Wireless network broadly utilized today incorporate, cell system, remote cross section system (WMNs), remote neighbourhood and individual zone system. The expanding interest for these systems has transformed range into a valuable asset. Consequently, there is dependably a requirement for techniques to pack more bits/Hz. In this paper, we list the purposes behind this far reaching doubt, and talk about how present and future patterns will expand the need and reasonability of multiuser collectors for both the uplink, where numerous offbeat clients will be all the while identified, and the downlink, where clients will be planned and generally orthogonal zed, yet the portable handset will in any case need to adapt to a couple of predominant meddling base stations. New results for impedance wiping out beneficiaries that utilization traditional front finishes are appeared to ease a large number of the deficiencies of earlier systems, especially for the testing uplink. This paper gives a diagram of key late research leaps forward on obstruction cancelation, and highlights framework level contemplations for future multiuser recipients.
Modelling and QoS-Achieving Solution in full-duplex Cellular SystemsIJCNCJournal
The global bandwidth scarcity and the ever-growing demand for fast wireless services have motivated the quest for new techniques that enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless systems. Most conventional SE increasing methods (e.g., adaptive modulation and coding) have already been exhausted. Single-channel full-duplex (SCFD) communication is a new attractive approach in which each node may simultaneously receive and transmit over the same frequency channel, and thus, it has the potential to double the current SE figures. In this paper, we derive a model for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in a SCFD-based cellular system with imperfect self-interference cancellation. Furthermore, given a set of uplink and downlink quality of service requirements, we answer the following two fundamental questions. First, is this set achievable in the SCFD-based cellular system? Second, if the given set is achievable, what is the optimal achieving policy? To that end, we provide a unified model for the SCFD-based cellular system, and give insights in the matrix of interference channel gains. Simulation results suggest that depending on the locations of the users, a combination of full-duplex and half-duplex modes over the whole network is more favourable policy
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Modelling and QoS-Achieving Solution in full-duplex Cellular SystemsIJCNCJournal
The global bandwidth scarcity and the ever-growing demand for fast wireless services have motivated the quest for new techniques that enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless systems. Most conventional SE increasing methods (e.g., adaptive modulation and coding) have already been exhausted. Single-channel full-duplex (SCFD) communication is a new attractive approach in which each node may simultaneously receive and transmit over the same frequency channel, and thus, it has the potential to double the current SE figures. In this paper, we derive a model for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in a SCFD-based cellular system with imperfect self-interference cancellation. Furthermore, given a set of uplink and downlink quality of service requirements, we answer the following two fundamental questions. First, is this set achievable in the SCFD-based cellular system? Second, if the given set is achievable, what is the optimal achieving policy? To that end, we provide a unified model for the SCFD-based cellular system, and give insights in the matrix of interference channel gains. Simulation results suggest that depending on the locations of the users, a combination of full-duplex and half-duplex modes over the whole network is more favourable policy
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
we find out various power aware and data packet rate control with-collision-avoidance (CSMA/CA)-based ad hoc wireless network communication. And identifies that CSMA
Performance Analysis of Energy Optimized LTE-V2X Networks for Delay Sensitive...IJCNCJournal
Energy-efficient relaying technology in multi-hop data transmission can help the challenges faced in cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (cellular-V2X) communication. However, due to high demand of emergency service requirements of the systems such as Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR), National Security and Public Safety (NSPS), Intelligent Transport System (ITS) etc., least energy consumed user equipment (UEs)/Vehicular-UEs are required which can either run real-time applications or relay the application data. To support these scenarios, we present a high way based system model in rural area and enhance its scope for applying single-hop direct, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X and Store-CarryForward (SCF) modes of uplink data transmission. We compare the performance of three modes of transmissions in terms of overall energy consumption and overall transmission delay with specific delay constraints of VoIP and video applications. With the varying cell radius and irrespective type of applications, our numerical results, validated with ns-3 show that, least energy is always consumed in SCF mode due to its inherent property but applications suffer a lot due to high delay incurred whereas singlehop direct mode shows the reverse. When compared with cellular-V2X mode, overall transmission delay for single-hop direct mode is acceptable within cell radius 600m but beyond that, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X mode always outperforms (with low latency and moderate energy consumption).
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
Investigation of Clock Synchronization Techniques and its Performance Impact ...ijctet
Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is an assortment of mobile nodes that area unit needed to transmit packets on behalf of every alternative. The mobile nodes maintain the topology data during a dynamic network among a selected vary. All nodes should remember of its neighbors that area unit directly approachable. The every node in network maintained next hop data of close neighbor nodes. The routing protocols area unit routed knowledge packets in between sender and receiver during a specific time instant. The time synchronization is maintained the communication clock cycle between the nodes. Time synchronization is an important element of a MANET. Time synchronization during a network aims at providing a typical duration for local clocks of nodes within the network. Since all hardware clocks area unit imperfect, local clocks of nodes could alienate from one another in time, thus determined time or durations of your
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
Interference aware resource allocation model for D2D under cellular network IJECEIAES
Device-to-Device communication (D2D) has emerged as an efficient communication model in future generation cellular network for offloading cellular traffic and enhance overall network performance. D2D communication aid in attaining better spectrum utilization, lower delay, and less energy consumption, which can well adapt to meet demand of higher transmission rate, larger network capacity. Further, enhances spectral efficiency by reutilizing resource. However, it may result in severe cross-tier interference and co-tier interference. Therefore, efficient interference modelling design are required to address performance degradation caused by the interferences. The existing model has focused on addressing interference considering D2D association operating on same cell with the cellular association. As a result, it incurs interference to the cellular user located in the same cell. However, practically D2D association in overlapping area will reutilize spectrum of multiple neighboring cells. As a result, it incurs interference in multiple cells. For overcoming research challenges, this work presented Interference Aware Resource Allocation (IARA) model for D2D under cellular network as a game theory model. This work consider a resource allocation game where base station as a contender for catering D2D resource needs under different assumptions. Experiment are conducted to evaluate performance of IARA. The outcome shows IARA attained significant performance improvement over state-of-art models in terms of sum rate (utility), successful packet transmission, revenue, and delay.
