International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Serial Peripheral Interface Design for Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architect...IJMTST Journal
Design of System-on-Chip(SoC) receives a great deal of attention in recent days. The number of peripherals used in one SoC becomes larger and larger. Processors and peripherals usually communicate with each other using some protocol. With the development of SoC technique, the communication between processor and peripherals become a problem as processors have limited ports hence we design Serial Peripheral Interface to maximize the usage of the existing ports. We are designing a SPI Flash Controller which is compatible with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) developed by ARM. We are developing a SPI Module which can operate based on the Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) signals. Any SPI Flash Slave can be interfaced with the SPI Module directly from the ARM Processor. This paper is concerned with design and implementation of a SPI Flash Controller on FPGA which can communicate with SPI Slaves. Tool used for simulation is ModelSim 10.1b and finally implementation include FPGA kit Spartan3 xc3s400-pq208 comprising of 208 pins synthesis carried on Xilinx v9.1.Implantable and medical devices (IMDs) have been advanced with the advancements in engineering and medical science. IMDs are used for applying new therapies to patients, monitoring human body parameters and making diagnosis as per the monitoring result. Increased use of IMDs has enhanced the chances of attacks to them. Therefore, to make use of IMDs for various applications, they need to be secured. A system is developed to achieve the security. The system monitors various human body parameters wirelessly and detects anomaly if unauthorized node participates in communication. The system uses request response protocol in wireless communication. Experiments show that body parameters can be successfully monitored and signal characteristic can be used to detect anomaly.
Implementation of Universal Asynchronous Receiver and TransmitterIJERA Editor
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) is the serial communication protocol that is used for data exchange between computer & peripherals. UART is a low velocity, short-distance, low-cost protocol. UART includes three modules which are received, the baud rate generator and transmitter. The UART design with Very High Description Language can be integrated into the Field Programmable Gate Array to achieve stable data transmission and to make system reliable and compact. In the result and simulation part, this project will focus on check the receive data with error free & baud rate generation at different frequencies. Before synthesizing of UART a baud rate generator is incorporated into the system. We use the frequency divider which sets itself to required frequency for the functionality at lower frequency. All modules are designed using VERILOG and implemented on Xilinx Suite development board.
The Objective of this Paper is to optimize the area of (Serial peripheral interface) SPI module. SPI is a inter and intra communication protocol used for communication and testing’s like BST. Its occupies space in Embedded industry for communication of devices like Microcontrollers, peripheral’s for example ADC’s, DAC’s, Memories etc. ll these devices have a SPI module on it which acts as a master or Slave. This module is consuming more Area, here we made a approach in order to reduce Area, which reduces Cost as well. Protocol is implemented in Structural Code Verilog, Simulated and Synthesized Using Xilinx9.1 on various families of FPGA. Finally whole design is mapped onto Vertex 5 FPGA.
Wireless data transmission through uart port using arm & rf transceivereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Serial peripheral Interface - Embedded System ProtocolAditya Porwal
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used by micro-controllers for communicating with one or more peripheral devices quickly over short distances. It can also be used for communication between two micro-controllers.
Serial Communication & Embedded System InterfaceKUET
Before using this presentation , one have to familiar with Embedded system , Various serial port for communication channel,basic knowledge of Matlab , Arduino ..
This a great opportunity for the searcher to get information of this topic .80% of the information provided in this slide was taken from the sparkfun , a very well known website for hardware project and tutorials . One can get more helpful information through this website .
Now, if you are looking for straight forward guideline for Serial Communication , well you are in the right place to have .So , get this if you want to , it's completely open source ( editable ) .
Farewell.
Analysis of zone routing protocol in maneteSAT Journals
Abstract MANET is combination of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without any kind of centralized control or any device or established infrastructure. Therefore MANET routing is a critical task to perform in dynamic network. Without any fixed infrastructure, wireless mobile nodes dynamically establish the network. Routing Protocols helps to communicate a mobile node with the other nodes in the network by sending or receiving the packets. This research paper provides the overview of ZRP by presenting its functionality. The performance of ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is analyzed on the basis of parameters Throughput, Load, Data Dropped and Delay using simulator OPNET 14.0. Index Terms: MANET, Routing Protocols, ZRP
Serial Peripheral Interface Design for Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architect...IJMTST Journal
Design of System-on-Chip(SoC) receives a great deal of attention in recent days. The number of peripherals used in one SoC becomes larger and larger. Processors and peripherals usually communicate with each other using some protocol. With the development of SoC technique, the communication between processor and peripherals become a problem as processors have limited ports hence we design Serial Peripheral Interface to maximize the usage of the existing ports. We are designing a SPI Flash Controller which is compatible with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) developed by ARM. We are developing a SPI Module which can operate based on the Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) signals. Any SPI Flash Slave can be interfaced with the SPI Module directly from the ARM Processor. This paper is concerned with design and implementation of a SPI Flash Controller on FPGA which can communicate with SPI Slaves. Tool used for simulation is ModelSim 10.1b and finally implementation include FPGA kit Spartan3 xc3s400-pq208 comprising of 208 pins synthesis carried on Xilinx v9.1.Implantable and medical devices (IMDs) have been advanced with the advancements in engineering and medical science. IMDs are used for applying new therapies to patients, monitoring human body parameters and making diagnosis as per the monitoring result. Increased use of IMDs has enhanced the chances of attacks to them. Therefore, to make use of IMDs for various applications, they need to be secured. A system is developed to achieve the security. The system monitors various human body parameters wirelessly and detects anomaly if unauthorized node participates in communication. The system uses request response protocol in wireless communication. Experiments show that body parameters can be successfully monitored and signal characteristic can be used to detect anomaly.
