This document provides information on vitamins and their functions, classification, origin, and factors that increase vitamin needs. It discusses several vitamins (C, D, B6, calcium) in depth, covering their food sources, roles in the body, deficiency symptoms, dosage recommendations, and safety. Maintaining adequate levels of vitamins and minerals like calcium and vitamin D through diet and supplements is important for overall health and disease prevention.
Most people today depend on vitamins to give their body all the necessary elements to keep the body working at its optimum. The dependency on vitamins is mainly due to the fact that there is often no time for a person to stop and have a well-balanced meal and a lot of food choices today are definitely do not make up the complete vitamin body needs. Get all the info you need here.
Most people today depend on vitamins to give their body all the necessary elements to keep the body working at its optimum. The dependency on vitamins is mainly due to the fact that there is often no time for a person to stop and have a well-balanced meal and a lot of food choices today are definitely do not make up the complete vitamin body needs. Get all the info you need here.
Role of vitamins in orthodontics final /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
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Natural ways to build healthy bones - health information martinshaji
Bone health is important throughout life. While you can never regain the bone density you had in your youth, you can help prevent rapidly thinning bones, even after your diagnosis. Calcium is a crucial building block of bone tissue. Vitamin D helps the body absorb and process calcium. Together, these two nutrients are the cornerstone of healthy bones.
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7 Vital Nutrients You're Not Getting and How to Stop Sabotaging Your HealthNu U Nutrition
Guest nutritionist Carmela Pengelly shares insights on the 7 nutrients many people don't get enough of and how to stop doing things that may sabotage your health without you realizing.
Outstanding health benefits of kiwi fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Alla...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Outstanding health benefits of kiwi fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G. Agriculture & Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Vitamins & minerals are essential for the development and functioning of the organism. Maintaining a healthy life will help in maintaining a healthy mouth since poor health is a link to diseases.
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Role of vitamins in orthodontics final /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Natural ways to build healthy bones - health information martinshaji
Bone health is important throughout life. While you can never regain the bone density you had in your youth, you can help prevent rapidly thinning bones, even after your diagnosis. Calcium is a crucial building block of bone tissue. Vitamin D helps the body absorb and process calcium. Together, these two nutrients are the cornerstone of healthy bones.
this is a brief study for healthy bones .................................................
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7 Vital Nutrients You're Not Getting and How to Stop Sabotaging Your HealthNu U Nutrition
Guest nutritionist Carmela Pengelly shares insights on the 7 nutrients many people don't get enough of and how to stop doing things that may sabotage your health without you realizing.
Outstanding health benefits of kiwi fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Alla...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Outstanding health benefits of kiwi fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G. Agriculture & Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Vitamins & minerals are essential for the development and functioning of the organism. Maintaining a healthy life will help in maintaining a healthy mouth since poor health is a link to diseases.
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NOW At Diet Clinic, Success can be Yours when you join the Diet Clinic with expert ‘tips’ and ‘advise’ from expert Dieticians. You can start losing weight and feeling better than you have, over the years, while you still eat your ‘favorites,’ whenever you feel. All these, can be achieved thru our ‘expert diet plan’ which takes all guess work out of dieting so you feel full and satisfied as you lose weight.
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HR / Talent Analytics orientation given as a guest lecture at Management Institute for Leadership and Excellence (MILE), Pune. This presentation covers aspects like:
1. Core concepts, terminologies & buzzwords
- Business Intelligence, Analytics
- Big Data, Cloud, SaaS
2. Analytics
- Types, Domains, Tools…
3. HR Analytics
- Why? What is measured?
- How? Predictive possibilities…
4. Case studies
5. HR Analytics org structure & delivery model
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a chemically closely related set of molecules, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in sufficient quantities, and therefore must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, vitamin E consists of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Chemistry investigatory project 2k18 (12th isc): Vitamins and hormones and th...Student
Have you ever wondered how we stay healthy? The proper answer lies in
our balanced diet our balanced diet contains all the vital nutrients
including vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates.
