OUTCOMES
By the end of this session student should be able to know
The structure of antibody
Immunoglobulin classes
Monoclonal antibodies VS polyclonal
INTRODUCTION
Antibodies are globulin proteins (immunoglobulins [Ig]) that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
They make up about 20% of the protein in blood plasma. Blood contains three types of globulins,
alpha,
beta,
gamma,
Antibodies are gamma globulins.
INTRODUCTION
There are five classes of antibodies:
1. IgG,
2. IgM,
3. IgA,
4. IgD,
5. IgE
Antibodies are subdivided into these five classes based on differences in their heavy chains.
ROLE OF ANTIBODIES
The most important functions of antibodies are to
neutralize toxins and viruses,
to opsonize microbes
so they are more easily phagocytosed, to activate complement, and to prevent the attachment of microbes to mucosal surfaces.
In addition to these functions, antibodies have a catalytic (enzymatic) capability
Antibody Type
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
Function
Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and intestinal fluid, IgA protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
This antibody is found on the surface of your B cells. Though its exact function is unclear, experts think that IgD supports B cell maturation and activation.
Found mainly in the skin, lungs and mucus membranes, IgE antibodies cause your mast cells (a type of white blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream. IgE antibodies are helpful for fighting off allergic reactions.
This is the most common antibody, making up approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulins in your body. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids. IgG antibodies help protect your body from viral and bacterial infections.
Found in your blood and lymph system, IgM antibodies act as the first line of defense against infections. They also play a large role in immune regulation.
MONOCLONAL VS POLYCLONAL
A. Polyclonal antibodies contain a heterologous mixture of IgGs against the whole antigen
B. monoclonal antibodies are composed of a single IgG against one epitope.
Polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Refer to a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules that are secreted against a particular antigen.
Refer to a homogenous population of antibodies that are produced by a single clone of plasma B cells.
Produced by different clones of plasma B cells.
Produced by the same clone of plasma B cells.
A heterogeneous antibody population.
A homogenous antibody population.
Interact with different epitopes on the same antigen.
Interact with a particular epitope on the antigen.
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins made up of
1. light (L)
2. heavy (H) polypeptide chains.
The terms light and heavy refer to molecular weight
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
The simplest antibody molecule has a Y shape consist of
The five classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. IgG makes up around 80% of antibodies in serum and protects against circulating bacteria and viruses. IgM is involved in the primary response and is the first antibody to appear after infection. IgA is most common in mucous membranes and body secretions where it helps prevent pathogen attachment. IgD's function is unknown, while IgE binds to mast cells and basophils to trigger allergic reactions. Each class has distinct properties, locations, functions, and roles in the immune response.
This document summarizes the five classes of human immunoglobulins (Igs): IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. It describes the key properties and functions of each Ig class, including their structure, abundance in serum, role in immune responses, and ability to activate complement or cross the placenta. IgG is the most abundant Ig and can cross the placenta to provide immunity to newborns. IgA exists as a monomer in serum but a dimer linked by a joining peptide in secretions to protect mucosal surfaces. IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that function to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each arm of the Y contains a paratope that binds to a specific epitope on an antigen. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - which differ in their structure and functions like complement fixation, binding to cells, and roles in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell tumor characterized by overproduction of IgG and IgM antibodies and Bence Jones proteins in the serum and urine.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in their structure and function. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in serum and body tissues, while IgA is predominantly found in secretions such as breast milk, tears, and saliva where it provides immune protection of mucosal surfaces. IgM is the first antibody to respond to new antigens and plays a key role in activating the complement system.
Cellular and molecular basis of immunityAtifa Ambreen
The document discusses the different classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that make up the humoral immune response. It describes the five main classes: IgM, which is the first antibody produced in response to new antigens; IgG, which represents the majority of antibodies in circulation and provides protection at mucosal surfaces; IgE, which binds allergens and triggers histamine release involved in allergic responses; IgD, which functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells; and IgA, which is found mainly at mucosal surfaces and provides protection against pathogens.