Implementation of Universal Asynchronous Receiver and TransmitterIJERA Editor
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) is the serial communication protocol that is used for data exchange between computer & peripherals. UART is a low velocity, short-distance, low-cost protocol. UART includes three modules which are received, the baud rate generator and transmitter. The UART design with Very High Description Language can be integrated into the Field Programmable Gate Array to achieve stable data transmission and to make system reliable and compact. In the result and simulation part, this project will focus on check the receive data with error free & baud rate generation at different frequencies. Before synthesizing of UART a baud rate generator is incorporated into the system. We use the frequency divider which sets itself to required frequency for the functionality at lower frequency. All modules are designed using VERILOG and implemented on Xilinx Suite development board.
The Objective of this Paper is to optimize the area of (Serial peripheral interface) SPI module. SPI is a inter and intra communication protocol used for communication and testing’s like BST. Its occupies space in Embedded industry for communication of devices like Microcontrollers, peripheral’s for example ADC’s, DAC’s, Memories etc. ll these devices have a SPI module on it which acts as a master or Slave. This module is consuming more Area, here we made a approach in order to reduce Area, which reduces Cost as well. Protocol is implemented in Structural Code Verilog, Simulated and Synthesized Using Xilinx9.1 on various families of FPGA. Finally whole design is mapped onto Vertex 5 FPGA.
Wireless data transmission through uart port using arm & rf transceivereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Serial peripheral Interface - Embedded System ProtocolAditya Porwal
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used by micro-controllers for communicating with one or more peripheral devices quickly over short distances. It can also be used for communication between two micro-controllers.
Serial Communication & Embedded System InterfaceKUET
Before using this presentation , one have to familiar with Embedded system , Various serial port for communication channel,basic knowledge of Matlab , Arduino ..
This a great opportunity for the searcher to get information of this topic .80% of the information provided in this slide was taken from the sparkfun , a very well known website for hardware project and tutorials . One can get more helpful information through this website .
Now, if you are looking for straight forward guideline for Serial Communication , well you are in the right place to have .So , get this if you want to , it's completely open source ( editable ) .
Farewell.
Analysis of zone routing protocol in maneteSAT Journals
Abstract MANET is combination of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without any kind of centralized control or any device or established infrastructure. Therefore MANET routing is a critical task to perform in dynamic network. Without any fixed infrastructure, wireless mobile nodes dynamically establish the network. Routing Protocols helps to communicate a mobile node with the other nodes in the network by sending or receiving the packets. This research paper provides the overview of ZRP by presenting its functionality. The performance of ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is analyzed on the basis of parameters Throughput, Load, Data Dropped and Delay using simulator OPNET 14.0. Index Terms: MANET, Routing Protocols, ZRP
Application of dual tone multi frequency technology and sensing in autonomous...eSAT Journals
Abstract The goal of this project is to use DTMF decoders, sensors and micro-controllers to control autonomous navigation of a robot between a start and end point along a fixed path. This has very practical applications, eg. a mobile phone can be used to start the car and allow it to autonomously drive itself to a pick up point and vehicles in warehouses to carry goods from point A to point B, etc. A DTMF decoder is interfaced with the microcontroller, and a phone on auto answer mode is connected to the decoder. When the robot is called and a number on the user’s phone is pressed, the tone is sent to the decoder, which decodes and sends a signal to the microcontroller, and the robot is started. To avoid obstacles the robot has inbuilt Infrared sensors which detect obstacles and inform the microcontroller, which accordingly guides the robot. In this setup only three sensors were used given the limitation in terms of input ports. However, a greater number of sensors would allow for the robot to be aware of more specific situations. Therefore, it can be made more adaptable in varying situations. The test robot was programmed using Embedded C with AVR Studios. This approach uses existing technologies and is very inexpensive. Index Terms: Drivers, Autonomous and Navigate
Design &Implementation of I2C Master Controller Interfaced With RAM Using VHDLIJERA Editor
In most of the applications, the physical systems require a real-time operation to interface high speed constraints. In most of the applications, the physical systems require a real-time operation to interface high speed constraints. The Inter Integrated Circuits (I2C) is a 2-wireed communication bus. Physically, it consists of 2 active wires: SDA (Serial Data), SCL (Serial Clock) and a ground connection. All I2C-bus compatible devices incorporate an on-chip interface which allows them to communicate directly with each other via the I2C-bus.
This paper focuses on the software implementation for I2C Driver and its interfacing with RAM. Specifically, this paper describes in detail an I2C Master connected to I 2C Slave using an I2C bus. The I2C protocol was given by Philips Semiconductors for faster devices to communicate with slower devices and each other without data loss. The complete module is designed in VHDL and simulated in Xilinx ISE 14.5.
