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Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things. There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells, which are smaller and lack a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells include plant, animal, fungi, and protist cells, while prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
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Idol Unit 5 Cell Structure Presentation
Cells are the fundamental units of all living things. They got their name from Robert Hooke who observed magnified cork cells that resembled monks' living quarters called cells. All cells share some basic features including cytoplasm, a cell membrane boundary, metabolic life processes, DNA, and ribosomes. Cells are classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes, with prokaryotes being smaller bacteria and archaea without nuclei, and eukaryotes being larger animal, plant, fungi and protist cells with nuclei and organelles.
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The document provides an overview of the history and development of cell theory from its earliest observations in the 1600s to modern understandings. Some key points include:
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Recommended
Idol Unit 5 Cell Structure Presentation
Cells are the fundamental units of all living things. They got their name from Robert Hooke who observed magnified cork cells that resembled monks' living quarters called cells. All cells share some basic features including cytoplasm, a cell membrane boundary, metabolic life processes, DNA, and ribosomes. Cells are classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes, with prokaryotes being smaller bacteria and archaea without nuclei, and eukaryotes being larger animal, plant, fungi and protist cells with nuclei and organelles.
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1 cell fernando
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1 cell fernando
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IES Pedro de Luna.
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Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 when examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed red blood cells, sperm cells, and single-celled organisms in 1674. In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in cells and theorized it was a constant component. Later, in 1835, Felix Dujardin discovered that living cells contain an internal substance called sarcode. The cell theory, developed from these early discoveries, states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from preexisting cells through cell division, and cells are the basic functional units of living things.
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Robert Hooke first observed cells in thin slices of cork in 1665 under his microscope and coined the term "cell" to describe their box-like compartments. The cell theory, proposed by Schleiden and Schwann and elaborated by Virchow, states that the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are composed of one or more cells, and new cells arise from preexisting cells. Cells come in various shapes and sizes depending on their function, with the smallest being bacteria and the largest being ostrich eggs. Cells are either prokaryotic, lacking membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, as in bacteria, or eukaryotic, with a nucleus surrounded by organelles, as in plants
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2. Advances in microscopy technology allowed scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden and Schwann to observe cells directly and formulate the original cell theory.
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2. The three main points of cell theory are presented: all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function, and cells only come from pre-existing cells. Common features of cells like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and organelles are also outlined.
3. Modern additions to cell theory are noted including that cells contain DNA, have similar composition and metabolism, and function
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The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the earliest life forms on Earth and lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, with organelles enclosed in membranes and linear DNA contained within a nucleus. While prokaryotes can only be unicellular, eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular.
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- In muscles, calcium binds to proteins to allow muscle fibers to contract in response to nerve signals.
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This document summarizes neurotransmitters and their mechanisms of action. It defines neurotransmitters as chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses across synapses. There are over 50 known neurotransmitters that are classified biochemically and physiologically as either excitatory or inhibitory. The document describes the general mechanisms of several major neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, histamine, amino acids, and neuropeptides. It explains how they are synthesized, stored in vesicles, released, and deactivated in the synaptic cleft.
Reflexes
This document discusses the physiology of reflexes. It defines a reflex as a coordinated involuntary motor response initiated by a stimulus to peripheral receptors. Reflexes are classified based on their clinical presentation, anatomical pathway, number of synapses involved, and functional purpose. Monosynaptic reflexes like the stretch reflex involve only one synapse, while polysynaptic reflexes have multiple synapses. Characteristics of reflexes like summation, irradiation, and fatigue are also described.
Spinal cord reflexes
Spinal cord reflexes are neuronal circuits extending from peripheral receptors through the spinal cord to effectors. Reflexes are classified by the origin and termination of the receptor and effector. Major reflexes include the monosynaptic stretch reflex, flexor withdrawal reflex, reciprocal innervation, crossed extensor reflex, extensor thrust reflex, scratch reflex, and panniculus reflex. These reflexes maintain posture, remove the body from harm, and protect skin from irritants.
Classification of reflexes
This document discusses different ways to classify reflexes based on their anatomical features, number of synapses involved, physiological characteristics, and whether they are innate or conditioned. The main types of classifications covered are: anatomical (segmental, intersegmental, suprasegmental), number of synapses (monosynaptic, bisynaptic, polysynaptic), physiological (flexor, extensor), and conditional/unconditional (unconditioned, conditioned). Specific examples are provided to illustrate each classification category.
