This document defines vitamins and minerals, classifies different vitamins, discusses their sources and functions. It describes vitamin and mineral deficiencies and their symptoms. Key points include: vitamins are organic compounds necessary for health; there are two groups of vitamins - water and fat soluble; common vitamins include A, B complex, C, D, E and K. Minerals are inorganic elements needed for growth; important minerals are calcium, iron, iodine and phosphorus. The document provides details on specific vitamins and minerals.
Vitamin A actually refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules called retinoids.
There are two types of vitamin A.
Vitamin A1 (retinol)
Vitamin A2 (3- dihydro retinol)
A free radical is a molecule or molecular fragment that contains one or more unpaired electrons in its outermost orbital.
Free radical is generally represented by superscript dot.
Vitamin A actually refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules called retinoids.
There are two types of vitamin A.
Vitamin A1 (retinol)
Vitamin A2 (3- dihydro retinol)
A free radical is a molecule or molecular fragment that contains one or more unpaired electrons in its outermost orbital.
Free radical is generally represented by superscript dot.
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies. The immunoglobulins derive their name from the finding that they migrate with globular proteins when antibody-containing serum is placed in an electrical field.
02 vitamin a
1. Vitamin A General biochemistry and types General functions Functions in the vision cycle Deficiency and diseases
2. Vitamin A Essential Non-caloric Required in very small amounts
3. Vitamins - Classified Based on Solubility Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K Water-Soluble Vitamins ascorbic acid (vitamin C) thiamin (vitamin B1) riboflavin (vitamin B2) niacin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biotin pantothenic acid folate cobalamin (vitamin B12)
4. Vitamin A (Preformed and Provitamin) Preformed: Three preformed compounds that are metabolically active and found in animal products retinol – alcohol form retinal or retinaldehyde – aldehyde form retinoic acid – acid form Provitamin: Carotenoids (β-carotene) and cryptoxanthin can yield retinoids when metabolized in the body These are from plant sources
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
pediatric presentation about vitamins deficiency for medical student, a detailed seminar about disease caused by vit. shortage like scurvy and Xerophthalmia and some other diseases with whole treatment plan and preventions techniques in pediatric medicine including references, images, graphs ,prevalence and a promise that you would ace your seminars session and get a high grades like I did.
ability to edit and change it in the way that makes you more comfortable with.
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies. The immunoglobulins derive their name from the finding that they migrate with globular proteins when antibody-containing serum is placed in an electrical field.
02 vitamin a
1. Vitamin A General biochemistry and types General functions Functions in the vision cycle Deficiency and diseases
2. Vitamin A Essential Non-caloric Required in very small amounts
3. Vitamins - Classified Based on Solubility Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K Water-Soluble Vitamins ascorbic acid (vitamin C) thiamin (vitamin B1) riboflavin (vitamin B2) niacin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biotin pantothenic acid folate cobalamin (vitamin B12)
4. Vitamin A (Preformed and Provitamin) Preformed: Three preformed compounds that are metabolically active and found in animal products retinol – alcohol form retinal or retinaldehyde – aldehyde form retinoic acid – acid form Provitamin: Carotenoids (β-carotene) and cryptoxanthin can yield retinoids when metabolized in the body These are from plant sources
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
pediatric presentation about vitamins deficiency for medical student, a detailed seminar about disease caused by vit. shortage like scurvy and Xerophthalmia and some other diseases with whole treatment plan and preventions techniques in pediatric medicine including references, images, graphs ,prevalence and a promise that you would ace your seminars session and get a high grades like I did.
ability to edit and change it in the way that makes you more comfortable with.
NATIONAL VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY PROPHYLAXIS PROGRAMMESKanikaRastogi13
this presentation is about the governmental organised national vitamin A prophylaxis programme which aims to reduce or to prevent the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency.
This is an overlook on the vitamins including antioxidants vitamins and bogus vitamins. This presentation includes the common essential vitamins together with it's sources and also functions.
This is report presentation for my class in Nutrition
Development of tools and techniques to convey the message on vitamin a defici...Akash Dass
Deficiency of vitamin A of various degrees has been a significant public health problem in India. It is not uncommon to find a number of children with conjunctival signs of vitamin A deficiency and sub clinical forms with unsatisfactory levels of vitamin A in blood and liver.