This ppt covers the following topics:
Structural evolution of cellular communications;
Frequency reuse;
Duplex techniques;
Multiple-access/broadcasting techniques;
Handover (handoff);
Multi-cell cooperation/processing;
Resource allocation;
Cognitive radios;
MIMO and massive MIMO;
Distributed antenna wireless communications;
Cellular social networks.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
Energy efficiency cross layer protocol for wireless mesh networkIJCNCJournal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel emerging tec
hnology that will change the world more effectively
and efficiently. It is regarded as a highly promisi
ng technology being increasingly important in mobil
e
wireless networks of the future generation. In this
paper, we consider energy management for wireless
mesh networks from a point of view that started rec
ently to attract the attention means the conservati
on of
energy for operational and the environment reasons
which is known as the Green Networking. This paper
discusses different routing protocols to establish
a protocol which considers energy efficiency. The e
xisting
protocols are compared using the basic functions of
routing and the suggest protocol is designed to
overcome some of their shortcomings. We are focusin
g on the conception of the cross-layer routing
protocol that is implemented in TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) wireless mesh networks based
MAC protocol.
Simulation Based Routing Protocols Evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4 enabled Wirel...IDES Editor
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is emerging as a
major research field in computer networks over the last decade
due to its wide variety of embedded real time applications.
Sensor networks have infrastructure-less architecture because
of frequently varying topology and link status. Routing is an
extremely challenging task for battery-powered resourceconstrained
WSN, since it is main cause for energy depletion
and energy must be utilized prudently to enhance lifetime
for sensor networks. This drives a myriad of research efforts
aiming at efficient data dissemination. In this paper we
analyze how efficiently MANET specific routing protocols
OLSR (Optimized Link-State Routing protocol), DYMO
(Dynamic MANET On-demand) and ZRP (Zone Routing
Protocol) perform in IEEE 802.15.4 enabled wireless sensor
networks and evaluate their simulation results using Qualnet
simulator. Several simulations were carried out under varying
network size and offered load for performance evaluation and
relative comparison of protocols is reported in terms of average
end to end delay, throughput and jitter.
Impulse Radio Ultra WideBand (IR-UWB) commu- nication has proven to be an important
technique for supporting high-rate, short-range, and low-power communication. In this paper, using
detailed models of typical IR-UWB transmitter and receiver structures, we model the energy
consumption per information bit in a single linkof an IR-UWB system, considering packet overhead,
retransmissions, and a Nakagami-m fading channel. Using this model, we minimize the energy
consumption per information bit by finding the optimum packet length and the optimum number of
RAKE fingers at the receiver for different transmission distances, using Differential Phase-shift keying
(DBPSK), Differential Pulse-position Modulation (DPPM) and On-off Keying (OOK), with coherent
and non-coherent detection. The increasing demand for wireless communication introduces efficient
spectrum utilization challenge. To address this challenge, cognitive radio (CR) is emerged as the key
technology; which enables opportunistic access to the spectrum. CR is a form of wireless
communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones..
Constellation Shared Multiple Access - A Noma Scheme for Increased User Capac...IJCNCJournal
While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution, need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple access contender for 5G mMTC.
CONSTELLATION SHARED MULTIPLE ACCESS - A NOMA SCHEME FOR INCREASED USER CAPAC...IJCNCJournal
While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred
multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple
access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency
communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number
of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the
various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution,
need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation
shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to
be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive
connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation
domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple
access contender for 5G mMTC.
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
we find out various power aware and data packet rate control with-collision-avoidance (CSMA/CA)-based ad hoc wireless network communication. And identifies that CSMA
Performance Analysis of Energy Optimized LTE-V2X Networks for Delay Sensitive...IJCNCJournal
Energy-efficient relaying technology in multi-hop data transmission can help the challenges faced in cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (cellular-V2X) communication. However, due to high demand of emergency service requirements of the systems such as Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR), National Security and Public Safety (NSPS), Intelligent Transport System (ITS) etc., least energy consumed user equipment (UEs)/Vehicular-UEs are required which can either run real-time applications or relay the application data. To support these scenarios, we present a high way based system model in rural area and enhance its scope for applying single-hop direct, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X and Store-CarryForward (SCF) modes of uplink data transmission. We compare the performance of three modes of transmissions in terms of overall energy consumption and overall transmission delay with specific delay constraints of VoIP and video applications. With the varying cell radius and irrespective type of applications, our numerical results, validated with ns-3 show that, least energy is always consumed in SCF mode due to its inherent property but applications suffer a lot due to high delay incurred whereas singlehop direct mode shows the reverse. When compared with cellular-V2X mode, overall transmission delay for single-hop direct mode is acceptable within cell radius 600m but beyond that, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X mode always outperforms (with low latency and moderate energy consumption).
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
Investigation of Clock Synchronization Techniques and its Performance Impact ...ijctet
Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is an assortment of mobile nodes that area unit needed to transmit packets on behalf of every alternative. The mobile nodes maintain the topology data during a dynamic network among a selected vary. All nodes should remember of its neighbors that area unit directly approachable. The every node in network maintained next hop data of close neighbor nodes. The routing protocols area unit routed knowledge packets in between sender and receiver during a specific time instant. The time synchronization is maintained the communication clock cycle between the nodes. Time synchronization is an important element of a MANET. Time synchronization during a network aims at providing a typical duration for local clocks of nodes within the network. Since all hardware clocks area unit imperfect, local clocks of nodes could alienate from one another in time, thus determined time or durations of your
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
Interference aware resource allocation model for D2D under cellular network IJECEIAES
Device-to-Device communication (D2D) has emerged as an efficient communication model in future generation cellular network for offloading cellular traffic and enhance overall network performance. D2D communication aid in attaining better spectrum utilization, lower delay, and less energy consumption, which can well adapt to meet demand of higher transmission rate, larger network capacity. Further, enhances spectral efficiency by reutilizing resource. However, it may result in severe cross-tier interference and co-tier interference. Therefore, efficient interference modelling design are required to address performance degradation caused by the interferences. The existing model has focused on addressing interference considering D2D association operating on same cell with the cellular association. As a result, it incurs interference to the cellular user located in the same cell. However, practically D2D association in overlapping area will reutilize spectrum of multiple neighboring cells. As a result, it incurs interference in multiple cells. For overcoming research challenges, this work presented Interference Aware Resource Allocation (IARA) model for D2D under cellular network as a game theory model. This work consider a resource allocation game where base station as a contender for catering D2D resource needs under different assumptions. Experiment are conducted to evaluate performance of IARA. The outcome shows IARA attained significant performance improvement over state-of-art models in terms of sum rate (utility), successful packet transmission, revenue, and delay.
