1. The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals, fungi and protists have a nucleus that contains DNA and various membrane-bound organelles. 3. While both cell types contain structures like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, eukaryotic cells are larger, more complex, and often multicellular compared to prokaryotic cells like bacteria.

1. MS.J.MYTHILI
Assistant Professor of Biotechnology
Bonsecours college for Women
Thanjavur
Structure and Function
Prokaryotic &
Eukaryotic Cells

2. Cell Theory says that….
1. All living things aremadeo
f
Cells.
2
. Cellsarethebasicunitso
f
structure and function in all
living things.
3. Newcells areo
nly madefro
m
existing cells.

3. Cellshavediversevarieties

4. Thesearetwodistinct typesof cells
withSTRUCTURAL differences.
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Animal Plant

5. Traitso
f Pro
karyotes:
1.They donot havea nucleus, and their
genetic material is not stored in the
nucleus.
2. They havesomeo
rganelles( structures),
but no
t many.
3. They arelessco
mplicated that
eukaryotes.
4. All bacteria arepro
karyotes.
5.Most are unicellular, but some
prokaryotes are multicellular.

6. Traitso
f Eukaryo
tes:
1. They all havea nucleus
where the genetic material of
the cell is stored.
2. They havemany organelles
that work together to help the
cell function.

7. Moretraits of Eukaryotes:
3. Eukaryotic cells are much more
complex then prokaryotic cells.
4. They can bejust one cell or can
make up more complex multi-
cellular organisms.
5. All plants, animals, fungi, and
protists are eukaryotic cells.

8. Pro
karyotic and Eukaryotic Cells
In general microbeso
r microorganismsmay
beeither prokaryotic (bacteria) or eukaryotic
(protists, fungi, and so
meanimals).

9. Characteristics Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Types bacteria (monerans) protists, fungi, plants, and
animals
Organization unicellular usually multicellular
(exception some protists)
Cell size small (0.1-10um) larger (10-100um)
Membrane-bound
organelles
absent present
Reproduction asexual asexual and sexual
DNA circular linear
Proteins assoc. with
DNA
Basic Histone
Plasma membrane No sterols Sterols
Ribosomes 70S 80S
Cytoskeleton Absent Present
Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in several ways including but not limited to:

10. Organellesin Common
▶ Both cells contain the following
structures:
1. Cell wall
2. Cell Membrane
3. Ribosomes
4. Plasma Membrane
5. Cytoplasm
6. Flagella or cilia
7. Nucleus
8. Mitochondria
9. Vacuoles

11. Cell Wall – TheWalls
*In a plant cell, the cell wall supportsand protectsthe cell.
Cell walls arerigid and unbending.
They helpa plant cell support itself.
An animal cell doesno
t havea cell
Wall.

12. Cell Membrane
▶Cell membrane
▶Structure
▶Co
mpo
nents
▶Arrangement
▶Functions include
▶ Barrier
▶Transpo
rt (kno
wdiffusion, o
smo
sis,
facilitated diffusion and active
transport)
▶Recognition (e.g., self vs. non-self)
▶Reception (for protein hormones)
▶Adhesio
n

13. Ribo
so
mes
▶ Structure
▶ rRNA
▶ Proteins
▶ Function
▶ Siteo
f protein fo
rmation
(translation)
▶ Found in both pro
karyotes
and eukaryotes (different
structurally)

14. Cyto
plasm – TheJ
e
lly in
thecenter
Thecytoplasm in thecellis jelly-like
liquid that fills all theempty spacein
a cell.

15. Theprotoplasmor
cytoplasm
is the dense gelatinous
solution within the cell
membrane that is the
primary site for the cell’s
biochemical and synthetic
processes. Thefollowing
are found within the
protoplasm of the
prokaryotic cell:

16. Vacuole
Thevacuo
lesarethecell’ssto
rage
placewhereit keepswater, foo
d and waste.

17. GeneticMaterial (DNA)
Thegenetic material (DNA) issto
red in
thenucleus and ho
lds info
rmation a
cell needs torepro
duceitself.

18. Nucleus
Structureand
Function
▶ membranesimilar
tocell membrane
(similar function)
▶ Nucleolus
(fo
rmationo
f
ribosomes)
▶ Chromosomes
(geneexpression)
▶ Nucleoplasm
(matrix)

19. Endo
plasmicReticulum
• Structuremembranous
systemo
f tunnelsand sacs
– Rough – with ribosomeson
surface
– Smooth- noribosomeson
surface
• Function
– Rough – protein synthesis
– Smooth- lipid synthesis

20. Golgi Apparatus
▶ Structure also membranous, kind of like a stack of
pancakes
▶ Function processing o
f lipidsand proteins

21. Lysosomes
▶ Structure membrane bound sac containing
hydrolytic enzymes
▶ Function digestion

22. Mitochondria
▶ Structure– cigar-
shaped, do
uble
membrane-bound
organelle
▶ Function – Energy
transfer by ATP
synthesis

23. Chloroplast
▶ Structure
▶ Alsocigar o
r
spindle shaped,
do
ublemembrane-
bo
und, green
▶ Function
▶ Siteo
f
photosynthesis

25. THANK YOU