This document provides information about cell structure and organization. It begins with an introduction to cell biology and discusses the historical figures who contributed to early microscopy and cell discoveries. It then outlines the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including cell membranes, nuclei, organelles, and other structures. The document concludes by summarizing the cell theory and some exceptions. Overall, the document serves as an overview of cellular components, history, and basic concepts in cell biology.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It describes the key compartments of cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. The major functions of these compartments are transport of ions and molecules, metabolism of carbohydrates lipids and amino acids, energy production, synthesis of proteins and lipids, modification and sorting of proteins, cellular digestion, utilization of hydrogen peroxide, cell morphology and motility, and DNA synthesis and repair.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. The major functions of these components are transport of molecules, metabolism, energy production, synthesis of proteins and lipids, modification and sorting of proteins, cellular digestion, utilization of hydrogen peroxide, cell morphology and motility, and DNA synthesis and repair.
The document discusses the structural and functional organization of cells, including their compartmentalization into organelles. It describes the main organelles found in cells and their functions. The key organelles discussed are the nucleus, which controls cell activities; mitochondria, which generate energy; the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which help synthesize and transport molecules; lysosomes and peroxisomes, which digest and break down waste; and plastids like chloroplasts, which facilitate photosynthesis in plant cells. The document contrasts the structures of typical animal and plant cells.
The document discusses cell structure and function at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels. It begins by introducing the basic living unit of structure and function as the cell, noting there are over 100 trillion cells in the human body. It then covers cell size, number and variety across organisms. The rest of the document delves into more specific structures and organelles at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and differences in cellular specialization between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
The document discusses the fundamental unit of life - the cell. It describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses the nucleus. The main functions of these components are to transport ions and molecules, carry out metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, produce energy, synthesize proteins and lipids, modify and sort proteins, aid in cellular digestion, utilize hydrogen peroxide, maintain cell morphology and enable cell motility, and facilitate DNA synthesis and repair.
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. It explains that the mitochondria acts as the cell's powerhouse by producing energy through cellular respiration. The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes are involved in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids. The cytoskeleton maintains the cell's structure and allows for cell movement. Finally, the nucleus contains the genetic material and regulates gene expression.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It describes the key compartments of cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. The major functions of these compartments are transport of ions and molecules, metabolism of carbohydrates lipids and amino acids, energy production, synthesis of proteins and lipids, modification and sorting of proteins, cellular digestion, utilization of hydrogen peroxide, cell morphology and motility, and DNA synthesis and repair.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. The major functions of these components are transport of molecules, metabolism, energy production, synthesis of proteins and lipids, modification and sorting of proteins, cellular digestion, utilization of hydrogen peroxide, cell morphology and motility, and DNA synthesis and repair.
The document discusses the structural and functional organization of cells, including their compartmentalization into organelles. It describes the main organelles found in cells and their functions. The key organelles discussed are the nucleus, which controls cell activities; mitochondria, which generate energy; the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which help synthesize and transport molecules; lysosomes and peroxisomes, which digest and break down waste; and plastids like chloroplasts, which facilitate photosynthesis in plant cells. The document contrasts the structures of typical animal and plant cells.
The document discusses cell structure and function at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels. It begins by introducing the basic living unit of structure and function as the cell, noting there are over 100 trillion cells in the human body. It then covers cell size, number and variety across organisms. The rest of the document delves into more specific structures and organelles at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and differences in cellular specialization between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
The document discusses the fundamental unit of life - the cell. It describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses the nucleus. The main functions of these components are to transport ions and molecules, carry out metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, produce energy, synthesize proteins and lipids, modify and sort proteins, aid in cellular digestion, utilize hydrogen peroxide, maintain cell morphology and enable cell motility, and facilitate DNA synthesis and repair.
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. It explains that the mitochondria acts as the cell's powerhouse by producing energy through cellular respiration. The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes are involved in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids. The cytoskeleton maintains the cell's structure and allows for cell movement. Finally, the nucleus contains the genetic material and regulates gene expression.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell. It describes that the cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and is the basic structural and functional unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structures of the cell discussed include the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. Each structure performs important functions essential for cellular activities.
1. A cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and all living things are composed of cells.
2. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
3. Key cell organelles include the nucleus which houses genetic material, mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus which aid in protein transport and modification, and plastids and chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis in plant cells. Together, these organelles allow the cell to carry out all functions necessary for life.
Lecture No 004.1 Cell_structure_function.pptsamiiikhan5264
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes their varying sizes and shapes. The key components of cells are then outlined, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The functions of these structures are explained. The document also covers cellular transport mechanisms, cell division, and cell death.