This ppt covers the following topics:
Structural evolution of cellular communications;
Frequency reuse;
Duplex techniques;
Multiple-access/broadcasting techniques;
Handover (handoff);
Multi-cell cooperation/processing;
Resource allocation;
Cognitive radios;
MIMO and massive MIMO;
Distributed antenna wireless communications;
Cellular social networks.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
Energy efficiency cross layer protocol for wireless mesh networkIJCNCJournal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel emerging tec
hnology that will change the world more effectively
and efficiently. It is regarded as a highly promisi
ng technology being increasingly important in mobil
e
wireless networks of the future generation. In this
paper, we consider energy management for wireless
mesh networks from a point of view that started rec
ently to attract the attention means the conservati
on of
energy for operational and the environment reasons
which is known as the Green Networking. This paper
discusses different routing protocols to establish
a protocol which considers energy efficiency. The e
xisting
protocols are compared using the basic functions of
routing and the suggest protocol is designed to
overcome some of their shortcomings. We are focusin
g on the conception of the cross-layer routing
protocol that is implemented in TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) wireless mesh networks based
MAC protocol.
Simulation Based Routing Protocols Evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4 enabled Wirel...IDES Editor
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is emerging as a
major research field in computer networks over the last decade
due to its wide variety of embedded real time applications.
Sensor networks have infrastructure-less architecture because
of frequently varying topology and link status. Routing is an
extremely challenging task for battery-powered resourceconstrained
WSN, since it is main cause for energy depletion
and energy must be utilized prudently to enhance lifetime
for sensor networks. This drives a myriad of research efforts
aiming at efficient data dissemination. In this paper we
analyze how efficiently MANET specific routing protocols
OLSR (Optimized Link-State Routing protocol), DYMO
(Dynamic MANET On-demand) and ZRP (Zone Routing
Protocol) perform in IEEE 802.15.4 enabled wireless sensor
networks and evaluate their simulation results using Qualnet
simulator. Several simulations were carried out under varying
network size and offered load for performance evaluation and
relative comparison of protocols is reported in terms of average
end to end delay, throughput and jitter.
Impulse Radio Ultra WideBand (IR-UWB) commu- nication has proven to be an important
technique for supporting high-rate, short-range, and low-power communication. In this paper, using
detailed models of typical IR-UWB transmitter and receiver structures, we model the energy
consumption per information bit in a single linkof an IR-UWB system, considering packet overhead,
retransmissions, and a Nakagami-m fading channel. Using this model, we minimize the energy
consumption per information bit by finding the optimum packet length and the optimum number of
RAKE fingers at the receiver for different transmission distances, using Differential Phase-shift keying
(DBPSK), Differential Pulse-position Modulation (DPPM) and On-off Keying (OOK), with coherent
and non-coherent detection. The increasing demand for wireless communication introduces efficient
spectrum utilization challenge. To address this challenge, cognitive radio (CR) is emerged as the key
technology; which enables opportunistic access to the spectrum. CR is a form of wireless
communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones..
Constellation Shared Multiple Access - A Noma Scheme for Increased User Capac...IJCNCJournal
While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution, need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple access contender for 5G mMTC.
CONSTELLATION SHARED MULTIPLE ACCESS - A NOMA SCHEME FOR INCREASED USER CAPAC...IJCNCJournal
While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred
multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple
access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency
communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number
of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the
various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution,
need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation
shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to
be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive
connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation
domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple
access contender for 5G mMTC.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
Protection Technique for Complex Distribution Smart Grid Using Wireless Token...Power System Operation
Distributed generation is expected to increase sharply
as more and more renewable are integrated to power system with
the realization of smart grid, consequently complex distribution
smart grid is given. The traditional protection devices cannot
be able to protect complex power system configuration due to
many fault current loops will feed the fault point. Relays based on
standalone decisions cannot provide reliable and correct action
when used on a complex distribution system. This paper proposes
new protection philosophy using wireless technology. Data
sharing among relays to obtain reliable and accurate decision are
introduced. Wireless Token Ring Protocol (WTRP) as a wireless
local area network (LAN) protocol inspired by the IEEE 802.4
Token Bus Protocol is used for data sharing. WTRP is selected
to improve efficiency by reducing the number of retransmissions
due to collisions. WTRP architecture and protocol are described
to verify operation. MATLAB simulation program is used to
simulate the data exchange protocol between relays in a ring for
a specified amount of time.
Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination - Dec 201...Eiko Seidel
Initial deployments of LTE networks are based on so-called homogeneous networks consisting of base stations providing basic coverage, called macro base stations. The concept of heterogeneous networks has recently attracted considerable attention to optimize performance particularly for unequal user or traffic distribution. Here, the layer of planned high-power macro eNBs is overlaid with layers of lower-power pico or femto eNBs that are deployed in a less well planed or even entirely uncoordinated manner. Such deployments can achieve significantly improved overall capacity and cell-edge performance and are often seen as the second phase in LTE network deployment.
This paper discusses the concept of heterogeneous networks as compared to homogeneous networks. It demonstrates the need for inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and outlines some ICIC methods that are feasible with release 8 /9 of the LTE standard. System-level simulation results illustrate the benefits of the various features discussed in the following.