OUTCOMES
By the end of this session student should be able to know
The structure of antibody
Immunoglobulin classes
Monoclonal antibodies VS polyclonal
INTRODUCTION
Antibodies are globulin proteins (immunoglobulins [Ig]) that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
They make up about 20% of the protein in blood plasma. Blood contains three types of globulins,
alpha,
beta,
gamma,
Antibodies are gamma globulins.
INTRODUCTION
There are five classes of antibodies:
1. IgG,
2. IgM,
3. IgA,
4. IgD,
5. IgE
Antibodies are subdivided into these five classes based on differences in their heavy chains.
ROLE OF ANTIBODIES
The most important functions of antibodies are to
neutralize toxins and viruses,
to opsonize microbes
so they are more easily phagocytosed, to activate complement, and to prevent the attachment of microbes to mucosal surfaces.
In addition to these functions, antibodies have a catalytic (enzymatic) capability
Antibody Type
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
Function
Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and intestinal fluid, IgA protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
This antibody is found on the surface of your B cells. Though its exact function is unclear, experts think that IgD supports B cell maturation and activation.
Found mainly in the skin, lungs and mucus membranes, IgE antibodies cause your mast cells (a type of white blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream. IgE antibodies are helpful for fighting off allergic reactions.
This is the most common antibody, making up approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulins in your body. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids. IgG antibodies help protect your body from viral and bacterial infections.
Found in your blood and lymph system, IgM antibodies act as the first line of defense against infections. They also play a large role in immune regulation.
MONOCLONAL VS POLYCLONAL
A. Polyclonal antibodies contain a heterologous mixture of IgGs against the whole antigen
B. monoclonal antibodies are composed of a single IgG against one epitope.
Polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Refer to a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules that are secreted against a particular antigen.
Refer to a homogenous population of antibodies that are produced by a single clone of plasma B cells.
Produced by different clones of plasma B cells.
Produced by the same clone of plasma B cells.
A heterogeneous antibody population.
A homogenous antibody population.
Interact with different epitopes on the same antigen.
Interact with a particular epitope on the antigen.
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins made up of
1. light (L)
2. heavy (H) polypeptide chains.
The terms light and heavy refer to molecular weight
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
The simplest antibody molecule has a Y shape consist of
The five classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. IgG makes up around 80% of antibodies in serum and protects against circulating bacteria and viruses. IgM is involved in the primary response and is the first antibody to appear after infection. IgA is most common in mucous membranes and body secretions where it helps prevent pathogen attachment. IgD's function is unknown, while IgE binds to mast cells and basophils to trigger allergic reactions. Each class has distinct properties, locations, functions, and roles in the immune response.
This document summarizes the five classes of human immunoglobulins (Igs): IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. It describes the key properties and functions of each Ig class, including their structure, abundance in serum, role in immune responses, and ability to activate complement or cross the placenta. IgG is the most abundant Ig and can cross the placenta to provide immunity to newborns. IgA exists as a monomer in serum but a dimer linked by a joining peptide in secretions to protect mucosal surfaces. IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that function to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each arm of the Y contains a paratope that binds to a specific epitope on an antigen. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - which differ in their structure and functions like complement fixation, binding to cells, and roles in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell tumor characterized by overproduction of IgG and IgM antibodies and Bence Jones proteins in the serum and urine.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in their structure and function. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in serum and body tissues, while IgA is predominantly found in secretions such as breast milk, tears, and saliva where it provides immune protection of mucosal surfaces. IgM is the first antibody to respond to new antigens and plays a key role in activating the complement system.
Cellular and molecular basis of immunityAtifa Ambreen
The document discusses the different classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that make up the humoral immune response. It describes the five main classes: IgM, which is the first antibody produced in response to new antigens; IgG, which represents the majority of antibodies in circulation and provides protection at mucosal surfaces; IgE, which binds allergens and triggers histamine release involved in allergic responses; IgD, which functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells; and IgA, which is found mainly at mucosal surfaces and provides protection against pathogens.