This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and various membrane-bound organelles. Some key organelles present in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells include mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells and lack complex internal structures like the cytoskeleton. Their DNA is also not bound in histones and they do not have linear chromosomes with centromeres.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It has many applications in nursing, as therapeutic agents like insulin were first developed through biochemistry experiments. Several medical conditions can be explained by biochemical abnormalities, such as anemia, jaundice in infants, or dark urine indicating a metabolic disorder. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living things. There are two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles and a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have intracellular structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that carry out specialized functions.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two types, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Organelles are structures within cells that carry out specific functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Membranous organelles are surrounded by membranes while non-membranous organelles like ribosomes are not. Organelles perform functions like energy production, protein building, waste destruction, and responding to signals. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
S C I E N C E P R O J E C T W O R K ( I T E R M )Nandeesh Laxetty
The document summarizes key differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. It describes the main components of plant cells, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plastids. It also outlines the main parts of animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes. Both cell types share some similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
The document summarizes key differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. It describes the main components of plant cells, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plastids. It also outlines the main parts of animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes. Both cell types share some similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
The document discusses cell structure and function. It defines cells as the basic units of life and describes two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains key differences like eukaryotes having a nucleus and organelles while prokaryotes do not. The rest of the document details organelles found in typical animal and plant cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall. It provides information on the structure and function of each organelle.
The chapter contain detail descriptions regarding structures and functions of different cell organelles of plant and animal cells which is helpful to UG and PG students of Science. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. The basic constituents of plant and animal cells are the same,
viz nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and various inorganic substances
They organized in the same fundamental manner. The shape of plant cell is rectangular and that of animal cell is round with irregular appearance. Cell organelles various membrane bound structures that are
found within a cell such as nucleus, plastids, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum etc.
This document discusses cell structure, function, and cellular transport. It begins by defining the cell and outlining the three main points of the cell theory: 1) all living things are made of cells, 2) new cells are produced from existing cells, and 3) the cell is the basic unit of structure and function. It then describes the structure and functions of key cellular components like the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and ribosomes. The final section discusses cellular transport mechanisms, distinguishing between passive transport (diffusion and osmosis) which moves substances down concentration gradients without energy input, and active transport which requires ATP and transports substances against gradients.
The document summarizes the structures and functions of animal cells. It discusses that animal cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope that houses the cell's genetic material. The cytoplasm contains various membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions like mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum which synthesizes proteins, and lysosomes which digest waste. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits, and the cytoskeleton maintains the cell's shape.
The document provides information on cell biology. It begins by defining the cell as the fundamental unit of life and describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It then discusses several organelles found within cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytosol, and cytoskeleton. It explains the structure and functions of the cell membrane, including the fluid mosaic model. Finally, it briefly outlines different mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane including passive transport, active transport, and bulk transport.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of key organelles in plant cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and plasmodesmata. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the plasma membrane encloses the living contents of the cell. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell processes. Chloroplasts and mitochondria perform photosynthesis and respiration. Other organelles are involved in transport and sorting of materials within the cell.
the presentation gives the structure, function, and electron microscopic image of the various cytoplasmic organelles. it also includes the clinical significance of various organelle damage.
DEFINITION:
Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL:
PARTS OF THE CELL
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
a. Cytosol
b. Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure of Plasma Membrane
The Cell membrane also known as the Plasma membrane.
It is a Biological Membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The Lipid layer made up of three types of lipid molecules such as Phospholipids,
Cholesterols and Glycolipids.
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipid are amphipathic molecule
(Both Polar and Nonpolar parts)
Phospholipids – Phosphate (Polar) – Head – Hydrophilic
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail – Hydrophobic
Cholesterols – Slightly Amphipathic
Glycolipids – Carbohydrate (Polar) – Head
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
Participates in intercellular signalling.
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus and has two components.
a) Cytosol
b) Organelles
a) Cytosol: (pH - 7)
The Cytosol (Intracellular fluid) is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that
surrounds organelles.
Cytosol is 75 – 90% of water plus various dissolved and suspended components.
Among these are different types of ions, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, protein,
lipid, ATP and waste products.
The cytosol is the site of many Chemical reactions for a cell existence.
b) Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
CYTOSKELETON:
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments.
It Consists of three types of filament proteins
1. Microfilament
2. Intermediate filament
3. Microtubules
1. Microfilament
Microfilaments are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton.
Diameter – 6nm
They are composed of protein Actin and Myosin.
Most Prevalent at the edge of a cell.
Functions of Microfilament:
They help generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Microfilaments are involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell
locomotion.
The Mechanical support that is responsible for the basic strength and shape of
cells.
2. Intermediate filaments
Several different proteins such as keratin, collagen can compose intermediate
filament.
Diameter – 10 nm
Functions of Intermediate filaments:
They help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus.
3. Microtubules
Largest cytoskeletal components.
Diameter – 25 nm
Unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin.
Functions of Microtubules
Microtubules help determine Cell shape.
It is whole study about animal cell . Componant of cell well described with their function . Structure of organals also seen in presentation . Also gives Homeostatic mechanism of body and how to wor it .
Cell divission frieflys described with their phases And types .