A Cooperative Approach to Extend Cellular Coverage via D2D Architecture based...IJCNCJournal
The access part of all cellular network’s generation suffers from common concerns related to dead spots (zones that are not covered by the network) and hot spots (zones where the number of users is higher compared to network resources). During the last decade, lots of research proposals have tried to overcome cellular problems through multi-hop D2D architecture, which is a new paradigm allowing the direct communication between devices in cellular network to enhance network performances and improve user QoS. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop D2D architecture based on the OLSR protocol to extend cellular coverage. Cell-OLSR, which is the proposed adaptation of OLSR for our architecture, allows the exchange of cellular parameters between nodes to choose the best proxy device to forward data to the cellular base station (BS).
With the increase of usage of wireless networks for purposes where the nodes are either stationary or minimally mobile, focus is also on increasing the network capacity of wireless networks. One such way is to use non-overlapping multiple channels provided by 802.11 by using multiple interfaces per node. Multiple non overlapped channels exist in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrum. Under this scenario, several challenges need to be addressed before all the available channels can be fully utilized.
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Energy Efficient Resource Allocation and Relay Selection Schemes for D2D Comm...ijtsrd
Device to Device D2D communication is a wireless peer to peer service, that allows direct communication to discharge hub input by binding wireless broadcasting amongst devices, as a vital technology module for next generation cellular communication system. Mobile devices limited battery power is a barricade for harnessing the performance of cellular communication systems. High data rate Device to Device communication is requisite to boost the crescent traffic requirement of apparent applications. In this paper suggest a centralized relay selection and power allocation process to state a multi objective optimization trouble to clearance the commutation in between total transmit power and system throughput. The proposed framework, suggest lowest perplexity modulation and demodulation procedure by route discovery for Generalized frequency division multiplexing systems. The proposed diplomacy deed the peculiar framework of the modulation matrix to depress the computational rate in the absence of meet with any performance loss distress. Centralized algorithm to discover the outcome in polynomial time. Proposed algorithms markedly minimize the total transmit power and enhance the system throughput. Surya S M | Prof. K. Kalai Selvi "Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation and Relay Selection Schemes for D2D Communications in 5G Wireless Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30413.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30413/energyefficient-resource-allocation-and-relay-selection-schemes-for-d2d-communications-in-5g-wireless-networks/surya-s-m
Energy Efficient Resource Allocation and Relay Selection Schemes for D2D Comm...ijtsrd
Device to Device D2D communication is a wireless peer to peer service, that allows direct communication to discharge hub input by binding wireless broadcasting amongst devices, as a vital technology module for next generation cellular communication system. Mobile devices limited battery power is a barricade for harnessing the performance of cellular communication systems. High data rate Device to Device communication is requisite to boost the crescent traffic requirement of apparent applications. In this paper suggest a centralized relay selection and power allocation process to state a multi objective optimization trouble to clearance the commutation in between total transmit power and system throughput. The proposed framework, suggest lowest perplexity modulation and demodulation procedure by route discovery for Generalized frequency division multiplexing systems. The proposed diplomacy deed the peculiar framework of the modulation matrix to depress the computational rate in the absence of meet with any performance loss distress. Centralized algorithm to discover the outcome in polynomial time. Proposed algorithms markedly minimize the total transmit power and enhance the system throughput. Surya S M | Prof. K. Kalai Selvi "Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation and Relay Selection Schemes for D2D Communications in 5G Wireless Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30413.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30413/energyefficient-resource-allocation-and-relay-selection-schemes-for-d2d-communications-in-5g-wireless-networks/surya-s-m
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with traditional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in the
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieved by using them only. It is required to achieve maximum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing higher order sectorization and by utilizing all possible
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This paper presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sites
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The main target of this paper is to compare the performance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam smart antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better received signal quality and user throughput. Splitting macro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the capacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advance antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with improved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations at
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Downlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interval (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of using smart antennas and higher order sectorization with
proposed network layout.
Broadcast Scheduling Protocols in Multi-Hop Mobile Ad hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
When packets are sending in multi-hop mobile unintended networks numerous problems occur like flooding, rebroadcast, broadcast latency, power conservation and collision. If multiple transmission of packets simultaneously in MANETs that using the slot assignments approach, when additional channels are transmitting at the same time as the first slot allocations, interference may occur at the nodes. Because of the multi-hops data transfer, the network performance is hampered by the constrained bandwidth and therefore the self-initiated topological alterations. Therefore, a broadcast algorithm is important within the mobile ad hoc network for collision control and reliable communication. This paper proposes two new broadcasting protocols: modify SRBS and DSB algorithms. The planned algorithms outperform context of efficiency, reliability, traffic overload and reachability in highly mobile networks is an enhanced performance within the different environments. Evaluation of simulation results with other well-known exiting protocols as DFCN and PEGSP algorithms shows that the proposed protocol performance is best within the wireless network and channel bandwidths are well utilized within the network.
BROADCAST SCHEDULING PROTOCOLS IN MULTIHOP MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
When packets are sending in multi-hop mobile unintended networks numerous problems occur like
flooding, rebroadcast, broadcast latency, power conservation and collision. If multiple transmission of
packets simultaneously in MANETs that using the slot assignments approach, when additional channels are
transmitting at the same time as the first slot allocations, interference may occur at the nodes. Because of
the multi-hops data transfer, the network performance is hampered by the constrained bandwidth and
therefore the self-initiated topological alterations. Therefore, a broadcast algorithm is important within the
mobile ad hoc network for collision control and reliable communication. This paper proposes two new
broadcasting protocols: modify SRBS and DSB algorithms. The planned algorithms outperform context of
efficiency, reliability, traffic overload and reachability in highly mobile networks is an enhanced
performance within the different environments. Evaluation of simulation results with other well-known
exiting protocols as DFCN and PEGSP algorithms shows that the proposed protocol performance is best
within the wireless network and channel bandwidths are well utilized within the network.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Similar to 17 9253 denial of impedance for mobile cellular (edit ari) (20)
In our homes or offices, security has been a vital issue. Control of home security system remotely always offers huge advantages like the arming or disarming of the alarms, video monitoring, and energy management control apart from safeguarding the home free up intruders. Considering the oldest simple methods of security that is the mechanical lock system that has a key as the authentication element, then an upgrade to a universal type, and now unique codes for the lock. The recent advancement in the communication system has brought the tremendous application of communication gadgets into our various areas of life. This work is a real-time smart doorbell notification system for home Security as opposes of the traditional security methods, it is composed of the doorbell interfaced with GSM Module, a GSM module would be triggered to send an SMS to the house owner by pressing the doorbell, the owner will respond to the guest by pressing a button to open the door, otherwise, a message would be displayed to the guest for appropriate action. Then, the keypad is provided for an authorized person for the provision of password for door unlocking, if multiple wrong password attempts were made to unlock, a message of burglary attempt would be sent to the house owner for prompt action. The main benefit of this system is the uniqueness of the incorporation of the password and messaging systems which denies access to any unauthorized personality and owner's awareness method.