When you don't get enough vitamin A in your diet, you may be at risk of developing a vitamin A deficiency. Over time, this can lead to numerous health concerns including vision problems, decreased immunity, and death.
This book is for Midwifery students who will be learning the basic science before starting actual midwifery program '. It contains basic Microbiology, First aid , A& P, Fundamental of nursing, Basic pharmacology
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Nut part-3
1. Vitamins
• Definition
• Vitamins: are defined as organic compounds,
that are necessary in small amounts in the diet
of higher animals for growth, maintenances of
health and reproduction.
2. Classification of Vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine)
Niacin
3. Classification of Vitamins Cont..
Panthotonic Acid
Biotin
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Vitamin K (Antihemorrhagic vitamin)
5. Functions of Vitamins
To promote Growth
To promote Reproduction
To promote Health & vigor
To promote Nervous activity
To promote Normal appetite
To promote Digestion
To promote Utilization
To promote Resistances to infection.
6. Groups of Vitamins
Water soluble Vitamins are (C and B group)
Fat-soluble Vitamins are (A, D, E, and K)
7. Characteristics of Water Soluble Vitamins
• They are widely distributed in natural foods
• B12 is found only in animal products
• Soluble in water and absorbed in the intestine
• Excess will be excreted, thus not toxic.
• Most functions of these vitamins are as co-
enzymes
• They are important for energy production
• They are heat labile
8. Characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins
Metabolize along with fats
Resistance to heat
Stored in the liver and adipose tissue
Slow to develop deficiency syndrome
Present only in certain foods, mostly in
animal products, oily foods, yellow and green
vegetable
Excess can be toxic to the body.
9. Functions of Vitamin A
It controls the general state of the epithelial cells
and reduces the risk of infection.
It is required for the regeneration of two pigments,
visual purple in the rods of retina and visual violet in
the cones of the retina.
These two pigments are responsible for vision in
dim and bright light
It aids growth and development during childhood
It helps to keep the cornea of the eye in healthy
condition.
10. Functions of Vitamin A Cont..
Dietary Vitamin A is required for the growth and
survival of all animals and it is present in most
biological tissues.
In the visual system the retina is dependent on
Vitamin A and its metabolites
In the auditory system vitamin A plays a role in
the maintenance of the middle and inner ear
and it also helps the olfactory system,
It is required for reproduction, embryonic
development and bone formation.
11. Who is affected by Vitamin A Deficiency?
• Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem
in many developing countries including Ethiopia.
Many children do not survive. Recent research
findings suggest that improving vitamin A status
amongst deficient populations can significantly
reduce young child mortality. The population
groups at highest risk of the deficiency are
infants and young children under five years
12. Animal Sources of Vitamin A
The best sources of vitamin A is animal products
such as organ meat like liver, whole milk and milk
products, eggs, butter, cheese, and fish liver oils.
Animal sources contain preformed active retinol,
which can be used effectively by the body.
The best source of vitamin A for infants is breast
milk.
The mother’s secretion of vitamin A into breast
milk, however, is related to her own vitamin A
status.
13. Plant Sources of Vitamin A
Plants contain beta-carotene that can be converted
into vitamin A by the body.
The best plant sources of vitamin A are orange,
yellow colour fruits and vegetables (papaya, mango,
pumpkin, tomatoes, carrots, yellow sweets
potatoes) and dark green vegetables such as
spinach (Kosta), kale (Gommen) and Swiss chard.
Gommen is one example of a traditional plant
source rich in vitamin A commonly consumed in the
Ethiopian diet. Gommen is available to most poor
people for at least 6 months in a year.
14. Vitamin A Content of Foods of Animal Origin
Source (per 100 gm of food) Vitamin A (Retinol) in Milligrama
Fish liver oil 145,000
Ox liver 840
Cow’s butter 730
Ox kidney 300
Baby milk powder 300
Egg 200
Chicken 85
Whole cow’s milk 40
Goat milk 25
15. Vitamin A Content of Foods of Plant Origin
Source (per 100 gm of food Vitamin A (retinol equivalent)
• Raw carrot 1,100
• Yellow sweet potato 510
• Mango 400
• Raw lettuce 325
• Raw avocado 90
• Raw tomato 75
• Raw papaya 75
• Raw guava 48
• Watermelon 42
16. What are the consequences of Vitamin A
deficiency?