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular organization and structure. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. It then discusses the structures and functions of key cellular components in plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, and vacuoles. Finally, it compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting things like size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and cell division mechanisms.
The document summarizes the key steps and components of human digestion. It begins with ingestion and ends with assimilation of nutrients. The major steps include ingestion, digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Key components that aid digestion include saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal enzymes and secretions. Nutrients are broken down into smaller units like monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids that can then be absorbed and utilized by the body.
Microbes are useful in many areas of human welfare such as medicine, food production, waste treatment, and industrial production. They are used in household activities like food preparation where various microbes help ferment ingredients for dishes like idli and dosa. Microbes also serve as important sources of nutrients as they can be consumed directly as foods or supplements rich in proteins and vitamins. Industries utilize microbes for producing substances like alcoholic beverages, organic acids, antibiotics, and vitamins through fermentation processes. Microbial applications also include waste treatment, biogas production, and as biofertilizers and biopesticides in agriculture.
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The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell. It describes that the cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and is the basic structural and functional unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structures of the cell discussed include the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. Each structure performs important functions essential for cellular activities.
1. A cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and all living things are composed of cells.
2. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
3. Key cell organelles include the nucleus which houses genetic material, mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus which aid in protein transport and modification, and plastids and chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis in plant cells. Together, these organelles allow the cell to carry out all functions necessary for life.
Lecture No 004.1 Cell_structure_function.pptsamiiikhan5264
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes their varying sizes and shapes. The key components of cells are then outlined, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The functions of these structures are explained. The document also covers cellular transport mechanisms, cell division, and cell death.
This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and various membrane-bound organelles. Some key organelles present in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells include mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells and lack complex internal structures like the cytoskeleton. Their DNA is also not bound in histones and they do not have linear chromosomes with centromeres.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It has many applications in nursing, as therapeutic agents like insulin were first developed through biochemistry experiments. Several medical conditions can be explained by biochemical abnormalities, such as anemia, jaundice in infants, or dark urine indicating a metabolic disorder. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living things. There are two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles and a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have intracellular structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that carry out specialized functions.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two types, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Organelles are structures within cells that carry out specific functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Membranous organelles are surrounded by membranes while non-membranous organelles like ribosomes are not. Organelles perform functions like energy production, protein building, waste destruction, and responding to signals. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
S C I E N C E P R O J E C T W O R K ( I T E R M )Nandeesh Laxetty
The document summarizes key differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. It describes the main components of plant cells, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plastids. It also outlines the main parts of animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes. Both cell types share some similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
The document summarizes key differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. It describes the main components of plant cells, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plastids. It also outlines the main parts of animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes. Both cell types share some similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
The document discusses cell structure and function. It defines cells as the basic units of life and describes two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains key differences like eukaryotes having a nucleus and organelles while prokaryotes do not. The rest of the document details organelles found in typical animal and plant cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall. It provides information on the structure and function of each organelle.
The chapter contain detail descriptions regarding structures and functions of different cell organelles of plant and animal cells which is helpful to UG and PG students of Science. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. The basic constituents of plant and animal cells are the same,
viz nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and various inorganic substances
They organized in the same fundamental manner. The shape of plant cell is rectangular and that of animal cell is round with irregular appearance. Cell organelles various membrane bound structures that are
found within a cell such as nucleus, plastids, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum etc.
This document discusses cell structure, function, and cellular transport. It begins by defining the cell and outlining the three main points of the cell theory: 1) all living things are made of cells, 2) new cells are produced from existing cells, and 3) the cell is the basic unit of structure and function. It then describes the structure and functions of key cellular components like the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and ribosomes. The final section discusses cellular transport mechanisms, distinguishing between passive transport (diffusion and osmosis) which moves substances down concentration gradients without energy input, and active transport which requires ATP and transports substances against gradients.
The document summarizes the structures and functions of animal cells. It discusses that animal cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope that houses the cell's genetic material. The cytoplasm contains various membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions like mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum which synthesizes proteins, and lysosomes which digest waste. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits, and the cytoskeleton maintains the cell's shape.
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The document summarizes the structure and functions of key organelles in plant cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and plasmodesmata. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the plasma membrane encloses the living contents of the cell. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell processes. Chloroplasts and mitochondria perform photosynthesis and respiration. Other organelles are involved in transport and sorting of materials within the cell.
the presentation gives the structure, function, and electron microscopic image of the various cytoplasmic organelles. it also includes the clinical significance of various organelle damage.
DEFINITION:
Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL:
PARTS OF THE CELL
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
a. Cytosol
b. Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure of Plasma Membrane
The Cell membrane also known as the Plasma membrane.
It is a Biological Membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The Lipid layer made up of three types of lipid molecules such as Phospholipids,
Cholesterols and Glycolipids.