100 MHz High Speed SPI Master: Design, Implementation and Study on Limitation...rahulmonikasharma
SPI or Serial Peripheral Interface is among the fastest synchronous serial communication protocols used in embedded systems. High throughput and simplicity of SPI communication has made SPI protocol; a de facto standard. Designs based on FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) enhance reusability, flexibility and faster prototyping of digital systems, especially serial buses, which are inevitable in almost all designs. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a 100 MHz High Speed SPI Master Core on FPGA. State machine approach is employed for the RTL (Register Transfer Level) design of the core. The paper also discusses the challenges and limitations of implementing such a high speed SPI bus in digital systems. The SPI Master Core was successfully implemented on Altera Cyclone III FPGA for a speed of 100 MHz.
Implementation of UART with Status Register using Multi Bit Flip-FlopIJMER
A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter) is a device allowing the
reception and transmission of information, in a serial and asynchronous way. This project focuses on
the implementation of UART with status register using multi bit flip-flop. During the reception of data,
status register indicates parity error, framing error, overrun error and break error.In modern very large
scale integrated circuits, Power reduction and area reduction has become a vital design goal for
sophisticated design applications. Multi-bit flip-flop is an effective power saving implementation
methodology by merging single bit flip-flops in the design. The underlying idea behind multi-bit flip-flop
method is to eliminate total inverter number by sharing the inverters in the flip-flops. Based on the
elimination feature of redundant inverters in merging single bit flip-flops into multi bit flip-flops, gives
reduction of wired length and this result in reduction of power consumption and area
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
UART – Stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter It is a piece of hardware that acts as a bridge between the processor and the serial communication protocol or port (RS-232). It performs parallel – to – serial data conversion at the transmitter side and serial – to – parallel data conversion at the receiver side.Asynchronous serial communication.
A serial communication can be done using fewer wires as compared to its parallel counterpart. It is a cheapest communication device with a single wire for transmitting the data and another wire for receiving. When the high-speed data transfer is not required UART is used. In a simple serial communication, 3 pins are used: TxD, RxD and GND.
At Transmission side (i.e. From Microcontoller), one can write data into UART Data Register (e.g. UART0_DR) by using software code.
These 8 bits of data from Data Register is passed to Tx FIFO Buffer. After that, the data is sent out(one at a time) from Tx Shift Register.
TxFIFO flag = 1 (Buffer full) TxFIFO flag = 0 (not full - Software can write to Data Register)
At Receiver end, there is Rx FIFO Buffer.
RxFIFO Empty flag = 1 (Buffer is empty) RxFIFO Empty flag = 0 (Buffer has data to be read)
A frame is the unit of transmission in serial communications
Start bit: To declare the start of transmission.
Data bits: 4,5,6,7, or 8 bits of useful data bits.
Parity bit : To check for transmission errors.
Stop bit: To declare end of frame
Parity bit is used to check the integrity of a frame and signal if an error occurred during transmission.
It is an extra bit added to the end of a frame.
Even parity :The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be even.
Odd parity : The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be odd
The configuration settings at both ends of Txd and Rxd:
Full or half-duplex operation
Data length
Start/Stop bits
Transmission speed.
EX:-198 = 11000110
Transmission speed
Common speed = 9600 bits/sec
1/9600 = 104 us.
After detecting start it will count 104us and complets start bit.
Then begins sampling the input bits after 52us with equal count of 104us between each bit untill the next stop bit with high pulse.
Advantages
Requires minimum wires
No need for clock or any other timing signal.
Parity bit ensures basic error checking.
Disadvantages
Size of the data in the frame is limited.
Can connect only two devices at a time
Speed for data transfer is less compared to parallel.
Transmitter and receiver must agree to the rules of transmission and appropriate baud rate must be selected.
if we are looking for a device to device serial communication then UART proves itself the best as it is easy to deal with and also widely used in many peripheral devices.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
Application of dual tone multi frequency technology and sensing in autonomous...eSAT Journals
Abstract The goal of this project is to use DTMF decoders, sensors and micro-controllers to control autonomous navigation of a robot between a start and end point along a fixed path. This has very practical applications, eg. a mobile phone can be used to start the car and allow it to autonomously drive itself to a pick up point and vehicles in warehouses to carry goods from point A to point B, etc. A DTMF decoder is interfaced with the microcontroller, and a phone on auto answer mode is connected to the decoder. When the robot is called and a number on the user’s phone is pressed, the tone is sent to the decoder, which decodes and sends a signal to the microcontroller, and the robot is started. To avoid obstacles the robot has inbuilt Infrared sensors which detect obstacles and inform the microcontroller, which accordingly guides the robot. In this setup only three sensors were used given the limitation in terms of input ports. However, a greater number of sensors would allow for the robot to be aware of more specific situations. Therefore, it can be made more adaptable in varying situations. The test robot was programmed using Embedded C with AVR Studios. This approach uses existing technologies and is very inexpensive. Index Terms: Drivers, Autonomous and Navigate
Design &Implementation of I2C Master Controller Interfaced With RAM Using VHDLIJERA Editor
In most of the applications, the physical systems require a real-time operation to interface high speed constraints. In most of the applications, the physical systems require a real-time operation to interface high speed constraints. The Inter Integrated Circuits (I2C) is a 2-wireed communication bus. Physically, it consists of 2 active wires: SDA (Serial Data), SCL (Serial Clock) and a ground connection. All I2C-bus compatible devices incorporate an on-chip interface which allows them to communicate directly with each other via the I2C-bus.
