Abstract MANET is combination of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without any kind of centralized control or any device or established infrastructure. Therefore MANET routing is a critical task to perform in dynamic network. Without any fixed infrastructure, wireless mobile nodes dynamically establish the network. Routing Protocols helps to communicate a mobile node with the other nodes in the network by sending or receiving the packets. This research paper provides the overview of ZRP by presenting its functionality. The performance of ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is analyzed on the basis of parameters Throughput, Load, Data Dropped and Delay using simulator OPNET 14.0. Index Terms: MANET, Routing Protocols, ZRP
Application of dual tone multi frequency technology and sensing in autonomous...eSAT Journals
Abstract The goal of this project is to use DTMF decoders, sensors and micro-controllers to control autonomous navigation of a robot between a start and end point along a fixed path. This has very practical applications, eg. a mobile phone can be used to start the car and allow it to autonomously drive itself to a pick up point and vehicles in warehouses to carry goods from point A to point B, etc. A DTMF decoder is interfaced with the microcontroller, and a phone on auto answer mode is connected to the decoder. When the robot is called and a number on the user’s phone is pressed, the tone is sent to the decoder, which decodes and sends a signal to the microcontroller, and the robot is started. To avoid obstacles the robot has inbuilt Infrared sensors which detect obstacles and inform the microcontroller, which accordingly guides the robot. In this setup only three sensors were used given the limitation in terms of input ports. However, a greater number of sensors would allow for the robot to be aware of more specific situations. Therefore, it can be made more adaptable in varying situations. The test robot was programmed using Embedded C with AVR Studios. This approach uses existing technologies and is very inexpensive. Index Terms: Drivers, Autonomous and Navigate
Performance analysis of gesture controlled robotic careSAT Journals
Abstract
“ROBOT” is any automatically operated machine or a device that reduces human effort, though it may not look much like a
human being or function in a humanlike manner. Advanced, high-performance robots are used today in automobile
manufacturing and aircraft assembly, and electronics firms use robotic devices together with other computerized instruments to
sort or test finished products. Due to the demand of intelligent systems in every field of technology, automated systems are
preferred much for the betterment of the society.The main objective of designing this robo car is to make the world work with
more comfort and more easier way with the way they use today ,as in the recent era there were too many research in the field of
robotics and communication has happened ,so we tried to focus both robotics as by designing a small robocar and controlling
over RF frequency wirelessly for communication as the ease of access is our main priority we tried to focus also the comfort
ability and design a gesture based robotic car. This car not only detects the motion of a human hand but also reacts according to
the gesture, the main purpose of the bot is to make the world work with more ease or where the work of precision or accuracy is
needed it can also be used for the spying and for the field observation or in the industries where the work precision is made with
the use of human hand but it’s not comfortable due to hazardous object, we can have example of industries where furnace
temperature or a pressure is controlled through the accuracy of a knob controlled with human hand but working beside the boiler
or a furnace is always a risk task hence it is not possible so can be operated through gesture at a distance and operated can
operate knob by simply sitting in the cabin and through gesture of the handjust like virtually adjusting the knob or the control of
the robotic car.
Keywords: Gesture Based Robotic Car, Robotic Car, Robocar,
Performance analysis and implementation of modified sdm based noc for mpsoc o...eSAT Journals
Abstract To meet todays demanding requirements lowpower consumption, high performance while maintaing flexibility and scalability,
system-On-Chip will combine several number of processors cores and other IPs with network-On-chip. To implement NoC based
MPSoC on an FPGA, NoCs should provide guaranteed services and be run-time reconfigurable. Current TDM and SDM based
NoCs takes more area and would not support run-time reconfiguration. This paper presents modified spatial division multiplexing
based NoC on FPGA, in this we have modified complex network interface and proposed flexible network interface and efficient
SDM based NoC.This architecture explored feasibility of connection requirements from IP cores during run-time.
Keywords: NoC, MPSoC, FPGA, NoCs, SDM Based NoC
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ANFIS Based Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm to Enhance the Performance i...rahulmonikasharma
A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) consists of mobile nodes, a router with multiple hosts and wireless communication devices. Mobile Adhoc Networks can operate without any fixed infrastructure and can survive rapid changes in the network topology. Link failure and route failure takes place. Provisioning of QoS is a problem in MANETs. TORA is the only protocol which supports either Proactive or Reactive modes in routing. In this paper, we incorporated the ANFIS to the existing TORA to enhance the performance. Evaluating the performance of ANFIS-TORA is the simulation by using OPNET MODELLER. Evaluating the relative performance with respect to performance metrics are Throughput, End-to-End delay, and Network Load. We generate various simulation scenarios with varying network size such as small, medium and large. In this paper, ANFIS based TORA for MANETs are considered and their performance was analyzed for different network size. From the simulation results, we conclude that ANFIS based TORA outperforms for small medium and large network. Throughput was increased by 48.27% in small network, 61.29% in medium network and 8.29% in the large network in Reactive mode. In Proactive, the throughput is increased by 103.46% in small network, 4.58% in medium network and 5.05% in large network.
