach at any given time.
CDMA is that the common platform on that 3G technologies area unit designed. For 3G, CDMA
uses 1x EV-DO and EV-DV.
Third Generation Standards
CDMA2000 uses Frequency Division Duplexing-Multicarrier (FDD-MC) mode. Here,
multicarrier implies N × one.25 Mc channels overlaid on N existing IS-95 carriers or deployed
on unoccupied spectrum. CDMA2000 includes
1x — uses a spreading rate of one.2288 Mcps.
3x — uses a spreading rate of three × one.2288 Mcps or three.6864 Mcps.
1xEV-DO (1x Evolution – knowledge Optimized) — uses a spreading rate of one.2288 Mcps,
optimized for the info.
WCDMA/FDD-DS — band CDMA (WCDMA) Frequency Division Duplexing-Direct Sequence
spreading (FDD-DS) mode. This encompasses a single five Mc channel. WCDMA uses one
carrier per channel and employs a spreading rate of three.84 Mcps.
CDMA Development cluster (CDG)
The CDMA Development cluster (CDG), supported in Dec 1993, is a world pool of firms. It
works along to steer the expansion and evolution of advanced wireless telecommunication
systems.
CDG is comprised of service suppliers, infrastructure makers, device vendors, equipment
vendors, application developers, and content suppliers. Its members put together outline the
technical needs for the event of complementary systems CDMA2000 and 4G. Further, the ability
with alternative rising wireless technologies area unit meant to extend the provision of wireless
merchandise and services to customers and .
Successful interference cancellation with Blind Equalization method for MC-CD...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The increasing demand for wireless services has created the need for cost effective transmission techniques that can exploit scarce spectral resources efficiently. Inorder to achieve the high data rates needed to meet the quality of service requirements of future multimedia applications, MC-CDMA has been considered as good air-interface candidate, especially for the downlink. However, the user capacity of MC-CDMA system is essentially limited by interference. This interference can be mitigated by employing precoding techniques, IB-DFE based receivers and other efficient interference suppression techniques. In the proposed system, combined Iterative IA precoding at the transmitter with IB-DFE based processing at the receiver is suggested for MC-CDMA systems. The matrices for this nonlinear space-frequency equalizer are obtained by minimizing the overall MSE of all data streams at each subcarrier.
This document provides an overview of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It discusses how OFDM works by splitting a data stream into multiple parallel sub-carriers that are then modulated and overlapped without interference. The document reviews the history and development of OFDM over decades. It also discusses how OFDM compares to other multiple access techniques like Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and how OFDM allows for higher spectral efficiency.
1. The document discusses various topics related to data communication and computer networks including Point to Point Protocol (PPP), media access control, multiplexing techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM), and controlled access methods like reservation, polling, and token passing.
2. It provides details on PPP components, types of multiplexers, uses of FDM and WDM, synchronous and asynchronous TDM, and how reservation, polling, and token passing control access to shared media.
3. Controlled access methods like token passing aim to prevent collisions by allowing only one node to transmit at a time, while random access techniques
Dense wavelength division multiplexing....Arif Ahmed
The document discusses performance analysis of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical transmission systems. It begins with an introduction to DWDM, which allows transmission of up to 132 wavelengths over a single fiber. Section 2 provides an overview of optical fiber transmission and prior multiplexing techniques such as time division, frequency division, subcarrier, and coarse and dense wavelength division multiplexing. Section 3 indicates that the performance of DWDM will be analyzed using its application in NEMO, ANTARES, and KM3NeT underwater neutrino telescope experiments.
An Approach to Improve the Quality of Service in OFDMA Relay Networks via Re-...iosrjce
With the next-generation cellular networks making a transition toward smaller cells, two-hop
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) relay networks have become a dominant, mandatory
component in the 4G standards (WiMAX802.16j, 3GPP LTE-Adv.). Here we are using the multicasting strategy
Given the growing importance of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 4G networks, the
latter forms the focus of this project. The main aim of this project is to improve the performance of the OFDMA
based relay networks. The OFDMA transmission Scheme is a widely accepted scheme for improving the quality
and speed of communication over the 4G cellular network. There are two different models designed for OFDMA
relay networks .Distributed (DP) and Contiguous (CP) permutations. We are checking the performance of two
algorithms The linear programming algorithm and the greedy algorithm by using two models of OFDMA for
multicast scheduling and after performance evaluation we select the best model and the algorithm for
transmission. We further improve the throughput via retransmission of lost packets during data transfer over the
specified network. We can detect the packet loss by packet synchronization technique and a request will be sent
by the destination for re-sending the lost packets which is called as Re-Transmission.[1]
This document discusses improving quality of service in OFDMA relay networks through retransmission. It analyzes two models for OFDMA transmission - distributed permutation and contiguous permutation. It evaluates the performance of two scheduling algorithms (linear programming and greedy) on these models to select the best one. Packet loss is detected using synchronization techniques, and retransmission is used to improve throughput by resending lost packets. The goal is to enhance performance of OFDMA-based relay networks for next-generation cellular standards.
The document discusses using device-to-device (D2D) communications to provide national security and public safety services when cellular infrastructure may be unavailable. It proposes a clustering solution where user equipment take on roles like cluster head, synchronization source, and resource manager. This allows for communication even without network coverage by enabling devices to directly communicate and self-organize. The clustering approach supports both infrastructure-based and standalone D2D operation to ensure emergency access to services.
Similar to Cellular systems and infrastructure base wireless network (20)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
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Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Cellular systems and infrastructure base wireless network
1. Chapter5
Cellular Systems and Infrastructure-
Base Wireless Network
北京科技大学 通信工程系 中山张
系方式:联 18610562032
箱:邮 zhangzs@ustb.edu.cn
2. Fading and interference are the two key challenges in wireless mobile communications.
While fading has impacts on the coverage and reliability, interference affects the
reusability of spectral resource in space.
Cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving the problem of spectral congestion
and user capacity. It offers very high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation without any
major technological changes;
In a cellular system, each base-station (BS) is assigned a portion of the total number of
channels available to the entire system;
Conventionally, nearby BS’s are assigned different groups of channels, in order to mitigate
the interference from neighboring cells;
The available channels are distributed throughout the geographic region and may be
reused as many times as necessary.
Introduction
7. Macrocells are large size cells, each of which can cover a radius of up to 10 miles
in diameter, depending on the terrain;
Microcells provide a mid-sized coverage, popularly employed in urban and
suburban areas. A microcell typically offers a coverage area of less than two
kilometers in diameter;
Picocells are even smaller than microcells. A picocell typically covers an area of
less than two hundred meters in diameter and are typically used for indoor
applications;
Femtocells are currently the smallest cells. Each femtocell typically covers an area
of less than 20 meters in diameter for supporting two to four simultaneous calls.
Cellular Structures
8. Heterogeneous networks represent the integration of Macro-,micro-, pico- and
femtocells;
It is an efficient way to increase the system capacity and improve the network
coverage;
It provides efficient ways for making use of the radio resources;
It provides integrated approaches for high-flexibility resource management;
It is capable of providing various types of services with different QoS
requirements;
According to the QoS requirements, a service may be supported by one or
simultaneously by several wireless network interfaces.
Cellular Structures: Heterogeneous Networks
9. SRSO - Separate resources, separate operations (conventional);
CRSO - Common resources, separate operations (based on the
techniques, such as, cognitive radios operated in the interweave or
underlay paradigm);
CRJO - Common resources, joint operations (based on the
techniques, such as, cognitive radios operated in the overlay
paradigm).
Heterogeneous Networks: Typical Operation Modes
10. Frequency reuse is based on the property that a wireless signal transmitted decays
with its travel distance. Hence, two wireless signals of a given frequency generate little
interference, when their transmitters are separated with a sufficient distance;
In cellular wireless networks, frequency reuse allows significant increase of capacity.
For a cellular network having in total N channels, if each cell is assigned a group of S
channels, then, the N channels can be allocated to N = N /S cells, which forms a cluster
of size N . The corresponding frequency reuse factor is 1/N .
If a cellular network has M clusters, the total number of channels of the network is
then given by C = M SN = M N .
By contrast, when a cellular network has in total M cells, the total channels of the
network is then given C = MS = MN /N , which decreases as the cluster size N increases.
Frequency Reuse
11. Frequency Reuse: Patterns
(a) Frequency reuse pattern for N = 4 (b) Frequency reuse pattern for N = 7
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
2 4
2
3
42
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
1
4
5
6
2
7
4
1
3
4
12. Frequency Reuse Pattern: N = 13
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
Figure 2: Frequency reuse pattern for N = 32 + 12 + 3 × 1 = 13.
13. Explicitly, for obtaining the maximum capacity, we should choose cluster
size N = 1, which yields C = MN ;
In information theory, at high SNR, the capacity of a cellular system with a
frequency reuse factor 1/N is just 1/N of the capacity of a cellular system with
full frequency reuse;
However, when without using the advanced interference reduction
techniques or intelligently processing the interference, N = 1 means severe
intercell (co-channel) interference, which ultimately degrades the capacity of
the cellular networks.
In this context, then, how do we make N close to one, but without
generating much negative impacts?
Frequency Reuse - Summary
14. Duplex considers the techniques (or strategies) of communications against two
directions, generally, incoming and outgoing, or uplink and downlink in cellular
wireless systems.
FDD: frequency-division duplex;
TDD: time-division duplex;
CDD: code-division duplex.
Can we use MDD (multicarrier-division duplex) and what are its
advantages and disadvantages?