This paper focuses on the software implementation for I2C Driver and its interfacing with RAM. Specifically, this paper describes in detail an I2C Master connected to I 2C Slave using an I2C bus. The I2C protocol was given by Philips Semiconductors for faster devices to communicate with slower devices and each other without data loss. The complete module is designed in VHDL and simulated in Xilinx ISE 14.5.
100 MHz High Speed SPI Master: Design, Implementation and Study on Limitation...rahulmonikasharma
SPI or Serial Peripheral Interface is among the fastest synchronous serial communication protocols used in embedded systems. High throughput and simplicity of SPI communication has made SPI protocol; a de facto standard. Designs based on FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) enhance reusability, flexibility and faster prototyping of digital systems, especially serial buses, which are inevitable in almost all designs. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a 100 MHz High Speed SPI Master Core on FPGA. State machine approach is employed for the RTL (Register Transfer Level) design of the core. The paper also discusses the challenges and limitations of implementing such a high speed SPI bus in digital systems. The SPI Master Core was successfully implemented on Altera Cyclone III FPGA for a speed of 100 MHz.
Implementation of UART with Status Register using Multi Bit Flip-FlopIJMER
A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter) is a device allowing the
reception and transmission of information, in a serial and asynchronous way. This project focuses on
the implementation of UART with status register using multi bit flip-flop. During the reception of data,
status register indicates parity error, framing error, overrun error and break error.In modern very large
scale integrated circuits, Power reduction and area reduction has become a vital design goal for
sophisticated design applications. Multi-bit flip-flop is an effective power saving implementation
methodology by merging single bit flip-flops in the design. The underlying idea behind multi-bit flip-flop
method is to eliminate total inverter number by sharing the inverters in the flip-flops. Based on the
elimination feature of redundant inverters in merging single bit flip-flops into multi bit flip-flops, gives
reduction of wired length and this result in reduction of power consumption and area
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
UART – Stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter It is a piece of hardware that acts as a bridge between the processor and the serial communication protocol or port (RS-232). It performs parallel – to – serial data conversion at the transmitter side and serial – to – parallel data conversion at the receiver side.Asynchronous serial communication.
A serial communication can be done using fewer wires as compared to its parallel counterpart. It is a cheapest communication device with a single wire for transmitting the data and another wire for receiving. When the high-speed data transfer is not required UART is used. In a simple serial communication, 3 pins are used: TxD, RxD and GND.
At Transmission side (i.e. From Microcontoller), one can write data into UART Data Register (e.g. UART0_DR) by using software code.
These 8 bits of data from Data Register is passed to Tx FIFO Buffer. After that, the data is sent out(one at a time) from Tx Shift Register.
TxFIFO flag = 1 (Buffer full) TxFIFO flag = 0 (not full - Software can write to Data Register)
At Receiver end, there is Rx FIFO Buffer.
RxFIFO Empty flag = 1 (Buffer is empty) RxFIFO Empty flag = 0 (Buffer has data to be read)
A frame is the unit of transmission in serial communications
Start bit: To declare the start of transmission.
Data bits: 4,5,6,7, or 8 bits of useful data bits.
Parity bit : To check for transmission errors.
Stop bit: To declare end of frame
Parity bit is used to check the integrity of a frame and signal if an error occurred during transmission.
It is an extra bit added to the end of a frame.
Even parity :The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be even.
Odd parity : The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be odd
The configuration settings at both ends of Txd and Rxd:
Full or half-duplex operation
Data length
Start/Stop bits
Transmission speed.
EX:-198 = 11000110
Transmission speed
Common speed = 9600 bits/sec
1/9600 = 104 us.
After detecting start it will count 104us and complets start bit.
Then begins sampling the input bits after 52us with equal count of 104us between each bit untill the next stop bit with high pulse.
Advantages
Requires minimum wires
No need for clock or any other timing signal.
Parity bit ensures basic error checking.
Disadvantages
Size of the data in the frame is limited.
Can connect only two devices at a time
Speed for data transfer is less compared to parallel.
Transmitter and receiver must agree to the rules of transmission and appropriate baud rate must be selected.
if we are looking for a device to device serial communication then UART proves itself the best as it is easy to deal with and also widely used in many peripheral devices.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and verification of daisy chain serial peripheral interface using syst...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Serial peripheral interface (SPI) transfers the data between electronic devices like micro controllers and other peripherals. SPI consists of two control lines: select signal and clock signal, and two data lines: input and output. In single master-single slave, the communication is in between master and slave only which will make the design complex and costly, area will increase. In regular SPI mode, the number of chip-select lines is increased if the number of slaves increases. Due to this, the input data received by the master from the slaves are corrupted at master input slave output (MISO). The proposed daisy chain method is used to overcome this problem. The daisy chain method requires only one chip select line at master compared to the regular SPI mode. When the chip-select line is active low, all the slaves are active, and the clock is initiated to all the slaves to transfer the data from the master to the first slave through the master output slave input (MOSI). In this paper, the daisy-chain SPI is designed and developed using Verilog. The proposed design is verified using system Verilog (SV) and universal verification methodology (UVM) in QuestaSim.