Vitamin A deficiency has long been associated
with blindness.
Vitamin A deficiency is associated with increased
morbidity and mortality among young children.
In countries like Ethiopia, where diarrhea, acute
respiratory infection, and measles are among
major causes of child mortality, improved
vitamin A status is likely to have a much greater
role in reducing young child mortality.
17. Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency
• Night blindness: The child cannot see in the dark. He/she
has to go in to the house early in the evening
• Conjuctival xerosis: The conjuctival covering the white
surface of the eyeballs become dry and rough instead of
being moist, smooth and shining. The child cannot open
and close his/her eyes because it is painful.
• Bitot’s spots: A foamy or cheesy accumulation, which
forms in the inner quadrant of the cornea in the eyes.
• The cornea the central transparent part of the eye
becomes cloudy. It reflects more advanced vitamin A
deficiency, but tends to be reversible with treatment.
18. Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency
• Corneal ulceration: an ulcer on the cornea
may leave scar, which can affect vision.
• Keratomalacia: The eyeballs become opaque
and soft, jelly like substance; hereafter there
will be a rapid destruction of the eyeball and
no hope of recovery after the condition
reached the stage of keratomalacia.
19. Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency
A diet containing plenty of vitamin A is the best.
Breast-feed infants for at least one year.
At 6 months start to feed infants with dark green
vegetables, yellow and orange fruits and if
possible, some finely chopped and well cooked
liver.
Include some fats in the child’s diet
Children with diarrhea, measles, respiratory and
other serious infections need extra vitamin A.
20. Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency
Pregnant and lactating mothers should eat
foods rich in vitamin A every day.
Tell families that night blindness is an early
warning sign of xerophthalmia (Vitamin A
deficiency).
Teach school children to look for night blindness
in young children.
Learn which vitamin A rich food is available in
the locality
21. Vitamin A
Strategies to control and eliminate vitamin A
deficiency
Universal supplementation of vitamin A
Food fortification
Food diversification
22. Vitamin A
Universal supplementation of vitamin a
capsules
Children 6-59 months of age
Lactating mothers
Pregnant women
Targeted diseases i.e. Measles, diarrhea,
acute respiratory infection, xerophthalmia
and PEM.
23. Vitamin B1
The vitamin B1 (thiamine) plays an important
part in the utilization of carbohydrates
Cereals, roots and tubers are especially rich in
carbohydrates and if these foods are to be
properly utilized.
It occurs particularly in cereals and it is localized
on the outer surface of the grain close to the
sheath.
25. Vitamin B1 Deficiency
Chronic Beriberi
Symptoms:
Paralysis of the lower extremities
Cramping of the calf muscle
Coldness of the feet
Stabbing pain on walking
Absence of knee and ankle jerks.
26. Vitamin B2
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
• Vitamin B2 is found in many foods, especially in
milk, certain vegetables and meat.
• It plays a very important role in assisting the
various chemical activities, which are essential
to life such as cellular oxidation, co-enzymes,
and function of the nervous system
27. Deficiency of vitamin B2
Angular Stomatits with fissuring at the angle
of the mouth
Cheilosis (Red shiny lips)
Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
Scrotal dermatitis
Lacrimation
Corneal vascularization
28. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
It is found in both animal and plant foods.
The animal foods include chicken, fish, kidney,
liver, pork, eggs, and plant foods include wheat
germ oils, soybeans, brawn rice, and peanuts.
Yeast is an important source of B6.
29. Deficiency of Vitamin B6
Occurs in combination with deficiencies of
other B-complex vitamins.
Nervous disturbance such as irritability and
insomnia is observed.
Muscular weakness, fatigue and convulsion
have been recorded in infants
30. Vitamin B12
Source of vitamin B12
According to the present evidence this vitamin
is found only in animal products.
Its found in liver, kidney, fish, milk, and meat.