The document discusses the components of the immune system and the different classes of antibodies. It states that the immune system consists of cellular components like phagocytes and lymphocytes, as well as molecular components like antibodies. It then goes on to describe the five major classes of antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD and IgA - and their different functions in the immune response.
What is an Antibody?Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classesvarinder kumar
Forms
History
Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classes
Epitope
Antibodies structure
Antibody–antigen interactions
Function
Medical Applications
Regulations
Preclinical studies
Structure prediction
Antibody mimetic
The usage of immunological reactions in diagnostics of infectious diseases. Eneutron
This document summarizes key concepts regarding immunological reactions used for diagnosing infectious diseases. It defines antigens and antibodies, describing their structures, properties, and functions. Antigens are non-self substances that stimulate antibody production, and have properties like foreignness, antigenicity, and specificity. Antibodies are immunoglobulins consisting of light and heavy chains that bind to antigens. The document outlines the five major immunoglobulin classes - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - and their roles in the immune response. It also describes common serological diagnostic tests like agglutination and indirect hemagglutination that detect antibodies bound to antigens.
Antibody (Ab) also known as Immunoglobulin (Ig) is the large Y shaped protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens like bacteria and viruses. The production of antibodies is a major function of the immune system and is carried out by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte), differentiated B cells called plasma cells. The produced antibodies bind to specific antigens express in external factors and cancer cells.
This document discusses the structure and function of antibody molecules. It begins by defining key terms like immunology and antibodies. It then describes the basic Y-shaped structure of antibodies, which consist of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The document outlines the five main classes of antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM), describing their typical structure, molecular weight, location in the body, and main functions, such as protecting mucosal surfaces, activating B cells, responding to parasites and allergens, crossing the placenta, and initiating the complement system.
This document summarizes key aspects of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the basic components and functions of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, antibodies, and antigens. It also describes multiple myeloma, a type of cancer characterized by overproduction of abnormal antibodies that can cause organ damage. The roles of different antibody classes such as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE are outlined.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped glycoproteins that play a critical role in the immune system's defense against infection. Antibodies consist of two light chains and two heavy chains that determine antigen binding. There are five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - that differ in structure, function, and location. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in blood and tissues and provides long-term protection against pathogens through various effector functions. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and activates the complement system through its pentameric structure. IgA protects mucosal surfaces as a dimer in secretions.
Antibodies and immunoglobulins are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. Antibodies are immunoglobulins that can bind to specific antigens, while not all immunoglobulins are antibodies. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD - that have different structures and roles in the immune system, such as activating complement pathways or binding to mast cells. Class switching allows B cells to change the class of antibodies they produce in response to signals from T cells and cytokines. Monoclonal antibodies produced from a single B cell clone are important tools in diagnostics and therapies.
This presentation clearly describes what are immunoglobulins, their types, structure and how they get diversified into different isotopes to fight with foreign antigens.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes two types of immunity: innate immunity, which provides natural resistance without specificity, and acquired immunity, which develops specific responses. The major components of the immune system are described, including antigens, antibodies, lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are discussed. Effects of immune deficiency are also summarized.
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. There are five major classes of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in serum and body tissues, where it helps protect against bacteria and viruses. IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response and helps activate the complement system. Antibodies are highly specific and help defend the body by binding to pathogens and marking them for destruction by other parts of the immune system.
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and immunoglobulins. It describes the immune system's mechanisms for recognizing self from non-self. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in structure, function, and location. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and provides secondary immune response and antibody-mediated immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during primary response and fixes complement. IgA provides mucosal immunity through secretions. IgD and IgE have uncertain functions but IgE mediates allergic reactions.
Antibodies are globulin proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced in response to antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - which have different structures and functions such as protecting blood, mucous membranes, or mediating allergic reactions. Immunoglobulins have light and heavy chains that give them antigen binding sites and allow for different subclasses within each class.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens. They have two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. There are five classes of heavy chains that determine the antibody class: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG is the most abundant antibody and provides long-term immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during initial infection. Secretory IgA protects mucosal surfaces. IgE mediates allergic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone of B cells and target a specific epitope.