This design consists of two communication protocols integrated in SoC and are UART & SPI. -Single bit input is provided for user to select either UART or SPI. In UART protocol TRANSMITTER passes the 32 bit data serially with parity bit to RECEIVER. In SPI protocol, RECEIVER passes the data to another RECEIVER which finally returns data back to TRANSMITTER and the TRANSMITTER passes data to TOP MODULE.
VERIFICATION OF FOUR PORT ROUTER FOR NETWORK ON CHIPEditor IJMTER
The focus of this Paper is the actual implementation of Network Router and verifies the
functionality of the four port router for network on chip using the latest verification methodologies,
Hardware Verification Languages and EDA tools and qualify the IP for synthesis and implementation.
This Router design contains three output ports and one input port, it is packet based Protocol. This Design
consists Registers and FIFO. For larger networks, where a direct-mapped approach is not feasible due to
FPGA resource limitations, a virtualized time multiplexed approach was used. Compared to the provided
software reference implementation, our direct-mapped approach achieves three orders of magnitude
speedup, while our virtualized time multiplexed approach achieves one to two orders of magnitude
speedup, depending on the network and router configuration.
Synthesis & FPGA Implementation of UART IP Soft Coreijsrd.com
this paper presents synthesis and hardware implementation of fully functional Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Intellectual Property core using XILINX SPARTAN-3 XC3S400 series FPGA. The UART soft core module consists of a transmitter along with baud rate generator and a receiver module with false start bit detection features. This has been implemented using VERILOG hardware description language and synthesized using XILINX ISE development tools. All behavioral simulation of UART module performed using MODELSIM simulator. After successful FPGA implementation transmitter and receiver module was tested by connecting FPGA board with Hyper Terminal software via RS232 interface at a data speed of 9.6 kbps.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
High speed customized serial protocol for IP integration on FPGA based SOC ap...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Design and implementation of uart on socIjrdt Journal
Security is primary concern in our day-to-day life. Everyone wants to be as much as secure as possible. The UART (universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter) module provides asynchronous serial communication with external devices such as modems and other computers. The UART can be used to control the process of breaking parallel data from the PC down into serial data that can be transmitted and vice versa for receiving data. The UART allows the devices to communicate without the need to be synchronized. UART is a popular method of serial asynchronous communication. Typically, the UART is connected between a processor and a peripheral. To the processor, the UART appears as an 8-bit read-write parallel port that performs serial-to-parallel conversions for the processor, and vice versa for the peripheral. With the implementation of UART the serial communication is done in high data rate and no interrupts. Baud rate generator provides high data rate and interrupt controller handles all the interrupts. The UART serial communication interface device receives data and converts data from serial to parallel, where as the transmitter performs parallel to serial conversion.
Serial Communication Interface with Error Detectioniosrjce
UART is used for serial data communication. UART is a piece of computer hardware that translates
between parallel bits of data and serial bits. UART is usually an integrated circuit used for serial
communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Bits have to be moved from one place to
another using wires or some other medium. Over many miles, the expense of the wires becomes large. To reduce
the expense of long communication links carrying several bits in parallel, data bits are sent sequentially. Errors
may occur either internally or externally while we transmit information from source to destination. The errors
generated during the transmission would affect the performance of the overall system. In order to reduce the
errors we should incorporate any error detecting schemes like hamming decoder, check parity systems etc.
Different serial communication devices are available.
The aim of this project is to develop under water communication system using the Zigbee protocol stack. This is very useful to find out any problem in caves and mines. An embedded system is a special purpose system in which the compute is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system. It controls personal digital assistant (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in software terms.
In this paper we attempt to give a networking solution by applying VLSI architecture techniques to router design for networking systems to provide intelligent control over the network. Networking routers to have limited input/output configurations, which we attempt to overcome by adopting bridging loops to reduce the latency and security concerns. Other techniques we explore include the use of multiple protocols. We attempt to overcome the security and latency issues with protocol switching technique embedded in the router engine itself. The approach is based on hardware coding to reduce the impact of latency issues as the hardware itself is designed according to the need. We attempt to provide a multipurpose networking router by means of Verilog code, thus we can maintain the same switching speed with more security we embed the packet storage buffer on chip and generate the code as self-independent VLSI based router. Our main focus is the implementation of hardware IP .router. The approach enables the router to process multiple incoming IP packets with different versions of protocols simultaneously, e.g. for IPv4 and IPv6. The approach will results in increased switching speed of routing per packet for both current trend protocols, which we believe would result inconsiderable enhancement in networking systems.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys and the Road Ahead.pdf
Cd36479483
1. M.Veera Gopi Kishore et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.479-483
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Optimal Implementation of UART-SPI Interface in System On
Chip
M.Veera Gopi Kishore1, B.Srinivas2, Dr M.J.C. Prasad3
1
(PG Scholar, Department of ECE, Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad)
(Asst.Professor, Department of ECE, Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad)
3
(Professor, Department of ECE, Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad)
2
ABSTRACT
This paper details the Optimal Implementation of UART-SPI Interface in System On Chip. This paper details the
design and implementation of System on chip's UART- SPI Interface. The UART- SPI Interface provides
utilization for the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) to Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). This
interface can be used to connect to SPI slave devices from a PC with UART port. The interface consists of three
blocks: the UART interface, the UART -to-SPI interfacing block and the SPI Master interface.
