This document summarizes several key cell organelles: The cytoplasm contains organelles and allows cellular activities. Organelles include the cytosol, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, centrioles, and basal bodies. Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP and regulate the cell's metabolism. The endoplasmic reticulum packages and transports proteins while the lysosome contains enzymes to break down biomolecules.

1. CELL ORGANELLS
BY- DEBORAH STARLINA.K

2. CYTOPLASM
 The cytoplasm is the material
within a living cell.
 .The cytoplasm is about 80%
water and usually colorless.
 The cytoplasm behaves like a sol-
gel.

3. FUNCTIONS OF CYTOPLASM
 It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities
occur. And many metabolic
 Movement of the cytoplasm is known as amoeboid
movement.

4. CYTOSOL
 The cytosol, also known as intracellular
fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the
liquid found inside cells.
 Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell
volume and is a complex mixture
of cytoskeleton filaments.
 The cytosol's filaments include
the protein filaments such as actin
filaments and microtubules that make
up the cytoskeleton.

5. CYTOSKLETON
 It is a complex network of
interlinking microfilaments and
tubules that extend throughout
the cytoplasm.
 The cytoskeleton can also contract,
thereby deforming the cell and the cell's
environment and allowing cells to
migrate.
 Provides a scaffold to organize the
contents of the cell in space.

6. CLIA

7. CILIA
• Structure: Hair-like organelles that extend
from the surface of cells.
• Arrangement: Cilia have a 9 + 2
arrangement of microtubules.
• Function: Motile cilia are found in the lungs,
respiratory tract and middle ear. They work,
for instance, to keep the airways clear of
mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily.
Fallopian tubes of the female.

8. FLAGELLUM

9. FLAGELLUM
Cilia are similar to flagella in structure
and function
Structure: A flagellum is a whip-like structure that
allows a cell to move.
Arrangement: 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.
Functions: Sperm swim by means of a
prominent flagellum,

10. MITOCHONDRIA
• A double-membrane-
bound organelle
mitochondrion has its own
independent genome
• Mitochondria Come from
cytoplasm in the EGG cell
during fertilization

11. MITOCHONDRIA
Functions of Mitochondria
The most prominent function of
mitochondria is to produce
energy to the cell in the form of
ATP. It also regulates the
metabolic activity of the cell.

12. Mitochondrial Disease

13. Mitochondrial Disease

14. Endoplasmic reticulum
 An interconnected network of flattened,
membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like
structures known as cisternae.
 The membranes of the ER are continuous
with the outer nuclear membrane, but is
absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa.
 There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum:
rough (granular) and smooth (Agranular).

15. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
 Studded with protein- manufacturing ribosomes
giving a "rough" appearance.
 The Ribosomes are not a stable part of this
organelle's structure as they are constantly being
bound and released from the membrane.
 Although there is no continuous membrane
between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi
apparatus, membrane-bound transport
vesicles shuttle proteins between these two
compartments.

16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• The rough endoplasmic
reticulum is key in multiple
functions:
a. Manufacture
of lysosomal enzymes
b. Manufacture of proteins.

17. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

18. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
o It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids,
and steroids. Cells which secrete these
products, such as those in the testes, ovaries,
and sebaceous glands have an abundance
of SER.
o It also carries out the metabolism of
carbohydrates, detoxification, and steroid
metabolism.
o In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion
concentration (sarcoplasmic reticulum).

19. Lysosome
 A membrane-bound organelle .
 Lysosome
contain hydrolytic enzymes that can
break down many kinds
of biomolecules.
 The enzymes responsible for this
hydrolysis require an acidic
environment for optimal activity,
Lumen's pH (4.5–5.0) is optimal for
the enzymes involved in hydrolysis.

20. Tay-Sachs Disease
 Tay-Sachs disease is a rare inherited
disorder that progressively destroys nerve
cells.
 The symptoms of the disease normally
showed after several months after birth,
they begin to appear as ganglioside
accumulate higher and higher inside.
 The nerve cells and will make the infants
become irritable, listless, cause seizures,
blindness, deafness and paralysis.
 Affected children usually die by the age of
5.

21. Peroxisome
• Known as a microbody.
• They are involved in catabolism of very
long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty
acids, D aminoacids,and polyamines,
reduction of reactive oxygen species,
hydrogen peroxide.
• Enzymes within the peroxisome, using
molecular oxygen, remove hydrogen
atoms from specific organic substrates
(labeled as R), in an oxidative reaction,
producing hydroge peroxide (H2O2, itself
toxic).

22. Peroxisome
• Catalase, another peroxisomal enzyme,
uses this H2O2 to oxidize other
substrates, including phenols, formic
acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol.
• This reaction is important in liver and
kidney cells, where the peroxisomes
detoxify various toxic substances that
enter the blood.

23. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
• Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a disease linked to
the X chromosome.
• It is a result of fatty acid buildup caused by the
relevant enzymes not functioning properly,
• The most severely affected tissues are the myelin in
the central nervous system, the adrenal cortex, and
the Leydig cells in the testes
• Other side effects include problems with speaking,
listening, and understanding verbal instructions.

24. Vacuole
• A membrane-bound organelle.
• Compartments which are filled with
water containing inorganic and organic
molecules
including enzymes in solution, though
in certain cases they may contain solids
which have been engulfed.
• Assisting in larger processes
of exocytosis and endocytosis
• Salmonella is able to survive and
reproduce in the vacuoles of
several mammal species after being
engulfed.

25. Centriole
 Centriole is a cylindrical cellular organelle composed
mainly of a protein called tubulin.
 Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets of short
microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder.
 The main function of centrioles is to produce cilia
during interphase and the aster and the spindle during
cell division.

26. Basal body
 It is formed from a centriole
 Centrioles, basal bodies, and cilia are important
for mitosis, polarity, cell division, protein trafficking,
signaling, motility, and sensation.

27. THANK YOU