1) Antibodies are antigen-binding proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells in response to antigens. The immune system responds to antigens by producing antibodies that target multiple epitopes on the antigen from several recruited B cell clones.
2) There are five major classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Each class has unique structural and functional properties conferred by their constant region amino acid sequences.
3) IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and exists as four subclasses that differ in chain sequences and effector functions like complement activation and binding to Fc receptors. IgM is the first antibody produced and most efficient at activating complement.
There are five classes of immunoglobulins or antibodies found in serum: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different structure and function. IgA is found in mucous membranes and body fluids. It prevents attachment of viruses and bacteria. IgD is found on B cells and may help initiate immune responses. IgE binds to mast cells and basophils and triggers allergic reactions. IgG is the most abundant antibody and can cross the placenta to provide immunity to infants. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and can activate the complement system.
Another name of anti-body is immunoglobulins . Anti-body is the glycoprotein which is produce by Bcell and which are responsible to bind antigen with higher specifity and affinity. Anti-body is mainly
distrusted in body fluid and also present surface of some cell.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
This document provides information on antibodies (also called immunoglobulins), which are large Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The basic antibody structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains that form sites for antigen binding. There are five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE) that differ in their heavy chain type and have different functions such as activating immune responses, providing immunity to newborns, or causing allergic reactions through mast cell degranulation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
The document discusses the components of the immune system and the different classes of antibodies. It states that the immune system consists of cellular components like phagocytes and lymphocytes, as well as molecular components like antibodies. It then goes on to describe the five major classes of antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD and IgA - and their different functions in the immune response.
What is an Antibody?Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classesvarinder kumar
Forms
History
Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classes
Epitope
Antibodies structure
Antibody–antigen interactions
Function
Medical Applications
Regulations
Preclinical studies
Structure prediction
Antibody mimetic
The usage of immunological reactions in diagnostics of infectious diseases. Eneutron
This document summarizes key concepts regarding immunological reactions used for diagnosing infectious diseases. It defines antigens and antibodies, describing their structures, properties, and functions. Antigens are non-self substances that stimulate antibody production, and have properties like foreignness, antigenicity, and specificity. Antibodies are immunoglobulins consisting of light and heavy chains that bind to antigens. The document outlines the five major immunoglobulin classes - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - and their roles in the immune response. It also describes common serological diagnostic tests like agglutination and indirect hemagglutination that detect antibodies bound to antigens.
Antibody (Ab) also known as Immunoglobulin (Ig) is the large Y shaped protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens like bacteria and viruses. The production of antibodies is a major function of the immune system and is carried out by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte), differentiated B cells called plasma cells. The produced antibodies bind to specific antigens express in external factors and cancer cells.
This document discusses the structure and function of antibody molecules. It begins by defining key terms like immunology and antibodies. It then describes the basic Y-shaped structure of antibodies, which consist of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The document outlines the five main classes of antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM), describing their typical structure, molecular weight, location in the body, and main functions, such as protecting mucosal surfaces, activating B cells, responding to parasites and allergens, crossing the placenta, and initiating the complement system.
This document summarizes key aspects of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the basic components and functions of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, antibodies, and antigens. It also describes multiple myeloma, a type of cancer characterized by overproduction of abnormal antibodies that can cause organ damage. The roles of different antibody classes such as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE are outlined.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped glycoproteins that play a critical role in the immune system's defense against infection. Antibodies consist of two light chains and two heavy chains that determine antigen binding. There are five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - that differ in structure, function, and location. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in blood and tissues and provides long-term protection against pathogens through various effector functions. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and activates the complement system through its pentameric structure. IgA protects mucosal surfaces as a dimer in secretions.
Antibodies and immunoglobulins are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. Antibodies are immunoglobulins that can bind to specific antigens, while not all immunoglobulins are antibodies. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD - that have different structures and roles in the immune system, such as activating complement pathways or binding to mast cells. Class switching allows B cells to change the class of antibodies they produce in response to signals from T cells and cytokines. Monoclonal antibodies produced from a single B cell clone are important tools in diagnostics and therapies.
