This document outlines the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as describes the main organelles found within eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles and have simpler structures, while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells have organelles enclosed in membranes and more complex cellular components. The document then provides details on the structures and functions of the major organelle components of eukaryotic cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and more.

1. Cell Types and
Cell Structure

2. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
• no nucleus
• no membrane enclosed organelles
• single chromosome
• no streaming in the cytoplasm
• cell division without mitosis
• simple flagella
• smaller ribosomes
• simple cytoskeleton
• no cellulose in cell walls
• no histone proteins
• nucleus
• membrane enclosed organelle
• chromosomes in pairs
• streaming in the cytoplasm
• cell division by mitosis
• complex flagella
• larger ribosomes
• complex cytoskeleton
• cellulose in cell walls
• DNA bound to histone proteins

3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Examples:
Bacteria
Examples:
Plant cells
Animal cells
Fungi
Protists

4. Plasma Membrane
Plasma membrane
1. Surrounds Cells
2. Protected by cellulose and protein cell wall in
plants

5. Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
1. Fluid (Cytosol) and organelles that make up
the inside of the cell

6. Nucleus
Nucleus
1. Membranous nuclear envelope
2. Chromosomes of DNA and protein (Histones)

7. Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
1. Rough ER - Transport of proteins (roughness
is the attached ribosomes)
2. Smooth ER – Processing and transport of lipids

8. Ribosomes
Ribosomes
1. Attached to Rough ER
2. Site of protein synthesis

9. Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body, Golgi complex)
1. Assembly and editing of proteins

10. Lysosomes
Lysosomes
1. Contain enzymes that break down and help
recycle large proteins in animal cells

11. Mitochondria
Mitochondria
1. Powerhouse - site of ATP synthesis

12. Flagella and Cilia
Flagella and Cilia
1. Cell surface projections for movement

13. Microtubules and
Microfilaments
Microtubules and Microfilaments
1. Structural components of the cell
(cytoskeleton) in eukaryotes

14. Vacuoles
Vacuoles
1. Large central vacuoles in plant cells contain
enzymes and pigments in plant cells

15. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
1. Photosynthetic organelles in plant cells,
containing the chlorophyll pigments

16. Comparison:
Plant cells Animal cells
 Large, central vacuole
 Chloroplasts
 Rigid cell wall outside
of cell membrane
 No large, central vacuole
 No chloroplasts
 No rigid cell wall