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipid are amphipathic molecule
(Both Polar and Nonpolar parts)
Phospholipids – Phosphate (Polar) – Head – Hydrophilic
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail – Hydrophobic
Cholesterols – Slightly Amphipathic
Glycolipids – Carbohydrate (Polar) – Head
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
Participates in intercellular signalling.
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus and has two components.
a) Cytosol
b) Organelles
a) Cytosol: (pH - 7)
The Cytosol (Intracellular fluid) is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that
surrounds organelles.
Cytosol is 75 – 90% of water plus various dissolved and suspended components.
Among these are different types of ions, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, protein,
lipid, ATP and waste products.
The cytosol is the site of many Chemical reactions for a cell existence.
b) Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
CYTOSKELETON:
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments.
It Consists of three types of filament proteins
1. Microfilament
2. Intermediate filament
3. Microtubules
1. Microfilament
Microfilaments are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton.
Diameter – 6nm
They are composed of protein Actin and Myosin.
Most Prevalent at the edge of a cell.
Functions of Microfilament:
They help generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Microfilaments are involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell
locomotion.
The Mechanical support that is responsible for the basic strength and shape of
cells.
2. Intermediate filaments
Several different proteins such as keratin, collagen can compose intermediate
filament.
Diameter – 10 nm
Functions of Intermediate filaments:
They help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus.
3. Microtubules
Largest cytoskeletal components.
Diameter – 25 nm
Unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin.
Functions of Microtubules
Microtubules help determine Cell shape.
It is whole study about animal cell . Componant of cell well described with their function . Structure of organals also seen in presentation . Also gives Homeostatic mechanism of body and how to wor it .
Cell divission frieflys described with their phases And types .
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular organization and structure. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. It then discusses the structures and functions of key cellular components in plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, and vacuoles. Finally, it compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting things like size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and cell division mechanisms.
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DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, is a technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA. It involves analyzing specific locations, or loci, within a person's DNA at which base pair sequences vary among individuals. DNA profiling can be used to determine parentage or identity in criminal investigations.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Department of Biology at SMT. C.H.M. College. It details the question paper pattern, which includes short answer questions, long answer questions, and MCQs. The syllabus then covers various topics related to reproduction in lower and higher plants, including asexual reproduction methods, sexual reproduction, pollination types and mechanisms, outbreeding devices to promote cross-pollination, double fertilization and embryo development. Specific plant structures and processes such as the anther, microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis are also defined.
This document summarizes plant reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods discussed include vegetative propagation through roots, stems, runners, and leaves. Artificial methods like cuttings, grafting, and budding are also covered. Sexual reproduction involves flowers and pollination, with descriptions of floral parts and structures. Both self-pollination and cross-pollination are discussed. Various pollination mechanisms like wind, water, insect, bird and other animal pollination are described along with associated floral adaptations. Microsporogenesis and development of male and female gametophytes are summarized.
- Nervous systems have evolved from simple nerve nets in early multicellular organisms like Hydra to more complex ganglionated and centralized systems in organisms like Planaria and humans.
- The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which contains a cell body and extensions called dendrites and axons. Neurons communicate via synapses using electrical or chemical signals.
- Nervous systems allow for rapid coordinated responses in animals through electrical signaling. Over time, nervous systems have become more centralized and specialized to control increasingly complex organismal functions.
The document provides information on the human circulatory system, including:
1. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, and functions to transport, maintain homeostasis, and provide protection.
2. The circulatory system is closed and double, with blood passing through the heart twice - first to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) then to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
3. The lymphatic system works alongside the circulatory system, consisting of lymph, lymph vessels, organs and tissues. It transports fluid from tissues into the bloodstream.
- Health involves complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
- The immune system protects the body from infectious agents through innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin barriers and immune cells. Acquired immunity involves adaptive responses like antibody production and immunological memory.
- Key cells of the immune system are lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes include B cells and T cells that carry out antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity. Antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens and present antigens to activate helper T cells.
This document discusses plant growth and development, including seed germination, the role of growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid), and photoperiodism. It defines growth and outlines the phases and factors that influence growth. It describes seed dormancy and the changes that occur during seed germination. The roles and characteristics of the main plant growth hormones are summarized. The document also categorizes plants based on their responses to photoperiodism and defines vernalization.
This document discusses plant water relations and transport. It covers how water is absorbed by roots, transported through the xylem, and moves upwards through the plant. It describes several theories for water transport, including root pressure theory, capillary theory, and cohesion theory. It also discusses transpiration, opening and closing of stomata, mineral nutrition, and classification of essential nutrients. The key points covered are the role of water in plants, absorption and transport pathways, factors affecting absorption, and mechanisms regulating transpiration and water movement.
Biotechnology uses organisms or biological systems to develop products and services. It has applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry. Recombinant DNA technology allows manipulation of genes between unrelated organisms. The process involves enzyme digestion of DNA, ligation of genes into vectors, introduction into host cells, and culturing to produce multiple copies of the gene. This technique has led to medical advances like insulin production and disease treatments.
