Cellular Energy pt.1
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Cellular processes are driven by exergonic reactions that generate high-energy compounds like ATP. ATP can undergo exergonic reactions to donate phosphate groups or AMP, driving other endergonic reactions like glucose phosphorylation. Cells couple unfavorable reactions to favorable ones through ATP to drive cellular synthesis and transport against gradients. The hydrolysis of ATP and other high-energy compounds provides the energy for these critical energy-requiring cellular processes.
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Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
BIOLOGY
tenth edition
1
Energy Conversion
Cells obtain energy in many forms, and have mechanisms that convert energy from one form to another
Radiant energy is the ultimate source of energy for life
Photosynthetic organisms capture about 0.02% of the sun’s energy that reaches Earth, and convert it to chemical energy in bonds of organic molecules
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.1 Biological Work
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy: the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)
Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
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Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy: capacity to do work as a result of position or state
Kinetic energy: energy of motion is used, work is performed
POTENTIAL
Energy of position
KINETIC
Energy of motion
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-1 Potential versus kinetic energy
The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
4
Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
Most actions involve a series of energy transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy – or potential energy to kinetic energy
Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
Closed
system
Surroundings
Surroundings
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
(b) An open system exchanges energy with its surroundings.
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The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
BIOLOGY
tenth edition
1
Energy Conversion
Cells obtain energy in many forms, and have mechanisms that convert energy from one form to another
Radiant energy is the ultimate source of energy for life
Photosynthetic organisms capture about 0.02% of the sun’s energy that reaches Earth, and convert it to chemical energy in bonds of organic molecules
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.1 Biological Work
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy: the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)
Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
© Cengage Learning 2015
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy: capacity to do work as a result of position or state
Kinetic energy: energy of motion is used, work is performed
POTENTIAL
Energy of position
KINETIC
Energy of motion
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-1 Potential versus kinetic energy
The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
4
Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
Most actions involve a series of energy transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy – or potential energy to kinetic energy
Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
Closed
system
Surroundings
Surroundings
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
(b) An open system exchanges energy with its surroundings.
6
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can be transferred or converted from one form to another, including conversions between matter and energy
The energy of any system plus its surroundings is constant
Organisms must capture energy from the environment and transform it to a form that can be used for biological work
© Cengage Learning 2015
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy (energy available to do work) is converted into heat that disperses in.
null.pptx
This document discusses bioenergetics, which describes how living organisms capture, transform, store, and utilize energy. It defines endergonic and exergonic reactions, and explains that ATP is used to transport energy in cells. When ATP is hydrolyzed, energy is released to power cellular work in an exergonic reaction. This hydrolysis is coupled to endergonic reactions through common intermediates like ATP to drive biochemical pathways.
Chapter 7Energy and Metabolism© Cengage Learning 2015.docx
Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
BIOLOGY
tenth edition
1
Energy Conversion
Cells obtain energy in many forms, and have mechanisms that convert energy from one form to another
Radiant energy is the ultimate source of energy for life
Photosynthetic organisms capture about 0.02% of the sun’s energy that reaches Earth, and convert it to chemical energy in bonds of organic molecules
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.1 Biological Work
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy: the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)
Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
© Cengage Learning 2015
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy: capacity to do work as a result of position or state
Kinetic energy: energy of motion is used, work is performed
POTENTIAL
Energy of position
KINETIC
Energy of motion
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-1 Potential versus kinetic energy
The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
4
Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
Most actions involve a series of energy transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy – or potential energy to kinetic energy
Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
Closed
system
Surroundings
Surroundings
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
(b) An open system exchanges energy with its surroundings.
6
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can be transferred or converted from one form to another, including conversions between matter and energy
The energy of any system plus its surroundings is constant
Organisms must capture energy from the environment and transform it to a form that can be used for biological work
© Cengage Learning 2015
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy (energy available to do work) is converted into heat that disperses into the surroundings
As a result, the amount of usable energy available to do work in the universe decreases over time
Heat: the kinetic energy of randomly moving particles
© Cengage Learning 2015
Entropy
The measure of the disorder or randomness of energy
Organized, usable energy ...
An introduction to metabolism
This document provides an overview of metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. It defines oxidative phosphorylation as the formation of ATP using energy released by electron transfer through electron carriers in the mitochondrial inner membrane. A proton gradient couples ATP formation to electron transfer. Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules. ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions that release energy to endergonic reactions that require energy. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions and increase their rates.
Bioenergetics.pptx
This document provides an overview of biochemical thermodynamics and key concepts including enthalpy, entropy, free energy, and their relationships. It discusses how biochemical reactions are classified based on their standard free energy changes as either exergonic (spontaneous) or endergonic (non-spontaneous). The role of ATP as the main energy currency in cells is explained. Redox potentials of electron transport chain components are provided. Important energy-rich compounds in biological systems like ATP, phosphocreatine, and acetyl CoA are introduced along with their structures and significance.