Duplex
15. U: Uplink (incoming)
D: Downlink (outgoing)
Figure 3: Illustration of the frequency-division duplex (FDD).
Duplex: FDD
16. For wireless communications systems based on FDD, the uplink (incoming) and
downlink (outgoing) are separated (orthogonal) in the frequency-domain;
In FDD-assisted wireless communications, the available frequency bandwidth is
divided into two subbands, one is for the uplink transmission and the other is for
the downlink transmission, which are supported by two carrier frequencies;
The uplink and downlink subbands are separated by a so-called guard-band.
FDD: Principles
18. Time-Division Duplex
U: Uplink (incoming)
D: Downlink (outgoing)
Figure 4: Illustration of the time-division duplex (TDD).
19. TDD: Principles
For the wireless communications systems based on TDD, the uplink
(incoming) and downlink (outgoing) communications are separated
(orthogonal) in the time-domain, while communicating within the
same frequency band.
In the TDD-based wireless systems the time-axis is divided into a
number of time-slots. A time-slot can be assigned either for the
uplink (U) transmission or for the downlink (D) transmission.
Due to the fact that wireless channels experience delay-spread,
which results in ISI, a certain amount of guard-time is usually inserted
between two adjacent time-slots.
21. CDD: Principles
CDD is for DS-CDMA systems;
Assume there is a set of codes {ci }, which are referred to as the smart codes
and have the properties:
a.The auto-correlation coefficients within a delay-window is zero or very small;
b.The cross-correlation coefficients within a delay-window is zero or very small;
Then, some smart codes can be allocated to support the uplink
communications, while the rests are allocated to support the downlink
communications;
In the CDD systems, both the uplink and downlink can be operated within the
same frequency band with the aid of the TDD.
23. Duplex: Can be MDD?
Uplink Downlink
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8
Frequency
Figure 5: Illustration of the multicarrier-division duplex (MDD), where 1/3 of the
subbands are allocated for uplink transmission and 2/3 of the subbands are allo-
cated for downlink transmission.
24. MDD: Principles
When multicarrier communications, such as SC-FDMA and OFDM,
are considered, MDD may be employed for the uplink (incoming) and
downlink (outgoing) transmissions;
MDD essentially belongs to the family of FDD;
In MDD-mode both the uplink and downlink channels are operated
within the same frequency band. A fraction of the subbands
(subcarriers) can be allocated for supporting the uplink transmission,
while the others for the downlink transmission;
In MDD-mode, according to the practical requirements, the number
of subbands allocated to the uplink or downlink of a user can be fixed
or dynamic. The number of subbands allocated to a user can also be
different from that allocated to another user.
26. Can We Use Hybrid Duplex?
FDD+TDD - let the frequency bands for the uplink/downlink hop,
alternatively;
TDD+MDD - the uplink transmits on one time-slot and the downlink
transmits on the other one, alternatively;
Full-Duplex (FDX) - How far away is it from practical applications?
What are the main challenges? If cannot double the capacity, how much
can be attained?
27. Multiple-access/Multi-cast Techniques
In wireless communications, multiple users are supported by the so
called multiple-access/multi-cast techniques, which typically include:
Frequency-Division Multiple-Access (FDMA): Split the channels in the
frequency domain;
Time-Division Multiple-Access (TDMA): Split the channels in the time
domain;
Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA): Using signature wave-forms
for users to transmit information in the same frequency band at the
same time;
Space-Division Multiple-Access (SDMA): Split the channels in the
space domain.
28. Figure 6: Illustration of channel configuration in FDMA systems. Different
users transmit signals on different frequencies at the same time.
29. Figure 7: Illustration of channel configuration in TDMA systems. Different
users transmit signals at different time-slots using the whole frequency-band
available.
30. Figure 8: Illustration of channel configuration in CDMA systems. Different users
are distinguished by their unique codes. All user signals are transmitted on the
same frequency-band at the same time.
31. Figure 9: Illustration of channel configuration in SDMA/CDMA systems. Different
users or user sets can also be distinguished by their locations.
32. FDMA: Typical Characteristics
FDMA can support transmission of both analog and digital signals;
The frequency band supporting a FDMA system is divided into a number
of subbands, which are called as user channels;
These user channels are designed to be orthogonal in the
frequency-domain;
Each communicating user occupies one to several channels;
Subband signals usually experience flat fading;
Typical examples of FDMA include classic FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc.
34. TDMA: Typical Characteristics
Single-carrier;
Time-axis is divided into the time-slots, which constitute the user
channels;
These user channels are orthogonal in the time-domain;
Each communicating user occupies one to several channels;
User signals are usually wideband signals experiencing
frequency-selective fading.
36. CDMA: Typical Characteristics
Each user is assigned one to several codes for signaturing its
transmitted signals;
Signature codes are expected to have good auto/cross correlation
properties;
User signals are wideband signals;
User signals usually overlap simultaneously in both frequency and time;
Can be operated either synchronously or asynchronously;
Wideband user signals, typically, experiencing frequency-selective
fading;
38. SDMA: Typical Characteristics
Multiple users are distinguished by their spatial signatures (channel
impulse responses);
User signals overlap simultaneously in both time and frequency;
SDMA shares most of the characteristics of CDMA;
SDMA is usually implemented associated with other multiple-access
techniques, such as FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, etc.
40. Handover
Handover is the procedure changing the assignment of a mobile unit from one BS
to another as the mobile moves from one cell to another:
Hard handover: A hard handover is the one in which the channel in the source
cell is released and only then the channel in the target cell is engaged. Thus the
connection to the source is broken before the connection to the target is made
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoff);
Soft handover: A soft handover is the one in which the channel in the source cell
is retained and used for a while in parallel with the channel in the target cell. In this
case the connection to the target is established before the connection to the
source is broken (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoff).
41. Received signal
at BS A
at BS B
T h1
T h2
T h3
H
LA LBL1L2L3 L4
Figure 10: Handover decision making schemes.
42. Advanced Techniques for
Cellular Communication Systems
Resource allocation;
Multi-cell cooperation/processing (MCCP);
Cognitive radios;
MIMO, massive MIMO;
Distributed antenna wireless systems;
Cellular social networks;
etc.
43. Resource Allocation
Resources in wireless communications include
Time;
Space;
Frequency spectrum;
Power.
Resource allocation says allocating a certain amount of frequency spectrum
and a certain amount of power to transmit signals from one chosen space to
another chosen space within a given duration of time.
44. Resource Allocation: Degrees-of-Freedom
In wireless communications, the resources of time, frequency and space
can in general be unified into a type of resource referred to as degrees-of-
freedom (DoFs):
Time-domain: DoFs represent the non-overlapping time-slots;
Frequency-domain: DoFs represent the non-overlapping channels;
Space-domain: DoFs represent the orthogonal spatial beams.
Then, resource allocation can be viewed as allocating the DoFs supported
by the correspondingly allocated power.
45. Resource Allocation
Typical objectives of resource allocation include
maximizing capacity (sum rate, throughput, etc.)
maximizing reliability (minimizing error rate, maximizing SINR, etc.)
or their joint (maximizing throughput at a given reliability, etc.)
Resource allocation may be implemented via
Centralized algorithms;
Distributed algorithms.
46. Figure 11: An example to show the potential of using resource allocation.
47. On the basis of information exchange among BS’s, MCCP can be classified into the
models:
√ CIRD-MCCP: exchange of both CIR information and data;
√ CIR-MCCP: exchange of CIR information only;
√ D-MCCP: exchange data only.
In view of global/local information exchange among BS’s, MCCP can be classified into the
models:
ⅹ Centralized MCCP: exchange of global information;
ⅹ Distributed MCCP: exchange of local information.
Hybrid model - formed by the combination of the above models.
MCCP: Possible Models
48. CIRD-MCCP - What can we do?
A multi-cell system is equivalent to a single-cell SDMA system;
Hence, all the transmission/detection techniques for single-cell SDMA system can
be extended for the MCCP;
A cellular system of M ideally connected BSs, each with J antennas, is capable of
supporting in total JM users, regardless of how strong the interference among them
is;
At the BSs, optimum encoding/decoding can be operated, allowing to achieve the
sum rate of multi-user MIMO systems;
etc.
49. CIR-MCCP - What can we do?
Scheduling;
Coordinated power-control/allocation;
Coordinated transmitter/receiver beamforming;
Advanced coding for interference mitigation: specifically designing transmit signals
to facilitate detection at neighboring cells;
Interference alignment: specifically designing transmit signals so that the
interferences are always constrained at the confined subspaces at each receiver, which
allows the receiver to efficiently reject the interference.
etc.
50. D-MCCP - What can we do?
Uplink: Interference cancellation;
Uplink: BS-level decode-and-forward;
Downlink: Distributed space-time coding to achieve transmit diversity;
Downlink: Distributed transmitter preprocessing to maximize
reliability/throughput;
etc.
51. A Double-Cell Example a
H22
K users K users
H11 H21 H12
B1 B2
α α
BS Cooperation
a X. Ju, L.-L. Yang, et.al, “Spectral-efficiency of multicell DS-CDMA/SDMA systems with base-station co-
operation, submitted for Publication.
53. Spectral-Efficiency: Optimum Multiuser Detection
(OMUD) with Ideal BS Cooperation
(bits/s/Hz/Cell) (3)
where E [·] is with respect to H given by
(4)11 12
21 22
H H
H
H H
= ÷ ÷
2 2 2
1 1
l og det
2
H
N
C E I HH
σ
= + ÷
54. Spectral-Efficiency: Optimum Multiuser
Detection with Data Exchange
BS 1 detects as conventional, yielding the spectral-efficiency
(5)
where Σ12 denotes the covariance matrix of the interference from Cell 2 plus
the Gaussian noise.