Keywords - SOC, UART, SPI, power optimization
I.
INTRODUCTION
An UART is a device enabling the
transmission and reception of information, in a
sequential and asynchronous way. Universal
Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter are used
asynchronous sequential data communication between
remote embedded systems. The UART can be used to
control the process of breaking parallel data from the
PC down into sequential data that can be transmitted.
It consists of one receiver module and transmitter
module. UART has been an important input/output
tool for decades and is still widely used. UARTs are
used for communication between two devices [1]. SPI
stands for Serial Peripheral Interface. It is a
synchronous protocol that allows a master device to
initiate communication with slave devices.
SPI is a complete duplex, serial bus widely
used because of its easy hardware interface
specifications and protocol flexibility. SPI consists of
two blocks. The SPI master and the SPI slave, the SPI
Master which is being used in this design implements
the master functionality of the SPI protocol. SPI
protocol specifies four signal wires MOSI - master out
slave in (output from master), MISO - expert in slave
out (output from slave), SCLK – serial clock (clock
outcome from master) and SS -slave select (active
low, output from master) [2]. The SPI Master block
produces the control signals to interface to external
slave devices using the serial data out port (MOSI),
serial data in port (MISO), outcome clock (SCLK) and
slave select (SS) [10].The SS signal must be used if
more than one slave exists in the system. This signal is
most often active low, so a low on this range will
indicate the SPI is effective, while a high will signal
inactivity. UART-to-SPI interfacing block that is the
middle block joins the UART and SPI master. It
allows the interconnection between these two
interfaces.
www.ijera.com
The main benefit is, the UART- SPI interface [9] can
fit in any application where an SPI program has to be
used. As the UART-SPI interface can be used to
connect to SPI slave devices from a PC with UART
port it can be used for typical applications like
interfacing of EEPROM, flash memories and sensors
[8].
II.
SYSTEM-ON-CHIP
The empirical law of Moore does not only
explain the improving density of transistors allowed
by technical developments. It also enforces new
specifications and difficulties, Systems complexity
improves at the same speed. Now-a-days systems
could never be developed using the same techniques
used 20 years ago. New architectures are and must be
continuously conceived. It is obvious now that
Moore's law for the last two decades has allowed three
primary revolutions. The first revolution in the mideighties was the way to embed more and more
electronic devices in the same silicon die; it was the
era of System on Chip [8]. One primary task was the
way to interconnect all these devices effectively. For
this purpose, the Bus interconnect structure was used
for the VLSI subsystem. A process usually has an
embedded user interface as a form of software and
encompasses many elements within, not only the
hardware but also the software that comprises the
system. Such a complicated entity can be managed
only with computer-aided design resources, automatic
synthesis of the physical layouts, and sound software
engineering knowledge. Moreover, it features to
accomplish a particular objective, as a whole, are
usually described in methods that should fulfill
customer requirements in time.
479 | P a g e
2. M.Veera Gopi Kishore et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.479-483
III.
UART DESIGN
An UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter) is the micro-chip with
programming that manages a pc's interface to its
attached sequential devices. UART is an integrated
circuit designed for implementing the interface for
serial communications. It provides the computer with
the RS-232C Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
interface so that it can "talk" to and exchange data
with modems and other serial devices [1].
As part of this interface, the UART also:
Converts the bytes it gets from the program along
parallel circuits into only one single serial bit
stream for outbound transmission.
On inbound transmission, converts the sequential
bit stream into the bytes that the program handles.
Adds a parity bit (if it's been selected) on
outbound transmissions and assessments the
parity of incoming bytes (if selected) and discards
the parity bit.
Adds start and stop delineators on outbound and
strips them from inbound transmissions.
May manage other types of interrupt and device
management that need coordinating the on-chip
communication of operation with high-speed
devices.
Figure1. UART Block diagram
The UART contains both transmitter and receiver.
The transmitter is a unique shift register that loads
data in parallel and then changes it out bit-by-bit.
The receiver shifts in information bit-by-bit and
reassembles the information byte.
Wait until the incoming signal becomes ' 0 ' (the
begin bit) and then begin the sampling tick center.
When the center reaches 7, the incoming signal
gets to the middle position of the begin bit.
Obvious the center and restart.
When the center reaches to 15, we are at the
center of the first data bit. Retrieve it and move
into a register. Restart the center. Do it again the
above step N-1 times to retrieve the remaining
data bits. If optional parity bit is used, repeat this
Process once more. Do it again this step M more
times to acquire the stop bits.
www.ijera.com
IV.
www.ijera.com
SPI DESIGN
SPI means Serial Peripheral Interface. SPI is
a synchronous method that allows a master device to
initiate communication with a slave device. Data is
exchanged between these devices. SPI is implemented
by a hardware module known as the Synchronous
Serial Port or the Master Synchronous Serial Port.