This document discusses chromosomal basis of inheritance. It explains that chromosomes occur in pairs in somatic cells and during gamete formation, homologous chromosomes separate so each gamete contains one chromosome from the pair. The chromosome theory proposed by Sutton and Boveri stated that gametes contain chromosomes that carry hereditary characters and union of gametes restores the diploid number. The rest of the document discusses chromosomes in more detail including their structure, types, sex chromosomes, and mechanisms of sex determination in different organisms.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. Heredity refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring, while variation refers to differences between parents and offspring or among individuals of the same species.
2. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s, and is considered the founder of genetics. He demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units of inheritance called factors, now known as genes.
3. Mendel established basic principles of inheritance, including dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and the concept of alleles. His work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 1900s.
This document discusses excretion and osmoregulation. Excretion is the collection and elimination of metabolic waste across the cell membrane, as certain products of metabolism are toxic byproducts that must be excreted. The main wastes that must be eliminated are nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, water, bile pigments, excess inorganic salts, hormones, and vitamins, which are formed through the catabolism of glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids.
The document discusses respiration at the cellular level. It defines respiration as the breakdown of organic compounds through oxidation to release energy in the form of ATP. It describes the ultrastructure of mitochondria, including their double membrane structure and folded inner membrane containing F1 particles. It outlines the key steps in respiration: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport system along the inner mitochondrial membrane.
This document provides information about animal tissues. It begins by defining tissue as a group of identical cells performing the same function within a matrix. There are four main types of tissues - epithelial, nervous, muscular and connective tissues. Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells that form protective layers. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglial cells that generate and transmit nerve impulses. Muscular tissue contains elongated cells called fibers that allow for contraction and relaxation. Connective tissue will be discussed in the next section.
This document provides information on the Kingdom Animalia and its various phyla. It begins with an introduction to key characteristics of animals and criteria for classification. It then describes the following phyla in more detail: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, and its subphyla Vertebrata, Cephalochordata, Urochordata. Within the subphylum Vertebrata, it discusses the characteristics of classes: Pisces, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Re
The document describes the external features, digestive system, and circulatory system of the earthworm Pheretima and the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Key details include:
- Pheretima is segmented with clitellar, pre-clitellar, and post-clitellar regions. It has setae, pores, and aphidures.
- The cockroach has a segmented body with head, thorax, and abdomen. It has compound eyes, antennae, wings, and three pairs of legs.
- Both have a digestive system including a mouth, alimentary canal, and anus. Pheretima's intestine has typhlosole
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
3. The branch of biology which deals with
the study of structure, function,
molecular organisation, growth,
reproduction & genetics is called
Cytology/Cell Biology
Simple microscope 50--100 times
Compound microscope -- 1000 times &
more
Electron microscope – 500000 times
Cells have no specific/typical shape
(rectangular, circular, conical,
columnar)
Introduction
4. The Great Team
The term “Cell” was
introduced by Robert
Hooke
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek reported
other types of cells
J. E. Purkinje coined
the term Protoplasm.
Robert Brown
discovered & named
Nucleus
Historical Account
5. Historical Account
Robert Hooke's microscope
A reproduction of Anton
van Leeuwenhoek's
microscope from the 17th
century with a
magnification of 300x
Drawing of the structure of
cork by Robert Hooke that
appeared in Micrographia
8. Cell Theory/Cell Doctrine
All organisms are made up of cells
Cell is the basic structural &
functional unit of life
Cells have genetic information & is passed from generation
to generation.
Cells are similar in their chemical composition & metabolic
activity.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Cells are duplicating, self-contained units.
9. Exceptions to Cell Theory
Viruses do not have cellular organisation
Bacteria & BGA are prokaryotes, they do not show true
cellular structures
Capacity of living nucleated cell, to differentiate into any
other type of cell & thus form a complete new organism.
TOTIPOTENCY
11. Pro – primitive Karyon – nucleus
Bacteria & Blue green algae constitute this group
There are four forms of bacteria
Spirilla– twisted
Cocci – spherical/ovoid
Vibrio – comma shaped
Bacilli – rodshaped
Prokaryotic Cell
Bacteria
12. Prokaryotic Cell
Blue green algae
(Cyanobacteria) are
photosynthetic prokaryotes.
They may be filamentous or
non filamentous
They fix atm. N2,
symbiotically or non
symbiotically
Blue green algae/Cyanobacteria
14. Cell Envelope
It consists of three layers namely ;
GLYCOCALYX
Glycocalyx Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Outermost, made up of
macromolecules, help in
adhesion
Some have loose sheath
Slime, few have thick &
tough capsule.
Both the layers are made up
of polysaccharides & may
contain proteins
Glycocalyx
15. CELLWALL
Present below glycocalyx,
provides definite shape &
support.