The body needs vitamins to stay healthy and a varied diet usually gives you
all the vitamins you need. Vitamins do not provide energy (calories)
directly, but they do help regulate energy-producing processes. With the
exception of vitamin D and K, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the
human body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins have to come
from food because they are not manufactured or formed by the body. So
let’s find out the uses and the importance of vitamins in our daily life.
Hormones are compounds that are also known as signaling molecules. They
are produced by the glands in multi-cellular organisms. Hormones are
transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs in order to
regulate the physiology and behavior in living beings. A hormone is actually
a chemical messenger which is directly secreted into the blood stream. Blood
carries these hormones to various organs and tissues to exert their function.
Vitamin B12 helps in increasing your metabolism. Increased metabolism will burn calories in your body and food will not accumulate as fat. This will reduce the amount of fat in your body and can help you control weight. Keeping a B12 inhaler to oneself can actually help recover any deficiency in the body.
Most vitamins, shots, and pills are good enough except for B12. A recent study has found smoking vitamin B12 helpful than other forms of supplementation.
We have listed down the top 5 essential vitamins that are necessary to take every day.
Visit - https://inhalevitamins.com/blogs/news/why-is-vitamin-b12-important-for-healthy-brain-function
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Vitamins are frequently classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances.. minerals that dissolve in fat, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K, have a tendency to build up in the body. Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate, must dissolve in water in order to be absorbed by the body. the body and cannot be stored. Any water-soluble minerals that the body does not use are mostly excreted in the urine. People require trace amounts of organic substances called vitamins. Every one plays a unique part in preserving health and body function. Some people may require supplements to improve their supply, depending on their lifestyle and overall health..
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This is an overlook on the vitamins including antioxidants vitamins and bogus vitamins. This presentation includes the common essential vitamins together with it's sources and also functions.
This is report presentation for my class in Nutrition
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Topics
Introduction to Vitamins & their
Functions
CeeCal Product Information
3. Introduction to Vitamins
Essential for healthy growth, vitality and
physical well being
Vital for the normal functioning of our
bodies.
They occur naturally in minute quantities
in foods and generally must be obtained
from these foods or from dietary
supplements.
13 major vitamins which each have a
range of functions in the body.
4. Classification
Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E and K
Certain amount of fat is needed in the diet to
help the body absorb these vitamins.
Unused supplies can be stored in the body.
Water soluble
The B group vitamins and vitamin C
They cannot be stored in the body so we need
a daily supply of them from the diet.
5. Origin
Vitamins are simply organic constituents of food
They combine with the proteins, minerals and
enzymes within bodies to bring about the
chemical reactions to create energy, form living
tissue and protect cells from damage.
Deficiencies in one or more specific vitamins can
leave humans open to various forms of sickness
and disease.
Only a few are manufactured inside the body.
Vitamin D is manufactured in the skin from
sunlight, while a few others can be made inside
the gut by resident bacteria.
All of the other vitamins can be found in foods
6. Factors increasing needs for Vitamins
Various lifestyle habits such as smoking and
consuming alcohol
Environment hazards like pollution, various forms
of stress; emotional or physical.
Elderly, because of their decreased food intake
and also their heavy use of conventional
medications
Pregnant women, teenagers, people who are
dieting, those on medication (especially the
contraceptive pill), those who eat too many
convenience foods or ‘junk’ foods, and fussy
eaters.
7. Overdosage
Except for a very few, vitamins are relatively safe
to take in large quantities.
Those that have the potential to become toxic
need to be taken in extremely large doses and
over a very long period of time before they do so.
Vitamin A for example must be taken in excess of
10-20 times the RDA and over a considerable
period of time before it produces symptoms of
toxicity, and even then the symptoms are
reversible.
Beta-carotene provides an excellent way of
obtaining the benefits of Vitamin A, as the body
requires it.
8. Vitamin C
Vitamin C is important for the production
of collagen, connective tissue and protein
fibers that give strength to our teeth and
gums, muscles, blood vessels and skin.