BS 2 carries out parallel interference cancellation (PIC) before OMUD,
generating the spectral-efficiency
. (6)
In average, C = (C1 + C2 )/2 per cell.
1 2 22 222
1
log det H
C E I H H
σ
= +
( )1
1 2 11 11 12
l og det H
N
C E I H H
− = +
∑
55. Spectral-Efficiency:
MMSE-MUD without BS Cooperation
(bits/s/Hz/Cell) (7)
where γ1 represents the SINR of a user detected by MMSE-MUD,
(8)
and RI is the covariance matrix of interference plus noise.
1
1 11,1 11,1
H
I
h R hγ −
=
( )2 1
l og 1C K E γ = × +
56. Spectral-Efficiency:
MMSE-SIC without BS Cooperation
(9)
Explicitly, the MMSE-SIC without BS cooperation is capable of achieving
the capacity of the optimum detection without BS cooperation.
( )1
2 11 11
l og det H
C E I H H
− = +
∑
57. Spectral-Efficiency:
MMSE-SIC with Data Exchange
The spectral-efficiency of the kth user in Cell 1 is
(10)
The per cell spectral-efficiency is
(bits/s/Hz/Cell) (11)
1( )
11 11 11, 11,1 0
( )
k kk H H
I i ii j j
R H H h h ψ
−
= =
= + − −∑ ∑ ∑ and by definition
0 12, 12,0, ;H
j j jh hψ ψ= =
( )
1
( k)
2 11, 11,
l og 1 , 1, 2, ,H
k k I k
C E h R h k K
− = + = ÷
L
1
k
k
k
C C
=
= ∑
58. Spectral-Efficiency Comparison
Ideal Cooperation: OMUD with ideal BS cooperation;
Single-Cell Bound: One isolate cell;
OMUD-PIC-DE: OMUD-PIC with data exchange;
MMSE-MUD: MMSE-MUD without BS cooperation;
MMSE-SIC: MMSE-SIC without BS cooperation;
MMSE-SIC-DE: MMSE-SIC with data exchange.
63. MCCP: Main Challenges
Theoretic capacity of multi-cell systems, when the effect of propagation
pathloss, shadowing, fast fading are taken into account, as well as when different
information exchange schemes are considered;
Trade-off between achievable performance and the amount of information
shared among the BS’s;
Design of efficient information exchange algorithms;
Design of the precoding/decoding algorithms that are practically reasonable,
robust and scalable;
Synchronization, channel estimation in large networks;
Effect of delay, mobility, etc.
64. Cognitive Radios
Conventional radios are regulated by fixed spectrum allocation policies, which
are operated in certain time frames, over certain frequency bands and within
certain geographical regions;
These static spectrum assignment policies have resulted in low-efficiency in
usage of the precious spectrum resources;
Cognitive radios (CR) provide possible solutions to the spectrum congestion
problem by introducing opportunistic access of the licensed frequency bands that
are under-utilized;
Furthermore, CRs provide novel approaches for making efficient use of the
resources in wireless communications.
65. Cognitive Radios: Main Functions
Main functions of cognitive radios can be summarized as :
Spectrum sensing - determining available spectrum holes for CR users and
detecting the presence of PR users;
Spectrum management - making the efficiency of the available spectrum as high
as possible;
Spectrum sharing - coordinating access to the spectrum;
Spectrum mobility - maintaining seamless transition from one spectrum to
another.
66. Spectrum Holes: Definition a
Conventional definition - a band of frequencies that are not being used by the
primary user of that band at a particular time in a particular geographic area.
Extended definition - one to several dimensions of a hyperspace (electro-space,
transmission hyperspace, radio spectrum space or simply spectrum space, etc.) of
radio signals that are not being occupied.
Note that, the dimensions of a hyperspace may include space, temporal,
frequency, code, angle of arrival, etc.
67. Spectrum Holes: Classification
According to the extended definition, spectrum holes may be classified as:
Frequency holes;
Temporal holes;
Time-frequency holes;
Space-frequency holes;
Space-time-frequency holes;
Code holes;
Angle-frequency holes;
Direction-frequency holes;
68. Interweave Paradigm: CR users opportunistically exploit available spectrum holes
to carry out their communications, without degrading the communication quality
of PR users.
Underlay Paradigm: CR users carry out communications along with PR users,
under the constraint that the interference caused by the CR users to the PR users
does not degrade the PR users’ communication quality;
Overlay Paradigm: Both CR and PR users carry out communications using the
same frequency spectrum in the same space. For the overlay paradigm, knowledge
to each other and cooperation between the CR and PR users are critical;
Operating Paradigms of Cognitive
Radios
69. fU
fU
fD
fD
A near border CR imposes severe interference
on a near boarder PR’s receiving
multiple cells
fU
fU
fU
A CR close to BS imposes severe interference
on receiving signals from a near boarder PR
CRs in FDD Cellular PR Networks
CR user
PR user
Imposes interference on
70. FDD Cellular PR Networks:
Characteristics
CRs may know the locations of the PR base-station’s (BS’s); They may also know the
locations of the PR mobile terminals;
CRs may know the PR signal’s parameters, such as frequency band, modulation, pilots,
number of active users, data rates, etc.;
CRs may use coherent techniques to estimate the PR signals, whenever necessary;
CRs may exploit the pilot information transmitted by the PR networks;
CRs may cooperate with the PR BS’s or/and with the PR mobile terminals;
CRs interfere either the uplink or downlink of the PR networks;
CRs using downlink band may impose high interference on nearby mobile terminals, when
the CRs are deployed near borders of cells;
71. Spectrum Holes in FDD PR Systems
FDM
FDMA
TDM
TDMA
CDM
CDMA
FDD cellular PRs
Space-frequency holes
(if employs frequency reuse)
Space-frequency holes near
border for uplink band
Space-frequency holes near
BS for downlink band
Time-frequency holes when PR under-load
Space-frequency holes when a PR user and
a CR user are at different locations, directions, etc.
Temporal holes when PR under-load
Space-time holes when a PR user and
a CR user are at different locations, directions, etc.
Code holes when PR under-load
Space-code holes when a PR user and
a CR user are at different locations, directions, etc.
72. f
f
f
f
f
ff
f
f
f
f
f
A CR user my interfere both uplink and
downlink PR users
CRs in TDD Cellular PR Networks
CR user
PR user
f
Imposes interference on
multiple users in multiple cells
73. TDD Cellular PR Networks: Characteristics
CRs may know the locations of the PR BS’s; CRs may also know the locations of the PR
mobile terminals;
CRs may know the PR transmitted signal’s parameters, such as frequency band,
modulation, pilots, number of active users, data rates, etc.;
CRs may use coherent techniques to estimate the PR signals, whenever necessary;
CRs may exploit the pilot information transmitted by the PR networks;
CRs can estimate their interference on the PR users using channel reciprocity;
CRs may cooperate with the PR BS’s or/and with the PR mobile terminals;
CRs interfere simultaneously both uplink and downlink of the PR networks;
CRs deployed near borders of the cells may impose high interference on the nearby
mobile terminals;
74. FDM
FDMA
TDM
TDMA
CDM
CDMA
Spectrum Holes in TDD PR Systems
Time-frequency holes when PR under-
load;
Space-frequency holes when a PR user and
TDD cellular PRs
Space-frequency holes
(if employs frequency reuse)
Temporal holes near border
during uplink transmission
Temporal holes near BS
during downlink transmission
a CR user are at different locations, directions, etc. ;
Space-time-frequency holes near border
when an uplink PR user is near BS;
Space-time-frequency holes near BS
when a downlink PR user is near border;
Temporal holes when PR under-load;
Space-temporal holes when a PR user and
a CR user are at different locations, directions, etc.;
Space-temporal holes near border
when an uplink PR user is near BS;
Space-temporal holes near BS
when a downlink PR user is near border;
Code holes when PR under-load;
Space-code holes when a PR user and
a CR user are at different locations, directions, etc.;
75. General MIMO and Massive MIMO
MIMO:
System model;
Capacity of MIMO channels;
Main challenges.
Massive MIMO:
Definition and principles;
Main advantages;
Main challenges.
76. MIMO
Main References:
1. The materials are mainly from: Yang, Lie-Liang, (2009) Multicarrier
Communications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Chichester, UK.
2. Cover, T.M. and Thomas, J.A., (1991) Elements of Information Theory, (New
York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc).
3. Telatar, I.E., (1999) “Capacity of multiantenna Gaussian channels”, European
Trans. on Telecomm., Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 585-595, Nov./Dec.
78. MIMO: Received Signal Representation
Let us consider a MIMO system employing M transmit antennas and N receive
antennas as shown in Fig. 16. The output-input relationship of the MIMO system
can be described by the equation of
(12)
(13)
where the input and output vectors are
(14)
(15)
nHxy +=
∑=
+=
M
m
mm nxh
1
T
Mxxxx ],,,[ 21 =
T
Nyyyy ],,,[ 21 =
79. MIMO: Received Signal Representation
where hm represents the signature of symbol xm ;
The N -length noise vector is
(16)
(17)
The (N × M ) MIMO channel matrix is
=
=
NMNN
M
M
M
hhh
hhh
hhh
hhhH
...
...