Augmented reality, the new age technology, has widespread applications in every field imaginable. This technology has proven to be an inflection point in numerous verticals, improving lives and improving performance. In this paper, we explore the various possible applications of Augmented Reality (AR) in the field of Medicine. The objective of using AR in medicine or generally in any field is the fact that, AR helps in motivating the user, making sessions interactive and assist in faster learning. In this paper, we discuss about the applicability of AR in the field of medical diagnosis. Augmented reality technology reinforces remote collaboration, allowing doctors to diagnose patients from a different locality. Additionally, we believe that a much more pronounced effect can be achieved by bringing together the cutting edge technology of AR and the lifesaving field of Medical sciences. AR is a mechanism that could be applied in the learning process too. Similarly, virtual reality could be used in the field where more of practical experience is needed such as driving, sports, neonatal care training.
Image fusion is a sub field of image processing in which more than one images are fused to create an image where all the objects are in focus. The process of image fusion is performed for multi-sensor and multi-focus images of the same scene. Multi-sensor images of the same scene are captured by different sensors whereas multi-focus images are captured by the same sensor. In multi-focus images, the objects in the scene which are closer to the camera are in focus and the farther objects get blurred. Contrary to it, when the farther objects are focused then closer objects get blurred in the image. To achieve an image where all the objects are in focus, the process of images fusion is performed either in spatial domain or in transformed domain. In recent times, the applications of image processing have grown immensely. Usually due to limited depth of field of optical lenses especially with greater focal length, it becomes impossible to obtain an image where all the objects are in focus. Thus, it plays an important role to perform other tasks of image processing such as image segmentation, edge detection, stereo matching and image enhancement. Hence, a novel feature-level multi-focus image fusion technique has been proposed which fuses multi-focus images. Thus, the results of extensive experimentation performed to highlight the efficiency and utility of the proposed technique is presented. The proposed work further explores comparison between fuzzy based image fusion and neuro fuzzy fusion technique along with quality evaluation indices.
Graphs have become the dominant life-form of many tasks as they advance a
structure to represent many tasks and the corresponding relations. A powerful
role of networks/graphs is to bridge local feats that exist in vertices as they
blossom into patterns that help explain how nodal relations and their edges
impacts a complex effect that ripple via a graph. User cluster are formed as a
result of interactions between entities. Many users can hardly categorize their
contact into groups today such as “family”, “friends”, “colleagues” etc. Thus,
the need to analyze such user social graph via implicit clusters, enables the
dynamism in contact management. Study seeks to implement this dynamism
via a comparative study of deep neural network and friend suggest algorithm.
We analyze a user’s implicit social graph and seek to automatically create
custom contact groups using metrics that classify such contacts based on a
user’s affinity to contacts. Experimental results demonstrate the importance
of both the implicit group relationships and the interaction-based affinity in
suggesting friends.
This paper projects Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. Proposed GOA approach is based on the chirping characteristics of Gryllidae. In common, male Gryllidae chirp, on the other hand some female Gryllidae also do as well. Male Gryllidae draw the females by this sound which they produce. Moreover, they caution the other Gryllidae against dangers with this sound. The hearing organs of the Gryllidae are housed in an expansion of their forelegs. Through this, they bias to the produced fluttering sounds. Proposed Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show that the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss considerably.
In the wake of the sudden replacement of wood and kerosene by gas cookers for several purposes in Nigeria, gas leakage has caused several damages in our homes, Laboratories among others. installation of a gas leakage detection device was globally inspired to eliminate accidents related to gas leakage. We present an alternative approach to developing a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and also monitor temperature. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor, then triggred the control system response which employs ventilator system, Mobile phone alert and alarm when the LPG concentration in the air exceeds a certain level. The performance of two gas sensors (MQ5 and MQ6) were tested for a guided decision. Also, when the temperature of the environment poses a danger, LED (indicator), buzzer and LCD (16x2) display was used to indicate temperature and gas leakage status in degree Celsius and PPM respectively. Attension was given to the response time of the control system, which was ascertained that this system significantly increases the chances and efficiency of eliminating gas leakage related accident.
Feature selection problem is one of the main important problems in the text and data mining domain. This paper presents a comparative study of feature selection methods for Arabic text classification. Five of the feature selection methods were selected: ICHI square, CHI square, Information Gain, Mutual Information and Wrapper. It was tested with five classification algorithms: Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks. In addition, Data Collection was used in Arabic consisting of 9055 documents, which were compared by four criteria: Precision, Recall, F-measure and Time to build model. The results showed that the improved ICHI feature selection got almost all the best results in comparison with other methods.
In this paper Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) is proposed to solve optimal reactive power problem. Gentoo Penguins preliminary population possesses heat radiation and magnetizes each other by absorption coefficient. Gentoo Penguins will move towards further penguins which possesses low cost (elevated heat concentration) of absorption. Cost is defined by the heat concentration, distance. Gentoo Penguins penguin attraction value is calculated by the amount of heat prevailed between two Gentoo penguins. Gentoo Penguins heat radiation is measured as linear. Less heat is received in longer distance, in little distance, huge heat is received. Gentoo Penguin Algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss considerably.