Food sources
Vitamin C can be found in fruit and
vegetables such as citrus fruit,
blackcurrants, strawberries, tomatoes,
potatoes, peppers as well as fortified
drinks
9. Vitamin C
Importance
In the immune system, vitamin C helps
the white blood cells to fight infection.
Vitamin C helps the body to absorb iron.
It is believed that the so-called
“antioxidant” properties of vitamin C help
protect the body from the harmful effects
of too many free radicals.
10. Vitamin C
Deficiency
Leaves the person more susceptible to infection
Makes wounds slower to heal and can lead to
bleeding gums, irritability and muscle wasting.
A severe deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy
Some groups of people may still have low levels
of vitamin C
Those who eat a lot of junk food and miss out on
fresh fruit and vegetables
Heavy drinkers
Smokers: cigarette smoke increases the breakdown
of vitamin C.
NB: Pregnant and breast feeding mothers have
increased requirements for vitamin C.
11. Vitamin C - Kinetics
Vit C is a water-soluble vitamin.
It is rapidly absorbed from the GIT
and widely distributed in the body.
Plasma concentration and total body
store is related to daily uptake.
It is excreted in the urine.
The body stores up to a maximum
of 2.5 g.
12. Vitamin C - Indications
Vitamin C is a compound that is necessary for
proper growth and health.
It is needed in small amounts only and is usually
available in the normal foods that are ingested.
Vitamin C is necessary for wound healing.
Vit C plays a major role in many oxidative and
other metabolic reactions essential for formation
and stabilization of collagens, conversion of folic
acid to folinic acid, synthesis of adrenal steroids
and catacholamines.
It is very important for maintenance of
intracellular tissue.
13. Vitamin C - Dosage
Daily intake required:
Infants and Children: Birth to 3
years of age = 20 mg
4 to 10 years of age = 25 mg
Adolescent and adult males = 25-40
mg
Pregnant Females = 30-40 mg
Breast-feeding females = 55 mg
14. Vitamin D
Food sources
There are only a few foods, which
contain vitamin D.
These include oily fish, fish oils,
butter and eggs.
Some foods, like margarine,
evaporated milk and breakfast
cereals are fortified with vitamin D.
15. Vitamin D
Exposure to sunlight
Unlike other vitamins, we can actually make
vitamin D in our bodies as a result of exposure
to sunlight, providing the necessary starting
materials are there.
Generally, about fifteen minutes of direct
sunlight per day gives the vitamin D needed
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that can be
stored in the body
Vitamin D is vital for general well being and, in
particular, for healthy bones and teeth.
16. Vitamin D
Exposure to sunlight
Unlike other vitamins, we can actually make
vitamin D in our bodies as a result of exposure
to sunlight, providing the necessary starting
materials are there.
Generally, about fifteen minutes of direct
sunlight per day gives the vitamin D needed
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that can be
stored in the body
Vitamin D is vital for general well being and, in
particular, for healthy bones and teeth.
17. Vitamin D
Deficiency
A deficiency of vitamin D in children can lead to
rickets (bones are not formed correctly because the
lack of vitamin D does not allow enough calcium to
be absorbed)
Adults who are deficient in vitamin D may suffer
from osteomalacia (thinning of the bones).
A lack of vitamin D may also prevent adequate
adsorption of calcium and contribute to Osteoporosis
Vitamin D is important throughout life. Since it is
necessary for calcium absorption,
With age, bodies are not able to absorb vitamin D or
make it in the skin so efficiently.
Older people with a good regular supply of vitamin
D and calcium may be less likely to suffer fractures
due to brittle or thinning bones. They should eat
more foods rich in vitamin D
18. Calcium
The mineral that makes up bones
and keeps them strong.
99% percent of the calcium in the
body is stored in bones and teeth.
The remaining 1% is in the blood
and soft tissues and is essential for
life and health.