...
],,,[
21
22221
11211
21
T
Nnnnn ],,[ 21 =
80. MIMO Capacity: Assumptions
The M number of symbols in x are drawn from a discrete source with zero mean
and a common variance of 1/M , i.e., E [xm ] = 0 and E [x2m ] = 1/M ;
The channels are memoryless. Each element of H obeys the complex Gaussian
distribution with mean zero and a variance 0.5 per dimension. In other words, the
channel from any transmit antenna to any receive antenna is assumed to
experience (flat) Rayleigh fading;
The noise vector n is assumed to be the complex Gaussian noise vector, each
element of n is modeled as an iid complex Gaussian random variable with zero
mean and a variance of σ2 /2 = 1/2SNR per dimension, where SNR represents the
average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per receive antenna.
81. MIMO Capacity: General
Given the MIMO equation of (12) and the channel matrix H , the capacity of the
MIMO channel can be obtained by solving the optimization problem:
(18)
where
: covariance matrix of the transmitted vector x;
I (x; y | H ): mutual information between x and y , when H is given.
arg)( =HC )}|;({max
1)(:
HyxI
xQTracex ≤
][ H
x xxEQ =
82. MIMO Capacity: General
The mutual information I (x; y | H ) can be expressed as
I (x; y | H ) = h(y | H ) − h(y | x, H )
= h(y | H ) − h(Hx + n | x, H )
= h(y | H ) − h(n | x, H )
= h(y | H ) − h(n)
(19)
where h(·) denotes the differential entropy:
where is the covariance matrix of y .
];)[(log)( 2
2
N
enh σπ= )],det()[(log)|( 2 y
N
ReHyh π=
H
xNy HHQIR += 2
σ
83. MIMO Capacity: General
Consequently, the mutual information can be expressed as:
(20)
Finally, the capacity of the MIMO system can be obtained by solving the
optimization problem:
(21)
)]det()[(log)]det()[(log)|;( 2
2
2
2 N
NH
xN
N
IeHHQIeHyxI σπσπ −+=
]
)det(
)det(
[log 2
2
2
N
H
xN
I
HHQI
σ
σ +
=
)]
1
[det(log 22
H
xN HHQI
σ
+=
2 2: ( ) 1
1
(H) max { ( ; | } l og [ det ( )]
x
H
N xx Trace Q
C arg I x y H I HQ H
σ≤
= = +
84. Capacity of MIMO Channels
CSI/CSI mode: both transmitter and receiver employ channel state information
(CSI);
CDI/CSI mode: transmitter employs only channel distribution information (CDI)
and receiver employs channel state information (CSI).
85. MIMO Capacity: CSI/CSI Mode
When the MIMO systems are operated under the CSI/CSI mode:
both the transmitter and receiver can perfectly track the MIMO channel
matrix H ;
the transmitter can use the information about H to carry out transmitter
preprocessing, in order to achieve the capacity;
the necessary condition for achieving the capacity is that X should be chosen
to make a diagonal matrix, where Us is obtained from
sx
H
s UQU H
sss
H
UUHH ∑=
86. MIMO Capacity: CSI/CSI Mode
Let the rank of H be G. Then, G = min{M, N } with a probability of one, when each
element in H is an iid complex Gaussian random variable.
Let
(22)
Then, the capacity of the MIMO channels is given by
(23)
where µ is a maximal positive constant satisfying
(24)
associated with for g = 1, 2, . . . , G
},,,{
},,,{
21
21
GsS
HH
s
Gsx
H
s
diagHUHU
diagUQU
λλλ
ββββ
=∑=
==
+
=
∑==
G
g
g
HyxIHC
1
22max ][log)|;()(
σ
µλ
1)()()(
1
≤===∑=
xsx
H
s
G
g
g QTraceUQUTraceTrace ββ
+
−= )/( 2
gg λσµβ
87. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Independent Rayleigh fading channel, CSI/CSI mode
18
(M=1, N=1)
(M=2, N=1)
(M=1, N=2)
(M=2, N=2)
(M=4, N=1)
(M=1, N=4)
Figure 17: Capacity versus SNR for the MIMO (M N ≤ 4) systems operated under the
CSI/CSI mode, when communicating over Rayleigh fading channels.
MIMOCapacity,(bits/transmission)
SNR, (dB)
88. MIMOCapacity,(bits/transmission)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
25
20
Independent Rayleigh fading channel, CSI/CSI mode
30
(M=12, N=1)
(M=1, N=12)
(M=6, N=2)
(M=2, N=6)
(M=4, N=3)
(M=3, N=4)
15
10
5
SNR, (dB)
Figure 18: Capacity versus SNR for the MIMO (M N = 12) systems operated under the
CSI/CSI mode, when communicating over Rayleigh fading channels.
90. CSI/CSI Mode: Observations
The capacity surface is symmetric in terms of M and N , which suggests that:
The capacity of the MIMO system using M transmit antennas and N receive
antennas is the same as that of the MIMO system using N transmit antennas and
M receive antennas, when the MIMO system is operated under the CSI/CSI mode.
91. MIMO Capacity: CDI/CSI Mode
For the MIMO systems operated under the CDI/CSI mode:
The receiver employs ideal knowledge about H ;
The transmitter knows only the MIMO channel’s distribution information;
Hence, the transmitter can only design the transmitted signals using the MIMO
channel’s distribution information;
The transmitted signal vector x is hence independent of the MIMO channel matrix
H ;
92. MIMO Capacity: CDI/CSI Mode
Proved by Telatar that, in order to achieve the capacity under the CDI/CSI mode,
the transmitted signal vector x should be circularly symmetric complex Gaussian
with zero mean and a covariance matrix
Correspondingly, the ergodic capacity of the MIMO channels under CDI/CSI mode
is
[bits/transmission] (25)
[bits/transmission]
(26)
Mx I
M
Q
1
=
)]}
1
[det({log 22 HH
M
IEC H
MH
σ
+=
)]}
1
[det({log 22
H
NH HH
M
IE
σ
+=
93. Special Case 1: Capacity of SISO
For a memoryless SISO system, the capacity is given by
(27)
where
represents the SNR;
h is the normalized complex gain of the wireless channel.
)||
1
1(log 2
22 hC
σ
+=
)||1(log 2
2 hγ+= [bits/transmission]
2
/1 σγ =
94. Special Case 2: Capacity of SIMO
For a memoryless SIMO system the capacity is given by
[bits/transmission] (28)
where
hn : the normalized complex gain of the channel associated with the nth
receive antenna;
N : the number of receive antennas;
Maximal ratio combining (MRC) based detection : optimum and achieves the
capacity.
)]||
1
1([log
1
2
22}{ ∑=
+=
N
n
nh hEC n
σ
95. Special Case 3: Capacity of MISO
For a MISO system, the capacity is given by
[bits/transmission]
where
hm : the normalized complex gain with respect to the mth transmit antenna;
M : the number of transmit antennas;
Open-loop optimum transmitter coding : required for achieving the capacity.
)]||
1
1([log
1
2
22}{ ∑=
+=
M
m
mh h
M
EC m
σ
(29)
96. Special Case 4: N is fix, M → ∞
When in (26) N is fixed, by the law of large number, we have
(30)
with probability one.
In this case,
[bits/transmission] (31)
which shows that the capacity of the MIMO system increases linearly with the number of
receive antennas.
)]}
1
[det({loglim 22
H
NH HH
M
IEC
σ
+=
)
1
1(log
)]
1
[det(log
22
22
σ
σ
+×=
+=
N
II NN
N
H
M
IHH
M
=
∞→
1
lim
97. Special Case 5: M is fix, N → ∞
When in (25) M is fixed, by the law of large number, we have
(32)
with probability one.
In this case,
[bits/transmission]
which shows that the capacity of the MIMO system increases at least linearly with the
number of transmit antennas.
)]}
1
[det({loglim 22 HH
M
IEC H
MH
N σ
+=
∞→
M
H
M
IHH
N
=
∞→
1
lim
)
1
1(log)][det(log
)]}
1
[det({loglim
2222
22
σσ
σ
+×≥+=
+=
∞→
MI
M
N
I
HH
M
IE
MM
H
MH
N
(33)
98. MIMO Capacity: CDI/CSI Mode
In general, if both the number of transmit antennas M and the number of
receive antennas N simultaneously become large, the capacity of the MIMO
system then grows at least linearly with G = min(M, N ).
99. If the value of M = N is sufficiently high, we have
(34)
with probability one.
Hence, when M = N → ∞, the capacity of the MIMO system satisfies
(35)
Therefore, when the values of both M and N are sufficiently high, the capacity of
the MIMO system increases at least linearly with the SNR value.
)
1
det()
1
det( 22 MM
H
M I
M
IHH
M
I
σσ
+≥+
)]}
1
[det({loglim 22 HH
M
IEC H
MH
M σ
+=
∞→
eSNRe
M
I
M
IE
M
M
MMH
M
22222
22
loglog
1
])
1
1[(loglim
)]}
1
[det({loglim
×==+=
+≥
∞→
∞→
σσ
σ
Special Case 6: M = N → ∞
100. Independent Rayleigh fading channel, CDI/CSI mode
MIMOCapacity,(bits/transmission)
Figure 19: Capacity versus SNR for the MIMO ( ) systems operated
under the CDI/CSI mode, when communicating over Rayleigh fading channels.