This module is built into many different micro
devices. It allows serial communication between two
or more devices at a high speed and is reasonably
simple to implement.
SPI is a Synchronous protocol. The clock
signal is provided by the master to provide
synchronization. The clock signal controls when data
can modify and when it is valid for reading [5]. Since
SPI is synchronous, it has a clock pulse along with the
data. RS-232 and other asynchronous protocols do not
use a clock pulse, but the data must be timed very
perfectly. Since SPI has a clock signal, the clock can
vary without interfering the data. The data rate will
simply modify along with the changes in the clock
rate. This creates SPI ideal when the microcontroller is
being clocked imprecisely, such as by a RC oscillator.
SPI is a Master-Slave method. Only the
master device can manage the clock line, SCLK. No
data will be transferred unless clock is manipulated.
All slaves are managed by clock which is manipulated
by the master device. The slaves may not manipulate
the clock. The SSP configuration registers will control
how a device will reply to the clock input. SPI is a
Data Exchange protocol [2]. As information is being
clocked out, new information is also being clocked in.
When one "transmits" data, the incoming information
must be read before attempting to transmit again. If
the incoming information is not read, then the
information will be lost and the SPI module may
become disabled as a result. Always read the data after
a transfer has taken place, even if the data has no use
in your application. Data is always "exchanged"
between devices. No device can just be a "transmitter"
or just a "receiver" in SPI. However, each device has
two data lines, one for feedback and one for outcome.
These data exchanges are managed by clock line,
SCLK, which is controlled by the master device.
Often a slave select signal will control when
a device is utilized. This signal must be used for when
more than one slave exists in a system, but can be
optional when only one slave exists in the circuit. As a
general concept, it should be used. This signal is
known as the SS signal and it means for "Slave
Select." It indicates to a slave that the master wishes to
begin an SPI data exchange between that slave device
and itself. The signal is most often effective low, so a
low on this line will indicate the SPI is effective, while
a higher will signal inactivity. It is often used to
improve noise immunity of the system. Its function is
to reset the SPI slave so that it is ready to get the next
byte.
480 | P a g e
3. M.Veera Gopi Kishore et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.479-483
www.ijera.com
SCLK - This is the serial clock signal. It is generated
by the master device and controls when data is sent
and when it is read.
MOSI - The signal is generated by Master, recipient is
the Slave.
Figure2. SPI Block Diagram
In the master SPI, the bits are sent out of the
MOSI pin and obtained in the MISO pin. The bits to
be shifted out are stored in the SPI data register,
SP0DR, and are sent out most significant bit (bit 7)
first. When bit 7 of the master is shifted out through
MOSI pin, a bit from bit 7 of the servant is being
moved into bit 0 of the master via the MISO pin. After
8 clock pulses or shifts, this bit will gradually end up
in bit 7 of the master. The least significant bit can be
sent out first by establishing the LSBF bit to 1 in the
SPI Control Register. The clock, which control show
fast the bits are out and into SP0DR, is the signal
SCLK at PS6. The frequency of this clock can be
managed by the SPI baud amount register SP0BR. The
SS pin must be low to decide a slave. This signal can
come from any pin on the master, including its SS pin
when it is configured as an outcome.
In the master SPI, the bits are sent out of the
MOSI pin and obtained in the MISO pin. The bits to
be shifted out are stored in the SPI data register,
SP0DR, and are sent out most significant bit (bit 7)
first. When bit 7 of the master is shifted out through
MOSI pin, a bit from bit 7 of the servant is being
moved into bit 0 of the master via the MISO pin. After
8 clock pulses or shifts, this bit will gradually end up
in bit 7 of the master. The least significant bit can be
sent out first by establishing the LSBF bit to 1 in the
SPI Control Register. The clock, which control show
fast the bits are out and into SP0DR is the signal
SCLK at PS6. The frequency of this clock can be
managed by the SPI baud amount register SP0BR. The
SS pin must be low to decide a slave. This signal can
come from any pin on the master, including its SS pin
when it is configured as an outcome.
The SPI Control Register1, SP0CR1, is the
two bits CPOL and CPHA control the polarity and
phase of the clock. If CPOL=0(1), the clock idles low
(high) and data are moved in and out on the increasing
(falling) edge of the clock if CPHA=0 and on the
dropping (rising) advantage of the clock if
CPHA=1(0). If CPHA=1, the SS slave select line can
stay low during successive exchanges. If CPHA=0,
the SS line must be de-asserted and reasserted
between each subsequent byte of data transferred.
SPI is a Serial Interface and uses the
following Signals to serially exchange data with
another device:
SS - This signal is known as Slave Select.
When it goes low, the slave device will listen for SPI
clock and data signals.
www.ijera.com
MISO -The signals are generated by Slaves, recipient
is the master.
SI - Serial Data Input (used to transfer data into the
SPI device).
SO - Serial Data Output (used to transfer data out of
the SPI device).
CS - Chip Select Input (for enabling device operation).
W- Write Protect Input (used to guard against
Program/erase instructions).