Without this tiny 1% of calcium,
muscles wouldn’t contract
correctly, blood wouldn’t clot and
nerves wouldn’t carry messages
19. Calcium
Sources
From the calcium in diet
From the calcium in bone
It is mainly dietary calcium that spares, or
protects, the calcium in bones.
In addition to their structural role, bones are
the emergency supply of calcium.
The body actually tears down and builds bone
all of the time in order to make its calcium
available for body’s functions.
In lack of sufficient dietary Calcium, the body
automatically takes it from bones.
In years, bones become weak and break easily.
This leads to the crippling bone disease called
"osteoporosis."
20. Calcium
Dietary Reference Intakes
Age Group
(DRI)
0 - 6 months 210 milligrams/day
6 - 12 months 270 milligrams/day
1 - 3 years 500 milligrams/day
4 - 8 years 800 milligrams/day
9 - 18 years 1,300 milligrams/day
Adults 19 - 50
1,000 milligrams/day
years
Adults 51+ years 1,200 milligrams/day
21. Calcium
Sources in diet
Calcium-rich foods such as low-fat
and No-fat dairy products,
broccoli, kale, and salmon
Fortified food with calcium,
including fruit juices, snack foods
and breakfast cereals
22. Calcium
Calcium supplement: carbonate, citrate or
lactate forms
Calcium carbonate is inexpensive and
provides more elemental calcium than
other supplements - such as calcium
citrate and calcium lactate
Should be taken with meals. It may be
better absorbed with food
In divided doses throughout the day.
The body can absorb only so much
calcium at one time
23. Calcium
Calcium importance with age
From birth until about age 18, bones are
forming and growing, as children grow, it is
equally important that their diet remain
calcium-rich
During late adolescence, through young
adulthood, adult bone is formed and reaches its
maximum strength and density
Bones continue to accumulate calcium and
become stronger after growing stops.
The calcium provided to bones in youth
determines how well they will hold up later in
life.
By age 35 bones are about as strong as they
are ever going to be
24. Calcium
No matter what age a woman is when she
becomes pregnant, calcium is very important to
both the mother and the baby.
Calcium from the mother’s body is used by the
developing baby, putting increased demands on
the mother’s supply.
Additional calcium should be consumed for both
the mother’s and baby’s health.
In the Journal of the American Medical
Association, there is evidence that increasing
calcium intake can help maintain normal blood
pressure in pregnant women.
Pregnancy-induced high blood pressure is a
serious complication that can put both mother
and child at risk
When a woman enters menopause, her body
produces much less estrogen.
25. Calcium
Loss of estrogen increases the risk of
osteoporosis.
It is so important to take steps to protect from
osteoporosis by getting enough calcium every
day
Recent studies have shown estrogen plus daily
calcium is up to three times more effective in
building bone than estrogen alone
Men are also vulnerable to osteoporosis and
need to consume adequate calcium through
their older years to prevent further bone loss,
and in their younger years to achieve peak
bone mass
26. Calcium - Overdosage
It’s very difficult to get too much calcium
Any excess which the body cannot use is
excreted from the body in the urine and stool
Daily consumption up to 2,500 mg has been
shown to be safe.
Additional calcium intake may actually lower
risk for kidney stones
Restricting calcium intake could increase the
risk of stones
The largest study ever conducted on calcium
and kidney stones, published in the New
England Journal of Medicine in 1993, and
another published in 1997, showed that daily
calcium intake above 850 mg decreased the
incidence of symptomatic kidney stones.
27. Recommendations for adequate
calcium and vitamin D intake
The National Institutes of Health Consensus
Conference on Osteoporosis recommend the
following calcium intake:
800 mg/day for children ages 1 to 10
1000 mg/day for men, premenopausal women,
and postmenopausal women also taking
estrogen
1200 mg/day for teenagers and young adults
ages 11 to 24
1500 mg/day for post menopausal women not
taking estrogen
1200mg to 1500 mg/day for pregnant women
and nursing mothers
28. Recommendations for adequate
calcium and vitamin D intake
The total daily intake of calcium should not
exceed 2000 mg
The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute
of Medicine recommended the following
vitamin D intake:
200 IU daily for men and women 19 to 50 years
old
400 IU daily for men and women 51 to 70 years
old
600 IU daily for men and women 71 years and
older
For patients with established osteoporosis, the
recommended dose of vitamin D is 400 IU twice
a day.