4≤MN
101. Independent Rayleigh fading channel, CDI/CSI
MIMOCapacity,(bits/transmission)
SNR, (dB)
Figure 20: Capacity versus SNR for the MIMO (M N = 12) systems operated
under the CDI/CSI mode, when communicating over Rayleigh fading channels.
102. Figure 21: Capacity versus the number of transmit/receive antennas for the MIMO
systems operated under the CDI/CSI mode, when communicating over Rayleigh
fading channels with = SNR = 1.
2
σ
103. CDI/CSI Mode: Further Observations
Once the number of transmit antennas reaches the number of receive antennas,
further increasing the number of transmit antennas only results in marginal increase of
capacity.
The reason is that, once M ≥ N , using the approximation of H H H
/M ≈ I N we obtain
(36)
which suggests that the capacity of the MIMO system retains nearly constant,
once the number of transmit antennas is sufficiently high.
+=
+=
+≈
+=
2222
22
22
1
1log
1
detlog
1
detlog
11
detlog
σσ
σ
σ
NII
IIE
HH
M
IEC
NN
NNH
H
NH
104. Figure 22: Capacity versus the number of transmit/receive antennas for the MIMO
systems operated under the CDI/CSI mode, when communicating over Rayleigh
fading channels with = SNR = 1.
2
σ
105. CDI/CSI Mode: Further Observations
When the number of receive antennas exceeds the number of transmit antennas, the
capacity of the MIMO system increases more or less following the logarithm law;
The reason is that, if N > M , using the approximation of H H
H /N = I M, we have
(37)
Hence, for a fixed value of M , the capacity of the MIMO system increases with the
logarithm of N representing the number of receive antennas.
+=
+=
+≈
+=
2222
22
22
1logdetlog
detlog
1
detlog
σσ
σ
σ
M
N
MI
M
N
I
I
M
N
IE
HH
NM
N
IEC
MM
MMH
H
MH
107. CDI/CSI Mode: Observations
The capacity surface is asymmetric in terms of M and N , which
suggests that:
The capacity of the MIMO system using M transmit antennas and N receive
antennas is not the same as that of the MIMO system using N transmit antennas
and M receive antennas;
Given M > N , the system using M transmit antennas and N receive antennas
may achieve significantly smaller capacity than the system using N transmit
antennas and M receive antennas.
108. If M and N simultaneously become large, the capacity of the MIMO system
grows linearly with G = min(M, N );
The linearly growing capacity is achieved, when communicating over a rich
scattering environment providing independent transmission paths from each
transmit antenna to each receive antenna;
This characteristics of linearly growing capacity is retained, provided
that the receiver employs the channel state information, while the
transmitter employs either the channel state information (CSI) or channel
distribution information (CDI);
MIMO Capacity - Conclusions
109. MIMO Capacity - Conclusions
…
When the MIMO system employs multiple transmit antennas and when
the number of receive antennas is relatively low, such as when N ≤ M , the
capacity of the MIMO system operated under the CSI/CSI mode can be
significantly higher than the capacity of the MIMO system operated under
the CDI/CSI mode;
When the number of receive antennas is significantly higher than
the number of transmit antennas, ie., when N >> M , the capacity of the
MIMO systems under both the CSI/CSI and CDI/CSI modes is similar;
Hence, when operated under the CDI/CSI mode, it is de- sirable to use
more receive antennas, when M N is a con- stant.
110. Massive MIMO: References
1. P. Judge, “LTE may make way for massive MIMO,” in
http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/interview/lte-may-make-way-
for-massive-mimo-7376, 2010.
2. J. Hoydis, S. ten Brink, and M. Debbah, “Massive MIMO: How
many antennas do we need?,” in The 49th Annual Allerton
Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton),
pp. 545–550, IEEE, 2011.
3. J. Jose, A. Ashikhmin, T. Marzetta, and S. Vishwanath, “Pilot
contamination and precoding in multi-cell TDD systems,” IEEE
Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 10, pp. 2640 –
2651, August 2011.
4. F. Rusek, D. Persson, B. K. Lau, E. G. Larsson, T. L. Marzetta, O.
Edfors, and F. Tufvesson, Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and
Challenges with Very Large Arrays, IEEE Signal Proces. Mag., to
appear, 2012.
112. A system has a huge number, such as one to several hundreds, of antenna
elements;
The number of terminals simultaneously supported is not limited by the
number of antenna elements, but, instead, limited by the incapability to
acquire the necessary knowledge for supporting the system;
The number of antenna elements (or DoFs) is typically (or a least) an order
higher than the number of terminals supported.
Massive MIMO: Concepts [4]
113. Assume that a TDD-based cell, whose BS has N antennas, uses the massive
MIMO principles to support K mobile terminals, each of which employs one
antenna.
Reverse Link :
Forward Link :
yr = Hxr + nr
yf = HT xf + nf
(38)
(39)
where
N >> K , typically, N > 10K ;
yr , nr : (N × 1) complex vectors; yf , nf : (K × 1) complex vectors;
xr : (K × 1) complex vector; xf : (N × 1) complex vector;
H = [h1 , h2 , · · · , hK ]: (M × K ) propagation matrix.
Massive MIMO: System Model
114. Columns of H become (nearly) orthogonal ;
No user cooperation is required to achieve the sum-rate that is achievable when the
users are in cooperation;
Linear processing for transmission and detection, such as TMRC and MRC, is
optimum;
Background noise can be averaged out , the average SNR attainable
increases as the number of antennas increases;
The achievable performance is not much related to communication channels, owing to
the huge diversity .
The randomness in conventional MIMO becomes deterministic;
Performance of massive MIMO is robust, the failure of some antenna elements would
not result in much performance degradation.
( )1hh k
H
k →
( )0nh r
H
k →
k
H
IHH >−
Massive MIMO: Main Characteristics
115. Antenna correlation: Given the size of an antenna array, the antenna
elements become more correlated as the number of elements increases;
Pilot contamination: The pilot signals of one cell (Cell A) are polluted by the
pilot signals from the neighboring cells. Consequently, the transmitted vectors
from the BS of cell A will be partially focus on the terminals in the neighboring
cells;
Consequently, the system is entirely limited from the reuse of pilots in
neighboring cells;
Massive MIMO: Main Challenges
116. One of the important lessons learned from cellular systems is that the cell size
should be reduced, so that the limited spectrum
resource can be re-used by more small sized spaces, in order to increase the
system capacity;
Consequently, when covering a give area, more and more antennas can be
deployed to divide the space into many sub-spaces;
Distributed Antenna Cellular Concept
117. 120o
Figure 23: When each cell is divided into three sectors, three times of capacity
may be attained.
118. Figure 24: The capacity of using 7 distributed antennas in each cell can be much
higher than that of each BS using 7 co-located antennas
119. Figure 25: Can we use the distributed antenna systems, where each mobile user
is the center of a cell?
120. High capacity;
Low-power communications;
No power-control is necessary;
No handoff needs to be considered;
High-robustness to failure of some antennas;
It is a type of massive systems with distributed processing.
Distributed Antenna Cellular Systems: Possible
Advantages
121. Today, mobile devices have been integrated into our daily lives;
Mobile social networks (MSNs) are the mobile communication systems which involve
social relationship of mobile devices;
In MSNs, mobile users can access, share, and distribute data in mobile environments by
exploiting social relations;
MSNs belong to a class of delay tolerant networks (DTNs) that can take advantage of
human interaction and physical mobility;
In MSNs, the social aspects (behaviors) of mobile devices can be exploited in the context
of information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency of data exchange,
sharing, delivery services, etc.
Cellular Social Networks: Introduction
122. Mobile Social Networks: Small-World
Figure 26: The “six degrees of separation”model.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world-experiment)
123. Frequency and duration of encounter (contact);
Friendship of two mobile devices;
Community;
‘Small-world’ phenomenon.
Popularity (connectivity) of a mobile device;
Relationship of one mobile device with the other mobile devices;
Social Aspects in Social Networks
124. Mobile Social Networks: Friendship
T
t
0
T
t
0
T
t
0
T
t
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
∆ta
∆tb
∆tc
∆td
Figure 27: Cases of two people meeting with each other during [0, T ].
125. Routing;
Content distribution;
Coverage extension and intercell interference mitigation in cellular
mobile systems.
Communication in rural areas;
Emergency communication;
One laptop per child;
Mobile Social Networks: Applications
127. Conventional Double-Cell Cellular
Systems: Characteristics
Frequency band f1 is used for supporting the users near BSs;
In order to mitigate the intercell interference, frequency bands f2 and f3 are
assigned to the edge users of the left and right cells;
The total bandwidth is f1 + f2 + f3 and the frequency reuse factor is in [1/2, 1],
depended on the relative bandwidths of f1 , f2 and f3 ;
There exists trade-off between the frequency reuse factor and intercell
interference: intercell interference increases, as the frequency reuse factor tends
to one.
Furthermore, in order to guarantee the edge users’ QoS, BSs may need to
radiate possibly very high power.
129. Users are divided into the active subscribers (ASs), which may
communicate with both BSs and other mobile users, and the passive
subscribers (PSs), which only communicate with mobile users.
Content distribution is completed via two steps:
ASs first receive the content from BSs;
Contents are distributed by the ASs as well as the PSs that
have obtained the content, until all the mobile users receive
the content.
The strategy may be modified to consider the other rules, such as, that a
mobile user can turn to a BS to obtain the content, if it cannot get the content
from other mobile users.
Cellular Social Networks: Operations
130. One frequency band can be used for BSs to convey content to ASs, and
another frequency band can be used for content distribution within mobile users.