This presentation clearly describes what are immunoglobulins, their types, structure and how they get diversified into different isotopes to fight with foreign antigens.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes two types of immunity: innate immunity, which provides natural resistance without specificity, and acquired immunity, which develops specific responses. The major components of the immune system are described, including antigens, antibodies, lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are discussed. Effects of immune deficiency are also summarized.
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. There are five major classes of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in serum and body tissues, where it helps protect against bacteria and viruses. IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response and helps activate the complement system. Antibodies are highly specific and help defend the body by binding to pathogens and marking them for destruction by other parts of the immune system.
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and immunoglobulins. It describes the immune system's mechanisms for recognizing self from non-self. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in structure, function, and location. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and provides secondary immune response and antibody-mediated immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during primary response and fixes complement. IgA provides mucosal immunity through secretions. IgD and IgE have uncertain functions but IgE mediates allergic reactions.
Antibodies are globulin proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced in response to antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - which have different structures and functions such as protecting blood, mucous membranes, or mediating allergic reactions. Immunoglobulins have light and heavy chains that give them antigen binding sites and allow for different subclasses within each class.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens. They have two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. There are five classes of heavy chains that determine the antibody class: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG is the most abundant antibody and provides long-term immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during initial infection. Secretory IgA protects mucosal surfaces. IgE mediates allergic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone of B cells and target a specific epitope.
1) Antibodies are antigen-binding proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells in response to antigens. The immune system responds to antigens by producing antibodies that target multiple epitopes on the antigen from several recruited B cell clones.
2) There are five major classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Each class has unique structural and functional properties conferred by their constant region amino acid sequences.
3) IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and exists as four subclasses that differ in chain sequences and effector functions like complement activation and binding to Fc receptors. IgM is the first antibody produced and most efficient at activating complement.
There are five classes of immunoglobulins or antibodies found in serum: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different structure and function. IgA is found in mucous membranes and body fluids. It prevents attachment of viruses and bacteria. IgD is found on B cells and may help initiate immune responses. IgE binds to mast cells and basophils and triggers allergic reactions. IgG is the most abundant antibody and can cross the placenta to provide immunity to infants. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and can activate the complement system.
Another name of anti-body is immunoglobulins . Anti-body is the glycoprotein which is produce by Bcell and which are responsible to bind antigen with higher specifity and affinity. Anti-body is mainly
distrusted in body fluid and also present surface of some cell.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
This document provides information on antibodies (also called immunoglobulins), which are large Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The basic antibody structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains that form sites for antigen binding. There are five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE) that differ in their heavy chain type and have different functions such as activating immune responses, providing immunity to newborns, or causing allergic reactions through mast cell degranulation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. Introduction
Immunoglobulins, also known as
antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules
produced by plasma cells in response
to an antigen.
They play a crucial role in the immune
system's defense against pathogens.
3. Antibodies are the antigen binding proteins present
on the B-cell membrane and secreted by plasma
cells.
Secreted antibodies circulate in the blood, where
they serve as the effectors of humoral immunity by
searching out and neutralizing antigens or marking
them for elimination.
All antibodies share structural features, bind to
antigen, and participate in a limited number of
effector functions.
4. Structure of Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins have a Y-shaped
structure composed of four
polypeptide chains: two heavy chains
(H) and two light chains (L).
The chains are connected by disulfide
bonds and hinge regions, allowing
flexibility and binding versatility.
5.
6. Classes and Isotypes
There are five classes of
immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD,
and IgE.
Each class has distinct structural and
functional properties.
Isotypes refer to the different
variations within each class.
7. IgG
IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the
blood and tissues.
IgG, the most abundant class in serum,
constitutes about 80% of the total serum
immunoglobulin.
The IgG molecule consists of two heavy chains
and two or two light chains.
There are four human IgG subclasses,
distinguished by differences in -chain sequence
and numbered according to their decreasing
average serum concentrations: IgG1, IgG2,
IgG3, and IgG4
8. IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 readily cross the placenta
and play an important role in protecting the
developing fetus.