Cellwalls of different bacteria show different types of
reactions with Gram’s Stain
Made up of Peptidoglycans (Gram +ve) / Murein (Gram -ve)/ in
Eubacteria & Psuedo-peptidoglycan in Archaebacteria.
Cell Envelope
16. PLASMA MEMBRANE
Innermost covering made up
of Proteins & Lipids
Serves as barrier & helps in intercellular communication.
Bacterial plasma membrane is the site for photosynthesis,
respiration etc.
Membrane also holds receptor molecules to detect & respond
to chemicals.
Cell Envelope
17. No membrane bound nucleus, only long double stranded
circular DNA molecule
Highly coiled with the help of non histone proteins
Connected to plasma membrane through mesosome.
Nucleoid/Genome
18. Plasmids
Extra chromosomal, autonomously, self-replicating mini-
chromosomes
Render antibiotic resistance, fertility.
Used as an important tool in
Genetic engineering
19. Cytoplasm
Semi fluid ground substance or matrix.
Contains variety of inorganic & organic compounds.
Does not show cytoplasm streaming, lacks organelles.
Following membranous structures are seen
Mesosomes Chromatophores Inclusion bodies
20. Invaginations of plasma
membrane.
Forms vesicles, tubules,
lamellae.
Involved in formation of
cell wall, DNA replication.
Also involved in distribution of chromosomes to cells.
Exact function is still
unknown
Mesosomes
21. Usually seen in photosynthetic bacteria & BGA
They contain different
pigments such as;
Bacteriophaeophytin
Carotenoids
Bacteriochlorophylls
Chromatophores
22. Dense particles in the cytoplasm, made up of RNA & Proteins
Each 70s ribosome is made
up of two subunits 50s & 30s
Helps in protein synthesis
Termed as 70s ribosomes
S stands for Svedberg unit
(sedimentation in centrifuge
depending on speed & size of
particle).
Ribosomes
23. Storage granules lie freely in cytoplasm
They are of two types such as
Cyanophycean granules, Starch granules, Glycogen granules
Inorganic Inclusions
Organic Inclusions
Phosphates & Sulphur granules
Inclusion Bodies
26. Cell Wall
Protective, semi-transparent,
thick, strong, rigid
Made up of polysaccharides such as
Cellulose Pectin
Lignin Hemicellulose
Cutin
Suberin
Provides shape, helps in transport of material
Shows three layers namely
Primary cell wall – capable of
growth, seen in meristematic tissue,
mesophyll, pith.
Middle lamella – cementing substance
pectin, calcium and magnesium (ripening
is due to solubilization of pectin)
Secondary cell wall – thickens the wall, presence of pits, plasmodesmata
(cytoplasmic bridges)
27. Plasma Membrane/Cell membrane
Semi-permeable or selectively permeable
70 to 80 Ao in thickness,
structure explained by Singer
& Nicholson in Fluid Mosaic
Model
Different Proteins are
present in viscous fluid
matrix of phospholipid bi
layer so (trilaminar)
Each phospholipid bilayer
consists of Head & Tails
Head is hydrophillic & tail is hydrophobic
Lipid bilayer is 45 A o thick, tails at rightangles to the surface
Hydrophobic ends face each other, external surface has hydrophillic ends
Quasifluid nature of lipids renders fluidity and thus lateral movement of
proteins takes place
28. Plasma Membrane contd….
Proteins are globular, of 2 types
Extrinsic & Intrinsic
Extrinsic/Peripheral are
loosely held, intrinsic are
tightly bound also called as
Integral proteins.
Some run across the entire
thickness & are called as
tunnel proteins
Tunnel proteins serve as a
passage for polar molecules
Transport of molecules across takes place passively, actively and osmosis
as well
29. Functions of Plasma Membrane
Imparts shape, protects
Regulates semi-permeability, reabsorption, excretion
& secretion.
Contributes in the formation of cell organelles
Many membranes serves as enzymes
Serves as a receptor of stimuli.
In amoeba it carries out locomotion, phagocytosis &
pinocytosis
30. Cytoplasm
Jelly like colloidal ground substance also called matrix
Outer ectoplasm, inner endoplasm
Shows streaming movements called CYCLOSIS
Composed of sugars, amino acids, t-RNA, Nucleotides, minerals, vitamins,
proteins & enzymes.
Also contains many organelles like nucleus, mitochondria.
Source of raw materials and seat of metabolic activities
As organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast have distinct functions
hence all other organelles are together termed as endomembrane
system.
32. Mitochondria
Covered by lipo-proteinaceous double
membrane.
Polymorphic -- Rod shaped, filamentous,
small spherical, granular
0.2 to 2 micrometers, average number 50
to 50,000
Mitos – thread, Chondros -- granule
Also called as power house of cell as it
generated ATP
Inner membrane folded, selectively permeable
Outer membrane is smooth, permeable, 60 AO
Folds are called cristae, contain Oxysomes/F1 particles
Cavity is filled with dense homogenous, proteinaceous fluid called matrix
Matrix shows DNA, RNA, Proteins, Lipids, Ribosomes
34. Mitochondria contd….
Electron Carrier molecules or Coenzymes are
present on the rest of the membrane.