In this case, total two frequency bands are required, in comparison to three
required by the conventional scheme;
In FDD systems, content distribution among mobile users may be operated on
the uplink frequency band;
In either way, zero intercell interference is possible;
Furthermore, as BSs only communicate with the users close to them, low BS
transmit power is attainable;
Alternatively, cell size covered by BSs can be extended.
Cellular Social Networks:
Characteristics
131. Technology: novel techniques for physical layer, network layer, etc., energy-
efficient algorithms for mobile devices, novel resource allocation algorithms, etc.;
Good models that can closely model mobility patterns and social aspects;
Techniques dealing with different services with different QoS requirements;
Joint optimization algorithms that are capable of taking into account of
different social aspects;
Cross-network optimization algorithms that can efficiently and simultaneously
consider MSNs and other structured/unstructured wireless networks;
Algorithms dealing with selfishness and fairness;
Standardization.
MSNs: Challenges
132. Wireless communications systems without cells;
Wireless networking without layers;
No duplexing for up/down-links;
Cognitive radioing without primary/secondary users;
Wireless devices without limit on spectrum-access;
Wireless communications not just using radio signals;
Perspectives of Future
WComms
133. Chapter15 Cellular Systems and Infrastructure-Base Wireless Network
Word subscribers:4300million ; Chinese subscrbers:640million
Worldwide Telecom Statistics
136. A
C
E
D
B
G
F
C
E
D
B
G
F
A
C
E
D
B
G
F
A
Cellular Mobile Telephony
Reuse factor
is1/7
Frequency modulation
Antenna diversity
Cellular concept
Bell Labs(1957&1960)
Frequency reuse
Typically every 7 cells
Handoff as caller moves
Modifies CO switch
HLR, paging, handoffs
Sectors improve reuse
Every3 cells possible
137. 2
7
3 1
6
5
4
Sectoring
Frequency modulation
Antenna diversity
Cellular concept
Bell Labs(1957&1960)
Frequency reuse
Typically every 7 cells
Handoff as caller moves
Modifies CO switch
HLR, paging, handoffs
Sectors improve reuse
Every3 cells possible
139. 1st
Generation Analog Cellular Systems
Standard Region Frequency
(MHz)
Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
No. of
Channels
Modulation Data Rate
(kbps)
AMPS USA 824-849
869-894
30 832 FM 10
TACS Europe 890-915
935-980
25 1000 FM 8
ETACS UK 872-915
917-950
25 1240 FM 8
NMT 450 Europe 453-457.5
463-467.5
25 180 FM 1.2
NMT 900 Europe 890-915
935-960
12.5 1999 FM 1.2
C-450 Germany
Portugal
450-455.74
460-465.74
10 573 FM 5.28
RTMS Italy 450-455
460-465
25 200 FM -
Radiocom
2000
France 414.8-418
424.8-428
12.5 250 FM -
NTT Japan 870-885 25 600 FM 0.3
JTACS /
NTACS
Japan 860-870
915-925
25 400 FM 8.0
140. 2nd
Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems
System
Country
IS-54
USA
GSM
Europe
IS-95
USA
CT-2
Europe,
Asia
CT-3
DCT-90
Sweden
DECT
Europe
Access
Technology
TDMA /
FDMA
TDMA /
FDMA
CDMA /
FDMA
(DS)
FDMA TDMA /
FDMA
TDMA /
FDMA
Frequency
Band
BS(MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900
MS(MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD
RF Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
30 200 1250 100 1000 1728
Modulation Pi/4
DQPSK
GMSK BPSK /
QPSK
GFSK GFSK GFSK
Frequency
Assignment
Fixed Fixed Fixed Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic
Power
Control
MS Y Y Y N N N
BS Y Y Y N N N
Speech
Coding
VSELP RPE-LTP QCELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM
Speech rate
(kbps)
7.95 13
8
(variable
rate) 32 32 32
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps) 48.6 270.833 1228.8 72 640 1152
Channel
Coding
1/2 rate
convolution
1/2 rate
convolution
1/2 rate
forward,
1/3 rate
reverse,
CRC
None CRC CRC
142. GSM & GPRS
BSS
HLR
AuC
C, D
Gw-MSC
C
E,ISUP
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
GSM
04.08+
Call
MSC
VLR
A
UE
SMS-GW
Billing
Center
GGSN
PDN
Gi
Gb
SGSN
Data,
voice,
video
call
GSM
04.08+
Gr
Gc
Gn
CGw
Ga
Ga
SCP
STP
IN
gsm
SCFSSP IP Services
Circuit domain Packet domain
143. GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
Packet based Data Network
Well suited for non-real time internet usage including retrieval of email, faxes
and asymmetric web browsing.
Supports multi user network sharing of individual radio channels and time
slots.
Provides packet network on dedicated GSM radio channels
GPRS overlays a packet-switched architecture on existing GSM network
architecture
Variable performance…
Packet Random Access, Packet Switched
Content handling
Throughput depends on coding scheme, # timeslots etc
From ~ 9 kbps min to max. of 171.8 kbps (in theory!)
144. GPRS (contd..)
Modulation – GMSK
Symbol Rate – 270 ksym/s
Modulation bit rate – 270 kbps
Radio data rate per time slot – 22.8kbps
User data rate per time slot – 20kbps (CS4)
User data rate (8 time slots) – 160kbps, 182.4kbps
Applications are required to provide their own error correction scheme
as part of carried data payload.
145. GSM evolution to 3G
GSM
9.6kbps (one timeslot)
GSM Data
Also called CSD
GSM
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
GPRS
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
Uses 8PSK modulation
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
WCDMA
146. CS1 guarantees connectivity under all conditions (signaling and start of data)
CS2 enhances the capacity and may be utilised during the data transfer phase
CS3/CS4 will bring the highest speed but only under good conditions
Channel data rates determined by Coding Scheme
3dB7dB11dB15dB19dB23dB27dB C/I
0
4
8
12
16
20
MaxthroughputperGPRSchannel
(nettobitrate,kbit/sec)
CS 4
CS 3
CS 2
CS 1
Use higher coding schemes (less coding, more payload) when radio conditions are
good
147. EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
EDGE is add-on to GPRS
Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions
Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK – 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol)
Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps
Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9)
MCS(1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS(5-9) uses 8PSK modulation.
Uses Link adaptation algorithm
Modulation Bit rate – 810kbps
Radio data rate per time slot – 69.2kbps
User data rate per time slot – 59.2kbps (MCS9)
User data rate (8 time slots) – 473.6kbps
New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core network and the rest
remains the same
EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core
EDGE
150. UMTS
UMTS is the European vision of 3G.
UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE.
The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP).
Data rates of UMTS are:
144 kbps for rural
384 kbps for urban outdoor
2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
151. UMTS Network Architecture
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUCEIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
BTS
BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM
ME
USIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
154. Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!
For the consumer
Video streaming, TV broadcast
Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
For business
High speed teleworking / VPN access
Sales force automation
Video conferencing
Real-time financial information
Why 3G?
155. 3G services in Asia
CDMA (1xEV-DO)
Korea: SKT, KTF
Japan: AU (KDDI)
WCDMA / UMTS
Japan: NTT DoCoMo, Vodafone KK
Australia: 3 Hutchinson
Hong Kong: 3 Hutchinson
156. 3G Standards
3G Standard is created by ITU-T and is called as IMT-2000.
The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems to provide Global
Roaming.
158. cdmaOnecdmaOne
GSMGSM
TDMATDMA
2G
PDCPDC
CDMA2000
1x
CDMA2000
1x
First Step into 3G
GPRSGPRS 90%
10%
EDGEEDGE
WCDMAWCDMA
CDMA2000
1x EV/DV
CDMA2000
1x EV/DV
3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
3GPP Core
Network
CDMA2000
1x EV/DO
CDMA2000
1x EV/DO
HSDPAHSDPA
Expected market share
EDGE
Evolution
EDGE
Evolution
- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery for revenue growth
Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G
159. 2G 3G
and Beyond
IP
Evolution from 2G
systems
Revolution from subscriber
service expectations
Revolution from subscriber
service expectations
Come from IP
161. Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)
WEB browsing
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
Voice & SMS Presence/location
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
MMS picture / video
Multitasking
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
HSDPA
1-10
Mbps
WCDMA
2
Mbps
EGPRS
473
kbps
GPRS
171
kbps
GSM
9.6
kbps
Push-to-talk
Broadband
in wide area
Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
multimedia and games
Multicasting
Services roadmap
CDMA
2000-
EVDO
CDMA
2000-
EVDV
CDMA
20001x
162. Drawbacks of previous generation
1G compares unfavorably to its successors. It has low capacity, unreliable handoff,
poor voice links, and no security at all since voice calls were played back in radio
towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties.
2G technologies weaker digital signals may not be sufficient to reach a Cell tower.
2G Difficult roaming between countries using different systems.
Back ground Noise, lossy compression during CODECS.
Need of 3G
163. 3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless
telecommunications systems into a single global system that includes both
terrestrial and satellite components.
3G High-speed, mobile supports video and other rich media, always-on
transmission for e-mail, Web browsing, instant messaging.
It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU2000) family of
standards Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and
broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
What is New in 3G?
164. Global Roaming.
Send and Receive E-Mail Messages.
High Speed Web.
Superior Voice Quality.
Tele/Video Conferencing.
Electronic agenda meeting reminder.
3d Animation Games.
Website creating Using Mobile Phones.
Etc….
The Features of 3G
165. Our Real Time Implementation
in 3g Technology
…………….