08 20272 academic insight on applicationIAESIJEECS
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.There was an expressive quantitative-qualitative research, which a common investigation form was used in.The dialogue item was also applied to discover if the contributors asserted the media-based attitude supplements their learning of academic English writing classes or not.Data recounted academic” insights toward using Skype as a sustaining implement for lessons releasing based on chosen variables: their occupation, year of education, and knowledge with Skype discovered that there were no important statistical differences in the use of Skype units because of medical academics major knowledge. There are statistically important differences in using Skype units. The findings also, disclosed that there are statistically significant differences in using Skype units due to the practice with Skype variable, in favors of academics with no Skype use practice. Skype instrument as an instructive media is a positive medium to be employed to supply academic medical writing data and assist education. Academics who do not have enough time to contribute in classes believe comfortable using the Skype-based attitude in scientific writing. They who took part in the course claimed that their approval of this media is due to learning academic innovative medical writing.
Cloud computing has sweeping impact on the human productivity. Today it’s used for Computing, Storage, Predictions and Intelligent Decision Making, among others. Intelligent Decision-Making using Machine Learning has pushed for the Cloud Services to be even more fast, robust and accurate. Security remains one of the major concerns which affect the cloud computing growth however there exist various research challenges in cloud computing adoption such as lack of well managed service level agreement (SLA), frequent disconnections, resource scarcity, interoperability, privacy, and reliability. Tremendous amount of work still needs to be done to explore the security challenges arising due to widespread usage of cloud deployment using Containers. We also discuss Impact of Cloud Computing and Cloud Standards. Hence in this research paper, a detailed survey of cloud computing, concepts, architectural principles, key services, and implementation, design and deployment challenges of cloud computing are discussed in detail and important future research directions in the era of Machine Learning and Data Science have been identified.
Notary is an official authorized to make an authentic deed regarding all deeds, agreements and stipulations required by a general rule. Activities carried out at the notary office such as recording client data and file data still use traditional systems that tend to be manual. The problem that occurs is the inefficiency in data processing and providing information to clients. Clients have difficulty getting information related to the progress of documents that are being taken care of at the notary's office. The client must take the time to arrive to the notary's office repeatedly to check the progress of the work of the document file. The purpose of this study is to facilitate clients in obtaining information about the progress of the work in progress, and make it easier for employees to process incoming documents by implementing an administrative system. This system was developed with the waterfall system development method and uses the Multi-Channel Access Technology integrated in the website to simplify the process of delivering information and requesting information from clients and to clients with Telegram and SMS Gateway. Clients will come to the office only when there is a notification from the system via Telegram or SMS notifying that the client must come directly to the notary's office, thus leading to an efficient time and avoiding excessive transportation costs. The overall functional system can function properly based on the results of alpha testing. The results of beta testing conducted by distributing the system feasibility test questionnaire to end users, get a percentage of 96% of users agree the system is feasible to be implemented.
In this work Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power problem. In the projected Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) in order to avoid the searching agents from trapping into the local optimal the converging towards global optimal is divided based on two different conditions. In the proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) omega tundra wolf has been taken as searching agent as an alternative of indebted to pursue the first three most excellent candidates. Escalating the searching agents’ numbers will perk up the exploration capability of the Tundra wolf wolves in an extensive range. Proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduced the real power loss effectively.
In this work Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. PPS algorithm has been modeled based on the motion of the particles in the exploration space. Normally the movement of the particle is based on gradient and swarming motion. Particles are permitted to progress in steady velocity in gradient-based progress, but when the outcome is poor when compared to previous upshot, immediately particle rapidity will be upturned with semi of the magnitude and it will help to reach local optimal solution and it is expressed as wavering movement. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus systems Proposed Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm is evaluated and simulation results show the PPS reduced the power loss efficiently.
In this paper, Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) has been intermingled with Harmony Search (HS) algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. MBA is based on explosion of landmines and HS is based on Creativeness progression of musicians-both are hybridized to solve the problem. In MBA Initial distance of shrapnel pieces are reduced gradually to allow the mine bombs search the probable global minimum location in order to amplify the global explore capability. Harmony search (HS) imitates the music creativity process where the musicians supervise their instruments’ pitch by searching for a best state of harmony. Hybridization of Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) improves the search effectively in the solution space. Mine blast algorithm improves the exploration and harmony search algorithm augments the exploitation. At first the proposed algorithm starts with exploration & gradually it moves to the phase of exploitation. Proposed Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) has been tested on standard IEEE 14, 300 bus test systems. Real power loss has been reduced considerably by the proposed algorithm. Then Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) tested in IEEE 30, bus system (with considering voltage stability index)- real power loss minimization, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability index enhancement has been attained.
Artificial Neural Networks have proved their efficiency in a large number of research domains. In this paper, we have applied Artificial Neural Networks on Arabic text to prove correct language modeling, text generation, and missing text prediction. In one hand, we have adapted Recurrent Neural Networks architectures to model Arabic language in order to generate correct Arabic sequences. In the other hand, Convolutional Neural Networks have been parameterized, basing on some specific features of Arabic, to predict missing text in Arabic documents. We have demonstrated the power of our adapted models in generating and predicting correct Arabic text comparing to the standard model. The model had been trained and tested on known free Arabic datasets. Results have been promising with sufficient accuracy.
In the present-day communications speech signals get contaminated due to
various sorts of noises that degrade the speech quality and adversely impacts
speech recognition performance. To overcome these issues, a novel approach
for speech enhancement using Modified Wiener filtering is developed and
power spectrum computation is applied for degraded signal to obtain the
noise characteristics from a noisy spectrum. In next phase, MMSE technique
is applied where Gaussian distribution of each signal i.e. original and noisy
signal is analyzed. The Gaussian distribution provides spectrum estimation
and spectral coefficient parameters which can be used for probabilistic model
formulation. Moreover, a-priori-SNR computation is also incorporated for
coefficient updation and noise presence estimation which operates similar to
the conventional VAD. However, conventional VAD scheme is based on the
hard threshold which is not capable to derive satisfactory performance and a
soft-decision based threshold is developed for improving the performance of
speech enhancement. An extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB simulation tool on NOIZEUS speech database and a comparative
study is presented where proposed approach is proved better in comparison
with existing technique.