12 cranial nerves
This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves, including their component (motor, sensory, mixed), function, origin point in the brain, and opening through the skull. It describes that cranial nerves I, II, and VIII are sensory nerves involved in smell, vision, and hearing respectively. Cranial nerves III, IV, VI control eye movement and pupil constriction. The trigeminal nerve (V) is mixed and innervates face sensation and muscles of mastication. The facial nerve (VII) is also mixed and controls face muscles and taste. The vagus nerve (X) is the longest and most complex, controlling heart rate, digestion and more.
Nerve Impulse
1) Nerve impulses propagate along axons via the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the axon membrane.
2) At rest, the axon maintains a negative charge due to higher concentrations of potassium and organic ions inside the axon and higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions outside.
3) When an impulse is generated, the permeability of the axon membrane to sodium briefly increases, allowing sodium to flow inside and depolarize the membrane. This creates an electrical signal called an action potential.
Nerve impulse conduction
Nerve impulse conduction involves the generation and propagation of action potentials along neurons. At rest, neurons maintain a negative resting potential due to an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When stimulated, the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes rapid depolarization and the generation of an action potential. This potential then propagates along the axon as adjacent regions are depolarized, triggering their own action potentials. At synapses, the action potential is converted to a chemical signal via neurotransmitter release, which can then trigger a new action potential in the post-synaptic cell. Myelination and large axon diameters increase conduction velocity.
Neurotransmitters
Otto Loewi discovered the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in 1921 through an experiment using two frog hearts. He found that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve of one heart caused it to slow down, and the same effect was seen in the second heart, showing that a chemical was being transmitted. Neurotransmitters meet four criteria: they are synthesized and stored in neurons, released at synapses, mimic the action of natural transmitters as drugs, and are removed from synapses. There are two main classes of neurotransmitters - small molecules like acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin; and peptides. Small molecules are synthesized in axon terminals while peptides are made in cell bodies.
Blood & its functions
The human body contains approximately 5 liters of blood composed of plasma and cellular elements. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, and other substances. Cellular elements include red blood cells containing hemoglobin, white blood cells for immunity, and platelets for clotting. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and more throughout the body.
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Cell fatu camara 4º A
The document discusses cells and their classification. It notes that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus. Examples are given of eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells and prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea. Diagrams of typical animal and plant cell structures are also included.
cellandcelltheory-190324140633.pdf
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cell and cell theory
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cell theory
The cell is the basic unit of structure and life. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining cork under a microscope. The cell theory states that all organisms are made of similar basic units called cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and all living things have similar chemical components. The modern cell theory includes that organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and cells reproduce through division of pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
The document discusses the key differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane and various membrane-bound organelles. Both cell types contain DNA and have similar basic structures and metabolic processes, but the DNA in eukaryotes is contained within the nucleus and is more complex than in prokaryotes.
Why We Study The Cell And Its Components.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and various membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. While both contain DNA and ribosomes, prokaryotic DNA is found in the nucleoid region and eukaryotic DNA is organized into linear chromosomes within the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells also have a more complex internal structure due to the presence of organelles.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.pptx
This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins by introducing that eukaryotic cells contain organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. The main differences are that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotes have linear DNA, mitochondria, and their genetic material is enclosed within the nucleus. However, both share some similarities like DNA, vesicles, and being single or multicellular. The document then discusses characteristics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and structures found in both types of cells.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.pptx
This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins by introducing that eukaryotic cells contain organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. The main differences are that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotes have linear DNA, mitochondria, and membrane-bound organelles. However, both share some similarities like DNA, vesicles, and being single or multicellular. The document then discusses characteristics of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea, followed by characteristics of eukaryotes like organelles, size, and being the domain of life that includes animals and plants.
Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes
Enzymes are macromolecules that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, facilitating the reactions through a lock and key binding interaction. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells, which are unicellular and lack a nucleus and organelles, and eukaryotic cells, which are found in animals, plants, fungi and protists and have complex internal membranes and organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells due to their increased complexity.
Unit 4 cell revised 2012
This document discusses cells and their cellular nature. It begins by introducing the topic of cells and how they relate to the common characteristic of all living things being cellular. It then discusses the history of cell discovery, including the invention of the microscope and key figures like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and those who developed the cell theory. It also covers basic cell structures like organelles, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and examples of different cell types.
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE PART 1.pptx
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function of all living organisms, as discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 when he observed "cells" in a cork slice under his microscope.
2. Cells contain specialized internal components called organelles that allow the cell to carry out its functions, and cells can be single-celled (unicellular) organisms or grouped together in multicellular organisms.