IgG1 and IgG3 bind with high affinity to Fc
receptors on phagocytic cells and thus mediate
opsonization. IgG4 has an intermediate affinity
for Fc receptors, and IgG2 has an extremely low
affinity
It provides long-term protection against
infections.
Functions include neutralizing toxins, activating
complement, and enhancing phagocytosis
9.
10.
11. IgM
IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced during
an initial immune response.
IgM accounts for 5%–10% of the total serum
immunoglobulin, with an average serum
concentration
It exists as a pentamer, allowing efficient antigen
binding.
Functions include agglutination, complement
activation, and opsonization.
12. Fc regions in the center of the
pentamer and the ten antigen-binding
sites on the periphery of the molecule.
IgM is the first immunoglobulin class
produced in a primary response to an
antigen, and it is also the first
immunoglobulin to be synthesized by
the neonate.
13.
14. IgA
IgA constitutes only 10%–15% of the total immunoglobulin in
serum, it is the predominant immunoglobulin class in external
secretions such as breast milk, saliva, tears, and mucus of
the bronchial, genitourinary, and digestive tracts.
In serum, IgA exists primarily as a monomer, but polymeric
forms (dimers, trimers, and some tetramers)
It plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity and prevents
pathogen attachment.
Functions include neutralization, agglutination, and blocking
bacterial adhesion.
15. Breast milk contains secretory IgA and
many other molecules that help
protect the newborn against infection
during the first month of life.
Because the immune system of
infants is not fully functional, breast-
feeding plays an important role in
maintaining the health of newborns.
16.
17. IgD
IgD is primarily found on the surface of
B cells.
Its exact function is not fully
understood, but it may be involved in
the activation of B cells.
18.
19. IgE
IgE is involved in allergic responses and defense
against parasitic infections.
Its extremely low average serum concentration is (0.3
g/ml).
IgE antibodies mediate the immediate hypersensitivity
reactions that are responsible for the symptoms of hay
fever, asthma, hives
It triggers the release of inflammatory mediators from
mast cells and basophils.
20.
21.
22. Antigen Binding
The variable region of the
immunoglobulin molecule contains
antigen-binding sites.
Each immunoglobulin can bind to
specific antigens through these sites.
The antigen-binding site is formed by the
variable regions of both the heavy and
light chains.
23. Constant Regions
The constant region of
immunoglobulins determines their
class and effector functions.
It interacts with various immune cells
and effector molecules to mediate
specific immune responses.
24. Antibody Diversity
The immune system generates a vast
array of different immunoglobulins
through gene rearrangement.
This process, known as V(D)J
recombination, creates diversity in the
antigen-binding sites.
25. During the primary immune response,
IgM is produced first, followed by IgG.
The secondary immune response
results in a faster and more robust
production of antibodies.
Primary and Secondary Immune
Responses
26. Opsonization
Immunoglobulins can act as opsonins,
marking pathogens for phagocytosis
by immune cells.
Opsonization enhances the efficiency
of phagocytosis and pathogen
clearance.
27. Neutralization
Immunoglobulins can directly
neutralize pathogens and toxins by
binding to their surfaces.
This prevents the pathogens/toxins
from interacting with host cells and
causing harm.
28. Agglutination
Immunoglobulins can cause
pathogens to clump together, making
them easier targets for immune cells.
Agglutination helps restrict the spread
of pathogens and enhances their
clearance.
29. Allergic Reactions
IgE-mediated allergic reactions occur
when immunoglobulin IgE binds to
allergens.
This triggers the release of histamine
and other inflammatory mediators,
causing symptoms like itching,
sneezing, and asthma.
30. Immunoglobulin Deficiencies
Immunoglobulin deficiencies can lead
to increased susceptibility to
infections.
Common deficiencies include
selective IgA deficiency and common
variable immunodeficiency (CVID).
31. Conclusion
Immunoglobulins are essential
components of the immune system.
Their diverse structures and functions
contribute to effective immune
responses against pathogens.