Bioenergetics
Biochemistry notes for bioenergetics topic , includes first and second law of thermodynamics, endergonic and exergonic reactions
Unit 1 bioenergetics
The document discusses key concepts in bioenergetics including:
1) Bioenergetics concerns the energy involved in making and breaking chemical bonds in molecules, which is fundamental to biological processes like growth that depend on energy transformations.
2) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, while the second law states that entropy increases, reducing the available free energy.
3) Free energy (G) expresses the energy available to do work and depends on enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) changes. Exergonic reactions release free energy while endergonic reactions absorb it.
Biochemistry.pptx
Bioenergetics describes the transfer and use of energy in biological systems using concepts from thermodynamics like free energy. The change in free energy (ΔG) of a reaction predicts whether it can occur spontaneously. ATP acts as an energy carrier in cells by storing free energy in its phosphate bonds. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through an electron transport chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane, with their energy used to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
bioenergetics.pptx
This document discusses bioenergetics and the role of ATP in living systems. It explains that ATP stores and transports chemical energy within cells, which is released through its hydrolysis into ADP and phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP is highly exergonic, with a large negative standard free energy change of -30.5 kJ/mol. This energy from ATP hydrolysis drives endergonic biochemical reactions and processes, such as the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and phosphate. The energy from ATP hydrolysis is efficiently coupled to these endergonic reactions through a cyclic process of ATP synthesis and breakdown.
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy transformations that occur in living cells. It concerns the initial and final energy states of biochemical reactions, not reaction rates. The goal is to describe how organisms acquire and transform energy to perform biological work. Reactions are classified as exergonic (energy releasing) or endergonic (energy consuming). Gibbs free energy determines the direction of reactions. It is related to enthalpy, entropy, and temperature based on the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. Redox potential is a quantitative measure of an element or compound's ability to oxidize or reduce. It indicates the tendency of chemical species to gain or lose electrons in redox reactions.
Metabolism intro & bioenergetics
This document discusses metabolism and energy transformations in living systems. It covers topics like thermodynamics, metabolic pathways, oxidation-reduction reactions, and experimental approaches to study metabolism. Key points include:
- ATP is used as the main "currency" of energy in cells and is generated by catabolic reactions and used by anabolic reactions.
- Electron transfer reactions and phosphorylation group transfers are two major mechanisms for energy transfer in biological systems.
- Metabolic pathways are organized series of chemical reactions that are regulated and sometimes compartmentalized within cells.
- Experimental techniques like isolating enzymes and studying genetic defects help uncover regulatory mechanisms and blocked steps in metabolism.
Chapter 8 metabolism
KEY CONCEPTS
8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and
energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs
spontaneously
8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
Chapter8 metabolism-151125142235-lva1-app6892
This document provides an overview of metabolism and bioenergetics. It discusses how cells extract energy from reactions to perform work, and how metabolism involves thousands of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. Metabolic pathways convert molecules through a series of steps, with catabolic pathways releasing energy and anabolic pathways requiring energy. The energy of reactions is discussed in terms of free energy, and how ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic processes through phosphorylation. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions to speed up metabolism.
Chapter8 metabolism-151125142235-lva1-app6892
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to sustain life. Energy from food fuels these reactions through the intermediary ATP. Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering their activation energy. Regulation of enzyme activity controls metabolic pathways and maintains cellular homeostasis.
Biological oxidation Bioenergetics and general concepts (part - I)
The document discusses biochemical thermodynamics and energy transformations that occur in living systems. It explains that biochemical thermodynamics deals with the energy changes in biochemical reactions and predicts whether processes are possible, while kinetics measures reaction rates. The first and second laws of thermodynamics are described, with the first law stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms, and the second law stating that spontaneous reactions result in increased disorder. ATP is discussed as the major carrier of chemical energy in cells, with its hydrolysis being an exergonic reaction and synthesis being endergonic. Substrate-level phosphorylation and electron transport chain are described as mechanisms for generating ATP.
UNIT1.2 bioenergetic in introduction of biochemistry
The document discusses bioenergetics, which is the study of energy changes that occur during biochemical reactions in living organisms. It covers several key topics:
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as the main "energy currency" in organisms and is produced through catabolic processes to be used for biological work.
- Reactions can be exergonic (releasing energy) or endergonic (requiring energy input). Exergonic reactions like cellular respiration break ATP to power biological processes.
- Activation energy is the minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Enzymes and catalysts lower this barrier to speed up reactions.
- High-energy compounds like
BCM 201_Energetics of life and the functioning of living organisms
The document provides an overview of energetics in life processes. It discusses how organisms harvest energy from food sources like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins through metabolic pathways. Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to break down glucose and generate ATP. ATP is the primary energy currency that powers cellular activities. While some reactions generate energy, others require energy input to drive unfavorable reactions. Metabolic pathways evolve through coupling of reactions.
08 metabolism text
- Metabolism involves chemical reactions that build up or break down molecules, organized into metabolic pathways with multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps.
- Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules.
- ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions, which release energy, to endergonic reactions like transport and synthesis that require energy. ATP is regenerated through catabolic pathways.
