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Biology 12 - Powerpoint - Energy Transformation - Section 5-1
- 2. UNIT A: Cell Biology Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4: DNA Structure and Gene Expression Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes: Section 5.1 Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
- 3. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy In this chapter you will learn about the numerous chemical reactions in our bodies involved in breaking down food to produce essential biological molecules and energy. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE and Enzymes What is the role of an enzyme? What factors influence the rate of enzyme activity?
- 4. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Section 5.1 5.1 Energy Transformations and Metabolism Cellular metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions of the cell. •Catabolism refers to reactions that break down large molecules (products) into smaller molecules (reactants) •Anabolism refers to reactions that make large molecules (products) from smaller molecules (reactants) TO PREVIOUS SLIDE reactants product s
- 5. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Section 5.1 Energy and Reactions Free energy is the amount of energy available after a chemical reaction has occurred. The change in free energy of a reaction (ΔG) = TO PREVIOUS SLIDE free energy of products − free energy of reactants − ΔG: products have less energy than reactants, and the reaction will occur in the direction indicated. exergonic reactions: spontaneous and release energy endergonic reactions: require energy input Many cell reactions use energy from exergonic reactions.
- 6. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Section 5.1 ATP: Energy for Cells ATP is the energy currency of cells. •ATP is made from ADP and inorganic phosphate •Energy is released when the bond on the terminal phosphate of ATP is broken. This energy is used for endergonic reactions in the cell. Figure 5.1 The ATP cycle. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE
- 7. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Section 5.1 TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Check Your Progress 1. Explain whether an anabolic reaction is more likely to be exergonic or endergonic. 2. Explain how the ATP pathway is similar to a rechargeable battery.
- 8. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Section 5.1 TO PREVIOUS SLIDE
- 9. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Section 5.1 TO PREVIOUS SLIDE
- 10. UNIT A Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Section 5.1 TO PREVIOUS SLIDE
Editor's Notes
- Presentation title slide
- Chapter opener background notes Are you lactose intolerant? Do you know someone who is? As much as three-quarters of the world's population has some difficulty digesting lactose. Digesting a piece of cheese pizza can be very uncomfortable for those who are lactose intolerant because cheese and other dairy products contain lactose. What causes lactose intolerance? Lactose is a disaccharide sugar that must be broken down chemically into its two smaller building blocks (galactose and glucose) before it can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy. If it is not broken down, lactose remains in the digestive tract and can cause uncomfortable digestive symptoms. The breakdown of lactose requires an enzyme called lactase. People who are lactose intolerant do not produce enough lactase. A lactose intolerant person who wants to consume dairy products without discomfort must consume products that have been specially treated with enzymes or a lactase enzyme supplement with the dairy in their meal. Yogurt and buttermilk can often be tolerated by those with lactose intolerance because they contain bacterial cultures that aid in the digestion of lactose. Why is it that some people can easily digest lactose when so many other people cannot? After young mammals are weaned, milk becomes a smaller component of the diet. In most mammals, lactase activity decreases and lactose intolerance usually begins. However, some humans have developed what is called lactase persistency. These individuals continue to produce lactase. Factors that contribute to lactase persistency include diet, culture, and genetics. The breakdown of lactose is just one of myriad chemical reactions that occur in the human body. Almost every reaction that takes place in our bodies requires a specific enzyme. In this chapter, you will learn about the characteristics of enzymes and how enzymes function in the flow of energy and metabolism.
- metabolism the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell catabolism: the breaking down of molecules anabolism: the building up (synthesis) of molecules reactants: in a chemical reaction, the substances that participate in a reaction products: in a chemical reaction, the substances that form as a result of a reaction
- free energy: the amount of energy available after a chemical reaction has occured exergonic reactions: reactions that are spontaneous and release energy endergonic reactions: reactions that require an input of energy to occur
- Caption text Figure 5.1 The ATP cycle. In cells, ATP carries energy between exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions. When a phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis, ATP releases the appropriate amount of energy for most metabolic reactions. ATP (adenosine triphosphate): the common energy currency of cells; supplies energy for chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work by being converted to ADP plus a phosphate group ADP (adenosine diphosphate): a nucleotide that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP
- Answers 1. The reaction is likely to be endergonic, because it requires an input of energy to occur. 2. ATP with its three phosphate groups is analogous to a charged battery which can provide energy via a coupled reaction when one phosphate is cleaved off. ADP that s produced is like a discharged battery which requires an input of energy to become ATP again.