They are the molecules of ATPase for
terminal step.
1 to 10 lacs of oxysomes are seen in a
mitochondrion
ULTRASTRUCTURE
Cytochromes
Electron carriers are as follows
Dehydrogenases Flavoproteins
35. Glucose (6C)
Pyruvic acid (3C)
NADH2 & FADH2
CO2 & H2O
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Kreb’s Cycle
Matrix
ETS
F1 particle
Steps in Respiration
36.
37. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tubules are irregular branches.
Cisternae are stacks of flattened parallel sacs.
Delicately branched & anastomosing network of
ULTRASTRUCTURE
Cisternae
Vesicles are circular, may be they form chains.
Tubules Vesicles
Each cisternae, tubule, vesicle is 50 to 60 AO in thickness
Diameter of the lumen is 400 – 700 AO filled with cytoplasm.
RER & SER are two types depending on presence or absence of ribosomes.
Cytoplasm inside the lumen is called Laminal & outside it is called
non-laminal.
38. Endoplasmic Reticulum contd…
Connected at one end with nuclear membrane
& the other with plasma membrane
Functions
Provide mechanical support to cytoplasm.
Helps in maintaining position of other organelles
Glycogen & lipids are synthesized & stored in ER.
SER plays role in detoxification of liver.
It also plays a role in synthesis & secretion of lipds.
Provides precursors to Golgi Complex.
RER – Protein Synthesis, associated Ribosomes are called protein factories
It also plays a role in synthesis steroid hormones by gonad & Adrenal cortex
39. Golgi Complex
Described by Camillo Golgi (nervous tissue)
ULTRASTRUCTURE
Aggregation of few to hundreds of
membrane bound bodiesMembranes are
smooth.
Membrane limited flattened saccules
or cisternae
Vesicles -- Large vacuoles filled with
amorphous substance
Made up of cisternae/lamellae, vesicles.
Lamellae/Cisternae are closely stacked, Commonly 2 to 8 in number
Around 50 lamellae are seen in liver cells
40. Plastids
Found in Algae, Plant cells & certain Protists
Semiautonomous having DNA, & double membrane
Leucoplasts
Chromoplasts
They are of three main types
Chloroplasts
No pigments
colourless,
Store food material
Amyloplast – starch
Elaioplast – oils
Aleuroplast – proteins
Coloured contains
pigments other than
chlorophyll Yellow, Orange,
Red in colour, found in flower
& fruits Green coloured
because of
chlorophyll
41. Chloroplast
ULTRASTRUCTURE
Polymorphic, covered by double
membrane peri-stromium, made up
of lipoproteins.
Outer and inner membrane encloses
peri-plastidil space.
Internally filled with homogenous
proteinaceous matrix -- stroma
Shows network of lamellae, namely;
grana & stroma lamellae
(Intergranal lamellae/fret channels)
Grana made up of thyllakoids, containing quantasomes, pigments for
photosynthesis.
Thyllakoids are membrane bound flattened sac like structures.
Plastidome – DNA molecule which makes chloroplast semiautonomous.
42. Lysosomes
Lysosomes are single lipo-proteinacious membrane
bound bodies
Lyso=digestive Soma=body
Elliptical or highly irregular in shape contain hydrolytic
enzymes hence called Suicidal Bags
Present in animal cells (except
mammalian RBC’s)
Avg. diameter – 0.25 to 0.8
micrometer, polymorphic
Lysosomes originate from “GERL”(Golgi associated ER)
Enzymes seen in a lysosome are
Acid Phophotases
Sulphatases
Proteases
Nucleases
Lipases
Glycosidases
43. Lysosomes contd…..
They are of four types
Primary lysosome
Secondary lysosome
Residual bodies
Autophagic vacuoles
Brings about loss of tail in tadpoles
Helps in digestion of food & foreign particles.
Helps in removal of carcinogens
Functions
44. Lysosomes contd…..
Small granules, homogenous contents
Inactive storage form or ready reserves of enzymes.
Formed by fusion of primary lysosome with endocytosis vacuoles
Larger bodies, heterogenous contents
Primary lysosome
Secondary lysosome/Heterophagic granules
Primary lysosome may fuse to an unwanted organelle to form a large sac
called as autophagic vacuole or auto-phagosome
45. Secondary lysosomes containing indigestible matter are called as residual
bodies.
Residual bodies
Lysosomes contd…..
Cells with diminished physiological activity require internal re-modelling
(intracellular digestion).
Excess organelles are eliminated by autophagy
In Dead cells the enzymes are released & thus the cells are digested.
In Sperms the enzyme Hyaluronidase dissolves the protective coat of
ovum.