29. Precautions
Excessive vitamin D leads to elevated blood
calcium levels, which can cause significant
toxicity.
Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include loss of
appetite, nausea, vomiting, thirst, excessive
urination, muscular weakness, and in severe
cases, coma.
Consequently, intake should not exceed 1000
IU daily.
While adequate calcium intake and vitamin D
levels are important to maintain bone strength,
they are not always sufficient to fully protect
against the rapid bone loss that can occur
around the time of menopause.
Estrogen replacement therapy, and medications
that strengthen bone may also be necessary
30. Calcium and Vitamin C
Calcium metabolism is very much affected
by Vitamin C intake
For patients who suffer from calcium
overload, larger amounts of Vitamin C are
an effective part of the daily regimen to
keep calcium soluble and prevent it from
calcifying soft tissue
Low stomach acid levels are involved with
elevated calcium as well, for which higher
Vitamin C intake is also beneficial,
however acidifying strategies are
additionally required in most of these
cases
31. Calcium and Vitamin C
Normal amounts of Vitamin C increase
bioavailability of average calcium levels,
while very high intake puts extra
demands on calcium stores (bone) to
make up calcium loss
There are a lot of people whose copper
and zinc levels are excessively high, so
Vitamin C becomes the ideal candidate
because it is capable of lowering both
Large amounts can at the same time
significantly reduce calcium levels to the
point of seriously accelerating bone loss
32. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that
exists in three major chemical forms:
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine.
It performs a wide variety of functions in
your body and is essential for your good
health.
For example, vitamin B6 is needed for
more than 100 enzymes involved in
protein metabolism.
It is also essential for red blood cell
metabolism.
The nervous and immune systems need
vitamin B6 to function efficiently.
33. Vitamin B6
Hemoglobin within red blood cells
carries oxygen to tissues. Your body
needs vitamin B6 to make
hemoglobin. Vitamin B6 also helps
increase the amount of oxygen
carried by hemoglobin. A vitamin B6
deficiency can result in a form of
anemia that is similar to iron
deficiency anemia.
34. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6, through its involvement in protein
metabolism and cellular growth, is important
to the immune system.
It helps maintain the health of lymphoid
organs (thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes)
that make your white blood cells.
Animal studies show that a vitamin B6
deficiency can decrease your antibody
production and suppress your immune
response.
35. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 also helps maintain your blood
glucose (sugar) within a normal range. When
caloric intake is low your body needs vitamin
B6 to help convert stored carbohydrate or
other nutrients to glucose to maintain normal
blood sugar levels.
While a shortage of vitamin B6 will limit these
functions, supplements of this vitamin do not
enhance them in well-nourished individuals.
36. When can a vitamin B6
deficiency occur?
Vitamin B6 deficiency can occur in individuals
with poor quality diets that are deficient in
many nutrients.
Symptoms occur during later stages of
deficiency, when intake has been very low for
an extended time.
Signs of vitamin B6 deficiency include
dermatitis (skin inflammation), glossitis (a sore
tongue), depression, confusion, and
convulsions.
Vitamin B6 deficiency also can cause anemia.
Some of these symptoms can also result from a
variety of medical conditions other than vitamin
B6 deficiency.
37. What is the health risk of too much
vitamin B6?
Too much vitamin B6 can result in
nerve damage to the arms and
legs. This neuropathy is usually
related to high intake of vitamin
B6 from supplements, and is
reversible when supplementation
is stopped.
39. CeeCal is presented as effervescent
tablets (10 tabs per tube)
containing the following ingredients:
Calcium Carbonate 625 mg USP
(equivalent to 250 mg elemental
calcium)
Vitamin C 1000 mg USP
Vitamin D 200 IU
Vitamin B6 5 mg