3. The document describes experiments observing onion cells under the microscope to learn that all living things are composed of cells, which can have different shapes and sizes depending on their function.
Two Types Of Cells - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and include bacteria, while eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and include plants, animals, fungi and protists. The key difference between these cell types is the presence of a nucleus - prokaryotes lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes have membrane-bound nuclei that contain their genetic material. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with many organelles and can form multicellular organisms.
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simpler single-celled organisms like bacteria that do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are more complex cells found in plants, animals and other organisms that do have a nucleus which stores their genetic material. While bacteria can cause diseases, they also play important roles in ecosystems and in the human body. Eukaryotic cells evolved to be more complex with organelles and the ability to form multicellular organisms.
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
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- Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share basic cellular components like DNA, ribosomes, and cell membranes. However, prokaryotes lack
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS VIDEO PDPC1.pptx
This document discusses prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to state the cell theory, compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and compare typical animal and plant cells under electron microscopes. It then provides background on the origins of cell theory and the scientists involved. It states the principles of cell theory and describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Finally, it compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells as seen under electron microscopes.
Prokaryote_vs_Eukaryote_Cells.pdf
This document compares and contrasts prokaryote and eukaryote cells. It notes that prokaryotes, like bacteria, are unicellular and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes, which include plant, animal and protist cells, have organelles enclosed within membranes and can be either unicellular or multicellular. The key distinguishing feature between these cell types is that eukaryotes have a cell nucleus containing DNA, while prokaryotes do not. The document also outlines some of the major organelles found in different eukaryotic cell types.
CELL-BASIC PRESENTATION
- The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 from a slice of cork under a microscope.
- Cells may be unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, consisting of many cells. All cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and have the ability to reproduce.
- Key characteristics of cells include providing structure and support, containing genetic material in the nucleus, and using mitochondria and other organelles to carry out essential functions like energy production and waste digestion.
The fundamental unit of life
The key discoveries in cell biology were made with the invention and improvement of microscopes. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a primitive microscope. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek later discovered free living cells in pond water using an improved microscope. It was established that cells are the basic unit of all living things through the work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, who proposed the cell theory in the 1800s.
Types of Cells
The document discusses the history and types of cells. It notes that cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in the 17th century using microscopes. There are two main types of cells - eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and organelles, and prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells include both animal and plant cells, while prokaryotic cells include bacteria and cyanobacteria. The document provides details on the distinguishing characteristics of each type of cell.
#Cell-Unit Of Life
The cell (from Latin cellula 'small room') is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Therefore, cells are often described as the "building blocks of life".
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Evolution webquest
1. Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands and noticing that species were well-adapted to their environments.
2. His theory stated that species slowly change over generations through a process of inherited variation, survival of the fittest, and descent with modification from common ancestors.
3. Natural selection acts on this variation, where individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others, leading to evolution of the species over time.
Trabajo naturales dominat and recessive genes.
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Trabajo naturales dominat and recessive genes.
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests while the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples include capital letters representing dominant traits and lowercase for recessive traits in genetics symbols.
Trabajo naturales dominat and recessive genes.
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
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Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
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There are three main types of volcanoes classified based on their activity and structure:
1) Active volcanoes erupt regularly, dormant volcanoes have erupted in the past but are now quiet, and extinct volcanoes are unlikely to erupt again due to lack of lava supply.
2) Shield volcanoes have broad, gentle slopes built by fluid lava flows. Composite volcanoes have a steep, conical shape formed from layers of hardened lava and ash.
3) Examples include Mauna Loa, a shield volcano in Hawaii, and Mount St. Helens, a composite volcano in Washington, USA.
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Cell fatu camara 4º a
- 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living beings.Discovered by Rober Hooke in 1665.
- 3. THE CELL THEORY TELLS US THAT: -All living beings are made up of cells. -The cell is the basic unit of structure and functon. -Every cell arrives from a previuosly one.
- 4. There are two types of cells EUKARYOTIC cells and PROKARYOTIC cells. EUKARYOTIC cells are those that have a nucleus and they are wider than prokaryotic ones, eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. They have the DNA on the nucleus. Examples of eukaryotic cells are: Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa and algae cells. But we are going to talk only but the two most important that are the Animal and the Plant cell.
- 6. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
- 7. PROKARYOTIC cell are those without any nucleus on them they are simple and smaller than a eukaryote cell.There are two kinds of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea; these share a similar structure. Bacteria Archaea