Previous research work has highlighted that neuro-signals of Alzheimer’s disease patients are least complex and have low synchronization as compared to that of healthy and normal subjects. The changes in EEG signals of Alzheimer’s subjects start at early stage but are not clinically observed and detected. To detect these abnormalities, three synchrony measures and wavelet-based features have been computed and studied on experimental database. After computing these synchrony measures and wavelet features, it is observed that Phase Synchrony and Coherence based features are able to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine classifier is used for classification giving 94% accuracy on experimental database used. Combining, these synchrony features and other such relevant features can yield a reliable system for diagnosing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Attenuation correction designed for PET/MR hybrid imaging frameworks along with portion making arrangements used for MR-based radiation treatment remain testing because of lacking high-energy photon weakening data. We present a new method so as to uses the learned nonlinear neighborhood descriptors also highlight coordinating toward foresee pseudo-CT pictures starting T1w along with T2w MRI information. The nonlinear neighborhood descriptors are acquired through anticipating the direct descriptors interested in the nonlinear high-dimensional space utilizing an unequivocal constituent guide also low-position guess through regulated complex regularization. The nearby neighbors of every near descriptor inside the data MR pictures are looked during an obliged spatial extent of the MR pictures among the training dataset. By that point, the pseudo-CT patches are evaluated through k-closest neighbor relapse. The planned procedure designed for pseudo-CT forecast is quantitatively broke downward on top of a dataset comprising of coordinated mind MRI along with CT pictures on or after 13 subjects.
The cognitive radio prototype performance is to alleviate the scarcity of spectral resources for wireless communication through intelligent sensing and quick resource allocation techniques. Secondary users (SU’s) actively obtain the spectrum access opportunity by supporting primary users (PU’s) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In present generation, spectrum access is endowed through cooperative communication-based link-level frame-based cooperative (LLC) principle. In this SUs independently act as conveyors for PUs to achieve spectrum access opportunities. Unfortunately, this LLC approach cannot fully exploit spectrum access opportunities to enhance the throughput of CRNs and fails to motivate PUs to join the spectrum sharing processes. Therefore, to overcome this con, network level cooperative (NLC) principle was used, where SUs are integrated mutually to collaborate with PUs session by session, instead of frame based cooperation for spectrum access opportunities. NLC approach has justified the challenges facing in LLC approach. In this paper we make a survey of some models that have been proposed to tackle the problem of LLC. We show the relevant aspects of each model, in order to characterize the parameters that we should take in account to achieve a spectrum access opportunity.
In this paper, the author provides insights and lessons that can be learned from colleagues at American universities about their online education experiences. The literature review and previous studies of online educations gains are explored and summarized in this research. Emerging trends in online education are discussed in detail, and strategies to implement these trends are explained. The author provides several tools and strategies that enable universities to ensure the quality of online education. At the end of this research paper, the researcher provides examples from Arab universities who have successfully implemented online education and expanded their impact on the society. This research provides a strategy and a model that can be used by universities in the Middle East as a roadmap to implement online education in their regions.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Figure 1.Uplink and Downlink
In the uplink, since all clients are at diverse separations from the base station Future
cell frameworks will utilize refined booking calculations in the downlink so the essential capacity
of the versatile unit will be to decipher the wanted sign in the vicinity of impedance from the
neighbouring cells. This is lucky, since the versatile units will in any case be exceedingly control
constrained and consequently have restricted preparing force in the studies on Optical and
Electrical Properties of Hafnium Oxide Nanoparticles [11]. It is hard to facilitate and precisely
synchronize planning calculations for and have quickly changing multipath channels. In spite of
the fact that this is an all the more difficult undertaking, the base station collectors will by and
large have a much higher multifaceted nature remittance than their versatile partners.
In the downlink situation, every recipient just needs to decipher its own particular sign,
while stifling other cell obstruction from only a couple of predominant neighbouring cells. Since
all K clients' signs begin at the base station, the connection is synchronous and the K ¡ 1 intra
cell interferers can be orthogonal zed at the base station transmitter. Normally however, some
orthogonality is lost in the channel Investigations on dielectric and impedance properties of M-
type hexaferrite. Hence, downlink recipients at the client terminals will utilize moderately
straightforward multiuser collectors that endeavor to restore the orthogonality of the intra cell
clients by means of either a chip-level equalizer (CDMA) or between transporter impedance
concealment (multiuser OFDM), while taking care of at most a couple of predominant and
obscure other-cell interferers. What's more, albeit multiuser booking may expand throughput
and lessening the quantity of meddling clients, at lower spreading elements impedance
concealment will turn out to be significantly more urge.
2. Multiuser Detection
Authentic Overview and Shortcomings the thought of at the same time getting various
meddling clients is not especially new. Most present remote correspondence frameworks as of
now need to adapt to an extensive level of numerous entrance obstruction. Figure 2: In the
uplink situation, the base station beneficiary must disentangle all K coveted clients, while
smothering other cell obstruction from numerous autonomous clients. Since it is trying to
powerfully synchronize all K fancied clients, they for the most part transmit synchronously as for
each other, making orthogonal spreading codes unviable.
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Figure 2. Multiuser detection
In the essential exceptional instance of CDMA frameworks like IS-95 and 3G cell, an
obstruction restricted framework is unyieldingly made with a specific end goal to accomplish
limit advantages getting from voice action and all inclusive recurrence reuse. While basic,
demonstrated, and strong, this method is positively imperfect by and large from a data
hypothesis point of view, especially when the quantity of interferers is large. For synchronous
frameworks like the cell downlink, this methodology doesn't bode well–the better approach
would just be to relegate the clients orthogonal codes at the transmitter.