Lecture-6 Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism.ppt
This document discusses energy transformations in biology. It begins by explaining that energy transformations are linked to chemical reactions in cells, and the laws of thermodynamics apply. ATP plays a key role by capturing free energy from exergonic reactions and transferring it to power endergonic reactions. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions and are highly specific biological catalysts that use several mechanisms to facilitate chemical transformations in living systems. Enzyme activity can be regulated by inhibitors binding to the active site.
Similar to Cellular Energy pt.1 (20)
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra.docx
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra.docx
Chapter 7Energy and Metabolism© Cengage Learning 2015.docx
Chapter 7Energy and Metabolism© Cengage Learning 2015.docx
Biological oxidation Bioenergetics and general concepts (part - I)
Biological oxidation Bioenergetics and general concepts (part - I)
UNIT1.2 bioenergetic in introduction of biochemistry
UNIT1.2 bioenergetic in introduction of biochemistry
BCM 201_Energetics of life and the functioning of living organisms
BCM 201_Energetics of life and the functioning of living organisms
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Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, fungi or bacteria. They include both single-celled and multi-cellular organisms, and exhibit characteristics of plants, animals and fungi. Protists are divided into groups based on these characteristics, including plant-like protists such as algae, animal-like protists such as protozoa, and fungus-like protists such as slime molds. They serve important ecological roles including as primary producers through photosynthesis and as decomposers.
Fungi
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from their environment and differ from plants in their nutritional mode and lack of chlorophyll. They exist primarily as filamentous hyphae that branch and form a mycelium.
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Classification
1. Classification systems help organize the enormous diversity of life into logical groups based on evolutionary relationships and similarities between organisms.
2. Carolus Linnaeus developed the modern system of binomial nomenclature and hierarchical taxonomy that is still used today, grouping organisms into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species.
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Bacteria & Viruses
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Evolution1
This document provides an overview of the key ideas and evidence related to evolution by natural selection. It discusses early ideas before Darwin, Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection, and the evidence that has accumulated over time to support this theory, including fossils, homologous structures, vestigial structures, biogeography, and molecular biology evidence. Darwin's theory revolutionized biology by proposing a natural mechanism, natural selection, to explain the development of new species over generations.
Evolution2
Genetic variation exists extensively in populations. For example, fruit flies differ genetically at around 25% of loci between any two flies. Genetic variation arises from mutation and sexual recombination of existing alleles. Natural selection does not eliminate all unfavorable genotypes due to factors like diploidy preserving recessive alleles and balanced polymorphisms maintaining diversity. Selection coefficients measure relative fitness, and directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection shape populations over time.
Evolution3
Speciation is the process by which new biological species evolve. It often occurs when a population becomes geographically isolated from another population, resulting in different selective pressures in each area that can drive the evolution of reproductive barriers between the populations over time. There are two main patterns of speciation: anagenesis, where a single lineage gradually transforms into a new species, and cladogenesis, where a new species branches off from an existing species. Geographic isolation is the most common cause of speciation, but reproductive isolation can also drive populations apart even without a physical barrier between their ranges.
Population Genetics
Population genetics reconciled Darwin and Mendel's ideas by showing how natural selection could act on variation present in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies remain constant between generations unless disrupted by factors like genetic drift, migration, non-random mating, mutation, or natural selection. These disruptions to equilibrium allow for microevolution and populations to change over time through natural selection acting on genetic variation.
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic gene regulation involves complex organization and packaging of DNA into chromatin. Gene expression is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin modification, transcription initiation, and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Transcription factors play a key role in regulating transcription by binding to enhancer and promoter elements to recruit RNA polymerase and initiate transcription of specific genes.
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1) How early experiments established that genes encode proteins through RNA intermediates. One gene encodes one polypeptide.
2) The "central dogma" of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA acts as an intermediate to protect DNA and allow for gene regulation.
3) The process of transcription, including initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.
4) Translation occurs on ribosomes, where mRNA directs the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides according to the genetic code
Molecular Genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of biology and the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes key experiments that showed DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new complementary daughter strand. The process of DNA replication requires several enzymes including DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase and primase to unwind, copy and join new DNA strands.
Biotechnology
The document discusses the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s at Stanford University, which allowed genetic traits to be transferred between organisms by recombining their DNA. This process is similar to editing text by cutting and pasting. An example given is transferring the human gene for insulin production into E. coli bacteria, which then rapidly produce human insulin that can be harvested. Key techniques in recombinant DNA include restriction enzymes, plasmids, gene cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA fingerprinting.
Mendel
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including:
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2) Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the basic principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Genes exist in versions called alleles that are received from each parent and can be dominant or recessive.
Genetic Linkage
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Chi Square
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Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells and occurs in somatic cells for growth and repair. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes involved in sexual reproduction, where the union of male and female gametes leads to fertilization and the formation of a new individual with a mix of genetic material.
Photosynthesis
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2) The light reactions use light to produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll and a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes.
3) The dark reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma.
Cellular Energy pt.2
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Membranes pt. 2
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