HOLD - Hold Input (to pause SPI transaction).
V.
INTERFACING
The UART-to-SPI interface can be used to
communicate to SPI slave devices from a PC with a
UART port. SPI is a full duplex, serial bus commonly
used in the embedded world because of its simple
hardware interface requirements and protocol
flexibility. SPI devices are normally smaller in size
(low 110 count) when in comparison to parallel
interface devices. The interfacing structure is shown
below.
Figure3. UART-SPI Interface Block Diagram
It consists of three blocks, the UART
interface, the UART-to-SPI control block and the SPI
master Interface. The internal UART-to-SPI control
blocks Stitches the Core UART and SPI master. The
SPI master block generates the control signals to
interface to external slave devices. This interface
481 | P a g e
4. M.Veera Gopi Kishore et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.479-483
communicates with the slave devices using the serial
data out port(MOSI), serial data in port (MISO),
output clock (SCLK), and slave select ports(SS_N
[7:0]). There are three internal registers in the design:
control register, transmit register, and receive register.
The control register sets the different control bits, the
transmit register sends the TX data to the SPI bus, and
the receive register collects the Rx data from the SPI
bus [6]. After every reset, data Collected from the
external UART go to the control Register. The control
bit positions are given in table l which is shown
below.
TABLE 1. CONTROL BIT POSITIONS
7
6
5
4
3
2
SS
CPOL
CPHA
1
0
CLKDIV
When the UART-to-SPI communicates to
any of the slave devices, it enables only the
corresponding slave select signal. Only one slave
device should be transmitting data during a particular
data transfer. Slave devices that are not selected do not
interfere with SPI bus activities during that period [7].
Other slave devices ignore the clock signal
and keep the MISO output pin in a high impedance
state, unless the slave select pin is enabled. The
SPI_OR_MEM hard coded value sets the operation
mode: when SPI_OR_MEM is set to 1, the slave
select signal SS_Nx will be asserted Low for a 1-byte
(8 bit) transaction only; when SPI_OR_MEM is set to
0, the SPI slave device will be treated as a SPI
memory, and the SS_Nx signal can be asserted low for
multiple bytes of data [3]. This mode is required when
performing the page/sector mode of operations with
memories.
The slave select will be low for the command
byte, address bytes, and data bytes [10]. When
SPI_OR_MEM is set to 1, the command byte 0x01 is
used for read operation and the command byte 0x02 is
used for write operation shown in table2.
TABLE 2. COMMANDS
Operation Description
Read
Write
0x01 command byte is sent over UART
Tx,
Enabling data read from the UART Rx
line.
0x02 command byte is sent over UART
Tx,
followed by the data to be written.
VI.
SIMUATION RESULTS
The Interface of UART - SPI in SOC has
been synthesized using the Xilinx 10.2. The
simulation results are shown in figure 4. The optimal
frequency is 239 MHz
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
Figure4. Simulation Results
The utilization of chip area in FPGA is shown in table
3.
TABLE3. CHIP UTILIZATION
VII.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
The Interface of UART - SPI in System On
Chip will become very efficient method in most of the
applications. The communication in the System on
chip architecture makes very simple as they are in
connection with a bus. In future most of the
applications will add into the subsystem the routing
architecture plays a vital role in the system and it may
be implemented in SOC.
REFERENCES
[I]
Design and simulation of UART serial
communication module based on VHDL Fang Yi-Yuan, Chen Xue, IEEE Explore,
may 2011.
[2]
Design and test of general purpose SPI
master/slave IPs on OPB Bus- systems
482 | P a g e
5. M.Veera Gopi Kishore et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.479-483
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
www.ijera.com
signals and devices, 7fu international multi
conference, 2010.
A.K Oudjida et ai, Master-Slave wrapper
communication protocol: A case-study,
Proceedings of the 1'1 IEEE International
Computer
Systems
and
Information
Technology Conference ICSIT'05, PP 461467, 19-21 July 2006.
F. Leens, "An Introduction to SPI Protocols,"
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement
Magazine, pp. 8-13, February 2009.
A.K. Oudjida et ai, FPGA Implementation of
I2C & SPI protocols A Comparative Study".
Proceedings of the 16fu edition of the IEEE
International Conference on Electronics
Circuits and Systems ICECS, pp.507 -510,
Dec 13-16 2009.
REN Yu-fei, ZHANG Xiang, CHENG Naiping (Department of Optical and Electrical,
Academy of Equipment Command &Tech,
Beijing 101416, China); Design and
Realization of Two-way Transmission SPI
Interface; Tele communication Engineering;
2009.
Zhang Rui;A Method to Realize DSP
Communicating with Other Device by SPI
Interface
Protocol
[J];
International
Electronic Elements; 2003-08.
A micro- FT- UART for safety critical SOC
based Applications,
www.doi.ieeecomputersociety.org.
www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ipd
ocumentationlxpspi.pdf
www.actel.com/documents/UART_to_SPCA
N.pdf.
www.nxp.com/documents/datasheet! SCI6IS
752SCI6IS762.pdf.
www.xilinx.com/support/anembeddedproces
speripheral other.html
www.ijera.com
483 | P a g e