166. • Both Remote and Local area
Students can easily get interact with
queries, and listen at the same time.
• Access in
Inside campus -
Remote areas -
WI-FI
Wi-Max
170. Features of Implementation
Both Local area and Remote areas Students
Can interact the teacher by
Queries
Suggestions
Feedback
Language Translation.
World wide access.
171. 2G & 3G — CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Spread spectrum modulation
Originally developed for the military
Resists jamming and many kinds of interference
Coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
All users share same (large) block of spectrum
One for one frequency reuse
Soft handoffs possible
Almost all accepted 3G radio standards are based on CDMA
CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
179. WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer
L3
con
trol
con
trol
con
trol
con
trol
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
C-plane signalling U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DCNtGC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMC L2/BMC
RRC
control
PDCP
PDCP L2/PDCP
DCNtGC
L3/RRC
180. Logical Channels Control Traffic
BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH SHCCH DTCH CTCH
Mac -b -c/sh -d
Common Dedicated
Transport Channels BCH PCH FACH RACH UL CPCH DSCH DCH
Physical Channels Mapped to Transport Channels Dedicated
PCCPH SCCPCH PRACH PCPCH PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface
Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface
Channels made by soft hats
WCDMA Channels
181. Mapping Between Channels
SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
DCCH
DTCH
RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Uplink Downlink
PCCPCH SCCPCHPRACH DPDCH
DPCCH
PDSCHPCPCH
Mapped
Physical
Channels
Dedicated
Physical
Channels
DPDCH
DPCCH
N to M
182. WCDMA Channel Usage Examples
Dedicated channels Common channels Shared channels
DCH FCH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH
Uplink/ Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, only
Downlink in TDD
Code Usage According to maxm Fixed Fixed Fixed Codes Codes
bit rate codes per codes per codes per shared shared
cell cell cell btw users btw users
Fast Power control Yes No No Yes Yes No
Soft handover Yes No No No No No
Suited for Medium or large Small Small Small or Medium Medium
data amounts data data medium or large or large
amounts amounts data data data
amounts amounts amounts
Suited for bursty No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
data
Flexibility comes with responsibility
184. WCDMA Power Control (near = far)
YY
NodeB
Keep received power
levels P1 and P2 equal
Power control commands
to the UEs
UE1
UE2
Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)
185. WCDMA Handovers
YY
sector 1
sector 2
RNC
The same signal is sent
from both sectors to UE
RNC
YY
YY
NodeB1
NodeB2
The same signal is sent from
both NodeB's to UE, except for the
power control commands
macro diversity
combining in uplink
Hard and Inter-frequency handovers
Intersystem cell-reselection
“Equivalent PLMN mode” (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)
Softer
Soft
186. BS1
BS2
A B
Time
Time
Level at point A
Level at point B
Handoff threshold
Minimum acceptable signal
to maintain the call
Level at point B(call is terminated)
Level at which handoff is made
(call properly transferred to BS2)
(a) Improper
Handoff
situation
(b) proper
Handoff
situation
READY_TO_SW
ITCH_IN
ACK_TO_S
WITCH_IN
DL
Transmission
UL Transmission
188. Handover Algorithm
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 1
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 2
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 3
Reporting_range
- Hysteresis_event 1A
T T T
Reporting_range
+ Hysteresis_event 1B
Hysteresis_event 1C
Connected to cell 1
Event 1A
- add cell2
Event 1C
= replace cell1
with cell3
Event 1B
= remove cell3
A relay race with multiple batons
189. Dimensioning Criteria
—Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service
Dimensioning
—Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor
—Estimation of average interference power
—Coverage end Outage probabilities
Optimization
—Performance Requirements
—Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes
Don’t force a round peg in a square hole
Network Dimensioning and Optimization
190. WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)
Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer
—Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate
—Authentications
Traffic class Conversational class Streaming class Interactive class Background
Fundamental Preserve time relation Preserve time Request response Destination is not
characteristics (variation) between relation (variation) pattern expecting the data
information entities of between information Preserve data within a certain time
the stream entities of the integrity Preserve data
Conversational pattern stream integrity
(stringent and low
delay)
Examples of the voice, Streaming Web browsing, Background
application videotelephony multimedia network games download of emails
video games
One way communications is no communications
191. Location Services (LCS)
SMLC
UE
Node B
LMU
type B
HLR
Gateway
MLC
External
LCS client
LeLg
Lh
LMU
type A
Um
Iu
Iub
gsmSCF
Lc
MSC
BSC
BTS
LMU
type B
A/ (Gb)/
(Iu)
Abis
SRNC
SMLC
Lb
Ls
Uu
<- alternative ->
(R98 and 99)
<- alternative ->
SMLC
Lp
UTRAN
GERAN
Cell ID based
Observed Time Difference Arrival – Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)
Network Assisted GPS
You can run but you cannot hide
192. 3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards
UMTS-WCDMA CDMA2000
"No' Backward Compatibility Backward compatibility with CDMAOne
Cell Sites not synchronized Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timing
Each cell site with different scrambling Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offset
code for spreading of same scrambling code for spreading
Complex soft Hand Over Simple Soft Hand Over
Scrambling code 38,400 chips; frame Preudo Random (PN) sequence of length
of 10 ms 2
15
- 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different
site offset of 64 chips
OVSF Codes Walsh Codes
193. CDMA 2000 Layered Structure
Unique to cdma2000
Signaling
Services
Packet Data
Application
Packet Data
Application
Packet Data
Application
TCP UDP
IP
PPP
High Speed
Circuit Network
Layer Services
LAC Protocol Null LACLAC
MAC
Control
State
Best Effort Delivery RLP
QoS ControlMultiplexing
MAC
Physical Layer
Upper
Layers
(OSI 3-7)
Link
Layer
(OSI 2)
Physical
layer
(OSI 1)
194. UMTS Spectrum Allocation
Europe
Japan
Korea
USA
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
GSM 1800
DL DECT
IMT-2000
TDD
IMT-2000
UL
MSS
UL
IMT-2000
TDD
IMT-2000
DL
MSS
DL
PHS
IMT-2000
UL
IMT-2000
DL
IMT-2000
DL
IS-95
DL
IMT-2000
UL
PCS/UL PCS/DL
195. WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols
PHY
Phy-up
MAC
RLC
RRC
MM
CM
ATM
AAL2
FP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
PHY
AAL5
SSCF-UNI
ALCAPNBAP
Phy-up
MAC
RLC
RRC
PHY
ATM
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
Iu
UP
AAL2
PHY
ATM
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
Iu
UP
AAL2
PHY
ATM
AAL2
FP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
PHY
AAL5
SSCF-UNI
ALCAP NBAP
UE Node B RNC Core
RANAP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
SCCP
MTP3B
RANAP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
MM
CM
SCCP
MTP3B
CODEC
200. Standards
IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)
IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)
IS-54: 1st
Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz channel
IS-88: CDMA
IS-91: Analog Callular air interface
IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface
IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)
IS-124: Call detail and billing record
IS-136: 2nd
Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)
IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)
IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability (WNP)
IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to TIA/EIA 95-B)
203. 3.5G Radio Network Evolution
High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access
Support flexible bandwidth up to 20 MHz, new transmission schemes, advanced
multi-antenna technologies, and signaling optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50 ms (dormant to
active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum
Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL
Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
Support voice services in the packet domain
Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
measurements
204. 3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved RAN
S1 Gi
Op.
IP
Serv.
(IMS,
PSS,
etc…)
Rx+
S2
GERAN
UTRAN
GPRS Core
Gb
Iu
S3
MME
UPE
Inter AS
Anchor
S4
non 3GPP
IP Access
HSS
PCRF
S5
S2
S7
S6
WLAN
3GPP IP Access
* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface
Source: www.3gpp.org
205. Upcoming
3.5 G
Evolved radio Interface
IP based core network
4G
New Air Interface
Very high bit rate services
Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP
worlds
And Now for Something Completely Different
206. Why Move Towards 4G?
Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia, full motion
video, wireless teleconferencing
Wider Bandwidth
Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards hampering global
mobility and service portability
Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new integrated network
Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more efficient modulation
schemes
Need all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged video and data
Incessant human desire to reach the sky
207. Where Do We Want to Go?
Seamless Roaming
Integrated “standard” Networks
Mobile Intelligent Internet
Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks
We are no longer in Kansas, Toto
208. It is a framework to meet the need of a universal highspeed wireless
networks.
It supports Interact multimedia services such as Tele conferrencing wireless
Internet over wide bandwidth with higher data rate.
It will will be in a reasonable low cost than previous Generation.
Still in the cloud of ITU and IEEE of 3GPP LTE from UMTS and WI -MAX
4’th Generation
209. New in 4G
Entirely Packet Switched Network
All Networks are Digital
Higher bandwidth at Low cost
(up to 100 mbps)
Tight Network Security
Potential Application :
Virtual Presence
Virtual Navigation
Tele Medicine
Tele geo-Processing
Crisis- management application
Education purpose
210. Mobile IP
VoIP
Ability to move around with the same IP address
IP tunnels
Intelligent Internet
Presence Awareness Technology
Knowing who is on line and where
Radio Router
Bringing IP to the base station
Smart Antennas
Unique spatial metric for each transmission
Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless
211. 4G Networks Advances
Seamless mobility (roaming)
—Roam freely from one standard to another
—Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor
networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV;
satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)
IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and video
—IP RAN
Open unified standards
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
—Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP
—Maintain several data streams within a single connection
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
—Automatic resource discovery
—Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-based
service and directory agents
The demise of SS7
213. Future Enhancement
• By Using 4G Technology, we aimed to
prepare that “Open Smart Classroom” in
Real time application using
Wi-Bro
with
• Specs with virtual Screen .