46. Sphaerosomes – Storage & Synthesis of fats
Few other organelles
Perioxisomes – contains enzymes for synthesis of peroxides
Glyoxysomes – micro-bodies for oxidation of fatty acids
(germinating seeds)
47. Granular organelles not bound by
membrane
Ribosomes
Sites of Protein synthesis
Found attached to ER, also in
cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix &
chloroplast.
150-250 AO in diameter, contain
RNA & proteins.
80S Ribosomes occur in groups and
are called as polysomes or
polyribosomes.
In groups they may be arranged
linearly or in rosette shaped cluster.
48. Membrane (semi permeable - tonoplast) bound fluid (cell sap) filled spaces are
called vacuoles.
Vacuoles
Alkaloids
They may contain Amino acids
Minerals Esters
Tanins
Waste products
Water soluble pigments - Anthocyanin
Prominently found in plants (2 -3 permanent
are seen), in animal cells few & smaller.
A single large vacuole occupying 90% of
cells volume called as central vacuole can
be seen.
Cell sap of vacuole is a store house of various ions & hence hypertonic
Some seeds store organic material like proteins in small vacuoles.
Maintains turgidity, excretion & osmoregulation
They store excretory products or compounds harmful or unpalatable to
herbivores.
49. Non membranous cylindrical or
rod-shaped micro-tubular structures
in animal cells
Centrioles
Nine clusters of 3 microtubules
arranged in circular pattern.
Help in spindle formation & basal
bodies of flagella.
Dense area of cytoplasm
containing radiating microtubules.
Centrosomes contain a pair of
cylindrical structures called as
centrioles.
Diameter – 1500 to 2500 AO
length – 1600 AO to 8 microns.
50. Cilia & Flagella
Fine hair like protoplasmic
outgrowths on free surface of cell.
Generate a current for transport of
materials & locomotion.
Cilia are small and many whereas
flagella is single and long.
They consist of basal body, basal
plate and shaft.
Basal body is placed in cytoplasm and derived from centriole.
It has nine peripheral triplets of fibrils (arranged like centriole)
Central tubule is covered by central sheath.
Shaft consists of sheath and axoneme, axoneme posesses 11 fibrils 9
peripheral doublets and two single central fibrils.
Sheath is connected to one of the tubule by radial spoke, central tubules
are connected to each other by bridges.
Peripheral doublets are connected through linkers/inter-doublet bridge.
51. Non living materials in vacuoles, cytoplasm or cellwall
Cell inclusions
They may be organic/inorganic in chemical composition.
52. Discovered by Robert Brown
Nucleus
Usually cells have single nucleus, in certain cases bi nucleated
(paramoecium), & multinucleated (fungi).
Prokaryotic cell shows only chromosome and is called as
nucleoid/Genome
Such cells are called Syncytial (animals) & Coenocytes (plants)
Position
Nucleus is placed centrally usually, variations are seen
Glandular cells – basal Adipose cells – peripheral
53. Nucleus contd…
Shape & Size
Depends on the shape of the cell
Columnar cells – Ovoid /elongated
Cuboidal cells -- Spherical
Squamous epithelial cells – disc shaped
WBC’s – bi/multilobed
Vorticella – “c” shaped
Depends on volume of cell, amount of DNA & Proteins & metabolic
phase of cell
54. Nucleus contd…
It also consists nuclear pores, annuli, central granule & fibrous lamina.
Ideally a well defined nucleus shows following parts
Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasm Nucleolus
Nuclear pores Chromatin network
Nuclear membrane
Made up of two membranes, outer & inner with peri-nuclear space
7-8 nm in thickness, outer communicates with ER & inner contains
dense material called fibrous lamina.
55. Nucleus contd…
Perinuclear Space
10-70 nm filled with fluid similar to ER.
Annuli
Nuclear pores are enclosed by electron dense rings/cylinders called as
annuli.
Nuclear pore + Annulus = Pore complex
Annuli work as diaphragm while pore complex works for selective
permeability
Central Granule
Not a constant feature
56. Nucleus contd…
Fibrous lamina
Honey comb pattern made up of acid protein
Functions of nuclear envelope
Separation of nuclear material from cytoplasm
Exchange of necessary materials
Attachment of organelles like ER
Synthesizes proteins
Source membrane for other membranes
Video......VideosXIIProtein Synthesis.mpg
57. Nucleus contd…
Transparent, semisolid, granular, acidophillic matrix called as nuclear
sap/nucleoplasm/karyolymph
Contains nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes & minerals.
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Spherical acidophillic body
Active cells have large nucleolus,
Cells without synthetic activity may lack nucleolus
Dense homogenous body without limiting membrane
Coiled filament called nucleolonema in matrix
Amorphous matrix, chromatin, fibrils & granules
58. Nucleus contd…
Thread like coiled & much elongated structures
Stained by Feulgen stain heterochromatin & Euchromatin
Chromatin material
Heterochromatin – dark, metabolically & genetically inert
Euchromatin – light, genetically active
Made up of nuleosomes, forms chromosomes