3. Impedance Cancelation
Despite the fact that the use of obstruction to multiuser frameworks is moderately new
and unproven, other types of impedance cancelation have been in far reaching utilization for a
considerable length of time. In spite of the fact that the expression has been utilized decently
freely, impedance cancelation ought to be translated to mean the class of strategies that
demodulate and/or unravel wanted data, and afterward utilize this data alongside channel
assessments to drop got obstruction from the got signal. In the DFE, the coveted image x[n]
eventually n is decoded. Since this image will meddle with numerous future images–i.e. from
times n+1; n+2; –given information of the channel, this bury image obstruction can be crossed
out.
Figure 3. Interference cancellation
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The DFE is known not well practically speaking, and accomplish obviously better
execution than straight equalizers which experience the ill effects of commotion improvement.
The same thinking applies to comparable to sorts of impedance, for example, multiuser
obstruction or spatial obstruction. The unique BLAST framework and industry adjustments of
spatial obstruction cancelation collectors for multi radio wire frameworks can be utilized to
isolated spatially multiplexed surges of data. These sorts of post handling beneficiaries
frequently altogether beat stand-alone direct recipients, for example, MMSE or zero-driving in
boisterous situations.
Since the cell environment will perpetually have an abnormal state of clamor and
foundation obstruction (from different cells, for instance), these direct impedance concealment
procedures are not practical as they open up this commotion when reversing the spatial grid
channel. Analogous rationale can be connected to multiuser frameworks, and it is settled that
straight (dimensional) multiuser finders have a commotion improvement punishment.
4. Interference Cancellation Scheme in Cellular Systems
Considering the D2D subsystem is an impromptu like framework, in our work we expect
a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) sort MAC convention is
connected for D2D transmission, that implies a devoted basic control channel is utilized for the
D2D handshaking strategy where all control related signalling are transmitted to encourage
radio asset administration (RRM) and D2D information transmission. The idiosyncrasy used by
the half and half framework is that D2D clients work in an underlay mode which implies that the
cell eNB can control D2D clients freely by sending constrained helping data to encourage D2D
RRM.
Moreover, the detected signs from CCCH are thought to be dependable. Indicate C_UE
and D_UE a cell UE and a D2D UE separately, the proposed plan to share cell UL assets in a
mixture framework is introduced in subtle element as takes after.
Step 1: At the start of D2D transmission, eNB shows the held asset including time and
recurrence of D2D CCCH in the television station such that all C_UEs and D_UEs can know the
data of D2D CCCH.
Step 2: After that, phone UEs intermittently listen to the signalling on CCCH from D2D
UEs to guarantee whether D2D UEs are close to them. Here a sign to-obstruction in addition to
clamour proportion (SINR) limit an listening period are expected to distinguish the neighbouring
D2D UEs precisely. As per the quirk of the cell framework, two criteria are proposed for the cell
clients:
• Criterion I: Cellular UEs just screen the force of CCCH consistently without unravelling the
data they got.
• Criterion II: Cellular UEs decipher the data acquired from CCCH to discover the IDs of
neighbouring D2D UEs and afterward report their IDs to eNB in the following step. To use
this data, for example, Cell ID and C-RNTI ought to be incorporated in the handshaking
system.
Step 3: Once a C_UE detects a SINR from CCCH past the predefined limit, it will report
the estimation result to eNB in the most punctual accessible UL time space in a committed
channel. As indicated by the two diverse criteria in step#2, two reporting configurations will be
utilized.
5. Conclusion
Through this paper we can know how impedance can be scratched off in portable cell
systems.MIMO frameworks are increasing a great deal more consideration and endeavours in
remote correspondence research because of their capability to increment impressive limit in
versatile. The synchronous downlink will probably utilize deft planning crosswise over time,
recurrence, and/or codes, thus most of the obstruction at the versatile stations will originate from
a little number of neighbouring base stations, instead of the present situation where a significant
part of the impedance in intracellular. Hence, multiuser recipients will play an essential, however
diverse, part in the downlink and uplink of future cell frameworks. In the uplink, there will be
numerous offbeat clients, albeit less than in a 2G or 3G framework as the cells will continue to
develop littler while information will be burs tier and higher rate, and subsequently the spreading
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component littler. This makes impedance cancelation systems all the more attractive and down
to earth. Late research on impedance cancelation, highlighted in this paper, has made critical
steps, however more innovative work is obliged to model these frameworks and adjust them to
certifiable environments.
For the downlink, the need will be to weaken the obstruction from a little number of
neighbouring base stations while keeping up the clients' orthogonality inside of the phone in
time, recurrence, code, and/or space, as the case may be. This suggests that the
accomplishment of the late research and usage of Single Antenna Interference Cancelation
(SAIC) procedures for single-transporter GSM frameworks ought to be reached out through
future examination to higher-transmission capacity and more unpredictable multi bearer and
CDMA frame.
References
[1] S. R0023, High Speed Data Enhancement for CDMA2000 1x-Data Only, 3GPP2, June 2003.
[2] High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HDSPA), release 5, 3GPP, 2003.
[3] Wideband CDMA Standard, Release 99, 3GPP, 1999.
[4] Optimum multiuser signal detection, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Aug. 1984.
[5] Multiuser Detection. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge, 1998. IEEE Journal of, Volume: 36, Issue: 4,
oct.2005.
[6] L. B. Michael, S. Kikuchi, T. Adachi, and M. Nakagawa. Combined cellular/direct method of inter-
vehicle communication. in Proc. IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, Oct. 2000; 534–539.
[7] Dhanya.t, Dr.S.V.Saravanan and M.Dheepak. A Novel Approach For Monitor Theraw Material
Handling System in A Steel plant. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) .
2017; may: ISSN online 0976-6316.
[8] Jayaraman, V., Sagadevan, S. and Sudhakar, R. Studies on Optical and Electrical Properties of
Hafnium Oxide Nanoparticles. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2017; 1-6.
[9] Veerakumar, P., Dheepak, M., Saravanan, S.V. PLC based automatic control for onboard ship
gangway conveyor system. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology. 2017;
8(3): 229-235.
[10] Vijayamari, A., Sadayandi, K., Sagadevan, S. and Singh, P. A study of optical, surface morphological
and electrical properties of manganese oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in
Electronics. 1-8.