• Multi Language Translation.
WiBro (Wireless + Broadband)
214. Key 3G and 4G Parameters
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as
add-on
Converged data and VoIP
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue
Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-
band adapters
Smart antennas; SW multi-
band; wideband radios
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;
turbo
Concatenated Coding
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010
215.
216. The development of the mobile communication system
LTE
3G
2G
1G
Using the cellular network, widely used
standards AMPS, TACS, etc., using analog
technology and frequency division multiple
access (FDMA) technology.
The most widely used communication system,
including GSM, IS-95,etc., digital technology, Using
FDM, TDM, CDMA technology. Providing digitized
voice services and low-speed data services
International standards includes WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMax.
Technical indicators: Indoor rate is 2Mbps, outdoor rate is 384kbps, traffic
rate is 144kbps. Providing voice services, high-speed transmission ,
broadband multimedia services, wireless access to the Internet and so on.
OFDM and MIMO technology , in the 200MHz system
bandwidth, peak rate of downlink is 100Mbps, peak
rate of uplink is 50MHz. Providing high-rate data
transmission services such as VoIP and IMS.
217. UMTS long-term evolution
——The 3.9G era of LTE
The third
generation of
mobile
communication
technology
HSPA
Evolution to
LTE
802.16m
Wimax
technology
To evolution
along EV-DO
Rev.0/Rev.A/Rev.
B to UMB
218. The essence of LTE is the
contradictions and
unification between the
IEEE implemented
broadband access mobile
and 3GPP pursues
broadband mobile
communications.
219. LTE deployment in China
The first TD-LTE
demonstration network
in Shanghai World Expo
Xiamen: 100 LTE
base station
Guangzhou Asian
Games: TD-LTE
trial network
Zhuhai: 100 LTE base
station
220. Higher
(higher data rates, higher
spectral efficiency)
Faster
(low delay)
Stronger
(based on full-packet
and Large throughput)
222. Two Frame structure :FDD and TDD
Frame structure 1——Apply to FDD
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One Subframe
A radio frame which is suitable for FDD 1 frame structure is 10ms,
contains10 sub-frames, each sub-frame is 1ms, including two slots,
each slot is 0.5ms.
One Radio frame,
One Time slot,
223. DwPTS
GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
Subframe 0 Subframe 2 Subframe 3
Frame structure 2——Apply to TDD
One Radio frame,
A Half-frame,
One Time
slot
A subframe
Subframe 4 Subframe 5 Subframe 7 Subframe 8 Subframe 9
225. A basic requirement of the future mobile communication system is the
high data rate, but the high-speed data transmission of a communication
system is often subject to ISI and frequency selective fading caused by
multipath interference.
This phenomenon seems that one - way street road often will result rear-
end collision inter-Vehicle (inter-symbol interference of the vehicle),
because of the vehicle excessive ,in order to prevent the generation of the
rear-end, thereby to reduce the speed through extension into multiple
carriageway .
In LTE, in order to combat the inter-symbol interference and frequency
selective fading in multipath channel , we adopt narrow-band parallel data
transmission with cycle prefix , which transforms high-speed data flow to
multiplexed parallel data low-speed flow, namely, this transmission mode
is the OFDM.
227. MIMO can be roughly divided into three kinds :
transmission diversity, the spatial multiplexing and beamforming
Transmission diversity : providing more data flow copy by use of the weak
correlation of large space antenna or beam space between the channel , so
as to improve the reliability of the channel and to reduce the bit error rate.
Space reuse : the process which make use of the weak correlation of large
antenna spacing between the channel to transfer different data flow in the
corresponding channel . It is worth noting that the transmission diversity is the
transmission of the same data flow in different channel, while spatial
multiplexing is the transmission different data streams in different channel.
Beamforming : achieved by directivity of flowing antenna and leting the
electromagnetic wave from the antenna coming towards the direction of users.
228. LTE-Advanced
Peak Rate
Under the condition of low speed, IMT-Advancedte technology demands the
peak rate at a rate of 1 Gbps
Under the condition of high speed , IMT-Advanced technology demands the
peak rate at a rate of 100 Gbps
The peak rate of uplink reaches 1 Gbps
The peak rate of downlink reaches 500 Mbps
Time Delay
resident status
less than 50ms
activation
( in-
sync )
activation -“dormancy ”
( un-sync )
less than
10ms
Demand
233. eNB power on
( or cable
connection )
(A) Basic start
(B) Initialization
infinite configuration
(C) Optimization
/ Self-adaption
a-1:IP address configuration &operation
and maintenance system
a-2:Authentication of eNB/NW
a-3:connection to aGW
a-4:Dowmload eNB (and operating
parameters)
b-1:Adjacent village list configuration
b-2:Correlation parameter
configuration of covering capacity
c-1:Adjacent village list optimization
c-2:Coverage and capacity control
Self-Configuration
( Preliminary running
state )
Self-Optimizing
( Running
state )
Family base station——I’m not WIFI
234.
235. Network access securityNetwork domain safetyUser domain safety
Application domain safetyVisualization and
Configuring security
Information Security of B3G and 4G
Customer
Application
Supplier's Application
USI
M
Mobile
Equipment AN
Service
Network
HE
Transmission
layer
Local layer
/Service
layer
Application
layer
(Ⅳ)
( )Ⅰ ( )Ⅰ
( )Ⅰ
( )Ⅰ
( )Ⅱ
( )Ⅱ
( )Ⅰ( )Ⅰ(Ⅲ
)
System Security Framework
Network Domain Security
236. The security demand of LTE
The user to network security
• User identity and Device security
• User data and Signalling safety
USIM
Card
Encrypt ?
Valid User
Should I encrypt between
mobile station and USIM?
Safety visibility and Configurability
237. Base station (eNB) safety
S
1
S
1
X2
I must be legal,
and you?
Are you legal ?
Authentication Between Base Stationes
advantage
The FDD mode is efficient for transmission of symmetric traffics of the uplink and downlink;
It makes radio planning easier and more efficient. In principle, there is no interference between uplink and downlink signals. An uplink signal conflicts interference only from the uplink signals of the intra-cell and inter-cells, while a downlink signal conflicts interference only from the downlink signals of the intra-cell and inter-cells;
When doing resource allocation, uplink/downlink resource allocation only needs to consider the uplink/downlink channels, making the allocation relatively simple;
FDD is suitable for systems with cells of any size.
Disadvantages
The uplink and downlink channels are not reciprocal. Therefore, applying transmitter preprocessing techniques at BS in FDD-based systems is much more difficult than applying them in TDD-based systems;
The channel knowledge required for carrying out the transmitter preprocessing might have to be fed back from the receiver(s) to the transmitter(s). However, the feedback process introduces delay, resulting in inaccurate or even outdated channel information;
Feeding back channel knowledge requires extra bandwidth, which may substantially reduce the communications efficiency;
The separation of uplink and downlink frequency bands may result in low-efficiency of usage of the frequency resource.
Advantages
It is flexible to support asymmetric and variable rate transmissions;
Uplink (incoming) and downlink (outgoing) channels in TDD-based systems are reciprocal. The channel knowledge required for downlink transmitter preprocessing may be estimated from the uplink. However, the level of reciprocation is depended on the specific communications environments;
In cellular systems using TDD duplex, joint uplink/downlink resource allocation may be used to enhance the spectral efficiency.
TDD: Disadvantages
TDD-based systems have a high demand on system synchronization;
TDD duplex is not efficient when the uplink and downlink transmissions are symmetric;
The TDD duplex tends to conflict severe intra-cell and inter-cell interference. In a multicell TDD-based wireless system, an uplink (downlink) signal experiences interference not only from the other uplink (downlink) signals of its own cell but also from both the uplink and downlink signals of the other cells.
TDD duplex is only suitable for systems with small-sized cells.
Advantages
Since the auto-correlation equals zero, there is no multipath interference;
Since the cross-correlation equals zero, there is no multi-user interference. Hence, the near-far problem can be efficiently mitigated;
The systems may be operated asynchronously, provided that the (maximum) relative delay is within the constraint of the delay- window;
For the TDD-based CDD, the uplink and downlink are reciprocal, which is beneficial to using transmitter preprocessing;
As each user occupies a wide frequency bandwidth, frequency diversity can be achieved;
Disadvantage
When given the length, the number of smart codes is highly limited: the number of smart codes is inversely proportional to the width of the delay-window;
No frequency-domain resource allocation, when each user occupies a wide bandwidth;
: Advantages
The MDD-mode is capable of supporting asymmetric and variable rate traffics for the uplink and downlink;
In MDD-mode the channel knowledge required for downlink transmitter preprocessing may be obtained from the uplink with the aid of frequency-domain channel estimation or prediction;
The MDD-mode has a high flexibility for design or online reconfiguration;
The MDD-mode is beneficial to implementing joint uplink/downlink resource allocation;
- Disadvantages
One typical problem with MDD-mode is the added inter-carrier interference, which may degrade significantly the achievable performance when the channel fading becomes time-selective or when there are frequency offsets.
The MDD-mode may have a high demand on system synchronization;
Possibly added intercell interference;
a D.Gesbert, et.al, “Multi-cell MIMO cooperative networks: A new look at interference,” JSAC,
Vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 1380 - 1408, Sept. 2010.