Deficiency of vitamin B12:
The red blood cells are abnormally large and
are reduced in number
Stomatits
Lack of appetite
31. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Sources of Vitamin C
Found in fresh vegetables and citrus fruits
Vegetables and fruits should not be left soaked in
water for a long time since it is soluble in water
Cooking itself destroys about half of the vitamin C
present in the food
The best way to make sure of a regular intake of
vitamin C is to eat raw fruits or salad every day.
32. Vitamin C
Functions of vitamin C
Helps the formation of various body tissues,
particularly connective tissues, bones, cartilage
and teeth.
Stimulates the production of red blood cells,
Helps resistance to infection and neutralizes
poisons.
33. Vitamin C
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Weakness of the wall of the capillaries,
Gum bleeding,
Loosening of the teeth,
Browsing of the skin and petechia
The bones become painful, swollen and brittle
General weakness and anemia may result if the
disorder is not treated.
34. Vitamin C
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy: symptoms include weakness, fatigue,
restlessness, and neurotic behavior, aching
bones, joints, and muscles.
Skin abnormalities such as adult acne may be
the earliest sign of scurvy
The skin of the forearm, legs and thighs is
most affected
35. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Vitamin D is known as the antirachtic vitamin
and chemically as calciferol.
The two most important vitamin D compounds
are: Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
:Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
These substances are formed from precursors in
plants, and animals.
In the skin they are converted to vitamin D by
the ultraviolet rays of the sun.
36. Functions of vitamin D
Absorption of calcium and phosphorous
The presence of vitamin D is essential to the
activity of the parathyroid hormone in removing
calcium and Phosphorous from the bone in
order to maintain normal serum levels of
calcium.
Stimulates the reabsorption of Calcium by the
kidney when serum calcium level is low.
Bone formation
37. Source of Vitamin D
Fish liver oil is a rich source of vitamin D.
A nonfood source is the sunlight for the
action of sunlight on the skin changes the
cholesterol to vitamin D.
38. Deficiency of vitamin D
It leads to rickets, which is characterized by
weakness and deformity of bones.
Rickets generally occurs between the six
months to the second year of life, during the
weaning period.
39. Vitamin K
Vitamin k (Antihemorrhagic vitamin)
This vitamin can be synthesized by the action of
bacteria in the intestinal tract of a healthy person.
It is also found in liver, fish, and green
vegetables.
The liver requires vitamin K for the formation of
prothrombin a substance needed for clotting
mechanism of blood.
40. Deficiency of Vitamin K
A person deficient in Vitamin K shows a
tendency to bleed profusely whenever blood
vessels are injured.
The treatment and prevention is to provide with
high content of vitamin K foods and give vitamin
K injection to stop active bleeding.
41. Minerals
Definition
Minerals: are inorganic elements occurring in
nature.
They do not originate in animal or plant life but
rather from the earth’s crust.
Although minerals make up only a small portion
of body tissues, they are essential for growth
and normal functioning of the body.
The body cannot make vitamins and minerals.
42. Benefits of Minerals
Minerals are essentials both as structural
components and in many vital processes, of the
body
Some form hard tissues such as bones and teeth
Some are in fluids and soft tissues
The electrolytes, sodium and potassium are the
most important factors in the osmotic control of
water metabolism
43. Functions of Minerals
Some minerals may act as catalysts in the
enzyme system, or as integral parts of organic
compounds in the body such as:
Iron in hemoglobin
Iodine in thyroxin
Cobalt in vitamin B12.
Zinc in insulin and
Sulfur in thiamine
44. Minerals
The principal minerals, which the body requires.
Calcium
Chlorine
Iron
Phosphorus
Sodium
Iodine
Magnesium
Potassium Sulfur
45. Iron
Sources of Iron
Beef, liver, egg yolk
Wheat and Teff
Dark green vegetables, onions & fresh fruits.
Functions of Iron
It is an essential component of hemoglobin,
responsible for the red coloring of blood and for
the transportation of oxygen to the tissues.
46. Iron
Causes of Iron Deficiency
Insufficient iron in diet
Blood loss during menstruation
Hook worm infestation
Causes of anemia
nutritional deficiencies,
blood loss through hemorrhage,
destruction of red blood cells by malaria
parasitic infestations
genetic defects of red blood cells
47. Iodine
Importance of Iodine
• Iodine is one of the micronutrients, which is highly
essential for regulation of physical growth and
neural developments.
• Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid
hormones, thyroxin.
• Failure to have adequate level of iodine in the blood
leads to insufficient production of these hormones,
which affect many different parts of the body,
particularly muscle, liver, kidney, and the
developing brain.
48. Iodine
Sources of Iodine
• Milk and sea food
• Drinking water
• Plant source depends on whether or not iodine
is present in the soil
• Iodized salt
49. Iodine
Functions of Iodine
It is required for normal physical and mental
growth.
It is required by the thyroid gland for the
production of thyroxin, which regulates the
metabolic rate.
50. Iodine
The major consequences of iodine deficiency
Mental retardation
Defects in the development of nervous system
Goiter
Physical sluggishness
Reduced work capacity
Impaired work performance
Decreased average intelligence
51. Iodine
Iodine Deficiency Cont..
Loss of memory
Inability to produce enough milk for offspring
Lower birth weight
Growth retardation
Dwarfism
Deaf-mutism
53. Iodine
Iodine is naturally found in the top soil.
Most of the areas in Ethiopia specially in the
high lands, the top soil is eroded with
deforestation, soil erosion and flooding, thus
the crop we grow for food do not have iodine in
them and as a result leads to iodine deficiency.
People of all ages and sexes are vulnerable but
the deficiency is worse in fetus, children,
pregnant women and lactating mothers.
54. Prevention of Iodine Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency Disorder can be eliminated
by the daily consumption of iodized salt.
Universal Salt Iodization is a crucial mid-
decade goal of Ethiopia.
55. Iodine
The benefits of iodized salt
Universal Salt Iodization can lead to an
increase of the average intelligence of the
entire school age population.
The Iodization of salt will mean saving
hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian children.
Iodine enhances intellectual and cognitive
development of whole generations.
56. Water
Water, next to oxygen is the body’s most urgent
need. It is more essential than food. Without water,
nutrients are of no value to the body.
Failure to understand the role of body water
contributes to health problems such as indigestion
and constipations and even to needless death.
Fresh vegetables and fruits are 80% to 90% water;
meat is 50% to 60% water, and even bread is about
35% water.
The sensation of thirst usually is a reliable guide to
water intake.
57. Water Cont..
Infant and children have a greater proportion of
water than old persons.
Water is taken in the form of water itself,
beverages, such as coffee, tea, fruit juices, and
milk; and soups.
Solid foods contribute the next largest amount
of water, as much as 25% to 50% of water
requirements.
58. Water Cont..
Body water
About half of the adult body weight is water
55% for man and 47% for woman.
About 2000 to 2500 cc of water is eliminated
every day from the body carrying waste
products with it.
The lost water has to be replaced in the form
of fluid or foods containing water.
59. Water Cont..
Water in relation to body function.
It is an essential component of blood and lymph
and the secretion of the body, as well as the
more solid tissues.
Moisture is necessary for the normal functioning
of every organ in the body.
Water is the universal medium in which the
various chemical changes of the body take place.
60. Water Cont.
As a carrier water aids in digestion, absorption,
circulation and excretion.
It is essential in the regulation of body
temperature.
Lubrication of joints and movement of the
viscera in the abdominal cavity
Waste products are transported to the blood in
watery solution and eliminated by the kidneys.
61. Water Cont..
Normal loss of water
• From the skin, as perspiration
• From the lung, as water vapor
• From the kidney, as urine
• From the intestine, in the fasces
62. Water Cont..
Abnormal Loss of Water
Due to kidney disease
If there is excessive perspiration due to high
environmental temperature.
Due to diarrhea and vomiting
Due to hemorrhage and burn
63. Water Cont..
Dehydration
The term dehydration implies more than changes in
water balance.
There are always accompanying changes in electrolyte
balance.
When the water supply is restricted or when losses are
excessive the rate of water loss exceeds the rate of
electrolyte loss.
Then the extra cellular fluid becomes concentrated and
osmotic pressure draws water from the intra-cellular fluid
into the extra-cellular fluid to compensate. This condition
is called extreme thirst and dehydration.