Interfacing omni flow computer to remote operation controller (roc) remote te...eSAT Journals
This document discusses interfacing an Omni-flow computer to a remote operation controller (ROC) remote terminal unit (RTU) for a SCADA network. The Omni-flow computer measures gas flow from a non-associated gas location but lacks Ethernet connectivity. By connecting it to a ROC RTU via a serial RS-232 connection and configuring the ROC RTU as a Modbus host and the Omni-flow computer as a Modbus slave, gas flow data can be transmitted remotely from the Omni-flow computer to the ROC RTU and on to the SCADA network via Ethernet. The configuration and data transfer process between the Omni-flow computer and ROC RTU
IRJET- Password based Circuit Breaker using DTMFIRJET Journal
This document describes a password-based circuit breaker system that uses dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology. The system is designed to provide safety for maintenance staff working on live electrical lines. It uses a DTMF decoder integrated with a microcontroller and relays to allow loads to be turned on or off remotely using passwords dialed from a mobile phone. The system was simulated using Proteus software and implemented on a printed circuit board. It provides a solution that ensures safety and security by only allowing authorized people who know the passwords to control the circuit breaker.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Application of dual tone multi frequency technology and sensing in autonomous...eSAT Journals
Abstract The goal of this project is to use DTMF decoders, sensors and micro-controllers to control autonomous navigation of a robot between a start and end point along a fixed path. This has very practical applications, eg. a mobile phone can be used to start the car and allow it to autonomously drive itself to a pick up point and vehicles in warehouses to carry goods from point A to point B, etc. A DTMF decoder is interfaced with the microcontroller, and a phone on auto answer mode is connected to the decoder. When the robot is called and a number on the user’s phone is pressed, the tone is sent to the decoder, which decodes and sends a signal to the microcontroller, and the robot is started. To avoid obstacles the robot has inbuilt Infrared sensors which detect obstacles and inform the microcontroller, which accordingly guides the robot. In this setup only three sensors were used given the limitation in terms of input ports. However, a greater number of sensors would allow for the robot to be aware of more specific situations. Therefore, it can be made more adaptable in varying situations. The test robot was programmed using Embedded C with AVR Studios. This approach uses existing technologies and is very inexpensive. Index Terms: Drivers, Autonomous and Navigate
Performance analysis of gesture controlled robotic careSAT Journals
Abstract
“ROBOT” is any automatically operated machine or a device that reduces human effort, though it may not look much like a
human being or function in a humanlike manner. Advanced, high-performance robots are used today in automobile
manufacturing and aircraft assembly, and electronics firms use robotic devices together with other computerized instruments to
sort or test finished products. Due to the demand of intelligent systems in every field of technology, automated systems are
preferred much for the betterment of the society.The main objective of designing this robo car is to make the world work with
more comfort and more easier way with the way they use today ,as in the recent era there were too many research in the field of
robotics and communication has happened ,so we tried to focus both robotics as by designing a small robocar and controlling
over RF frequency wirelessly for communication as the ease of access is our main priority we tried to focus also the comfort
ability and design a gesture based robotic car. This car not only detects the motion of a human hand but also reacts according to
the gesture, the main purpose of the bot is to make the world work with more ease or where the work of precision or accuracy is
needed it can also be used for the spying and for the field observation or in the industries where the work precision is made with
the use of human hand but it’s not comfortable due to hazardous object, we can have example of industries where furnace
temperature or a pressure is controlled through the accuracy of a knob controlled with human hand but working beside the boiler
or a furnace is always a risk task hence it is not possible so can be operated through gesture at a distance and operated can
operate knob by simply sitting in the cabin and through gesture of the handjust like virtually adjusting the knob or the control of
the robotic car.
Keywords: Gesture Based Robotic Car, Robotic Car, Robocar,
Performance analysis and implementation of modified sdm based noc for mpsoc o...eSAT Journals
Abstract To meet todays demanding requirements lowpower consumption, high performance while maintaing flexibility and scalability,
system-On-Chip will combine several number of processors cores and other IPs with network-On-chip. To implement NoC based
MPSoC on an FPGA, NoCs should provide guaranteed services and be run-time reconfigurable. Current TDM and SDM based
NoCs takes more area and would not support run-time reconfiguration. This paper presents modified spatial division multiplexing
based NoC on FPGA, in this we have modified complex network interface and proposed flexible network interface and efficient
SDM based NoC.This architecture explored feasibility of connection requirements from IP cores during run-time.
Keywords: NoC, MPSoC, FPGA, NoCs, SDM Based NoC
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ANFIS Based Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm to Enhance the Performance i...rahulmonikasharma
A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) consists of mobile nodes, a router with multiple hosts and wireless communication devices. Mobile Adhoc Networks can operate without any fixed infrastructure and can survive rapid changes in the network topology. Link failure and route failure takes place. Provisioning of QoS is a problem in MANETs. TORA is the only protocol which supports either Proactive or Reactive modes in routing. In this paper, we incorporated the ANFIS to the existing TORA to enhance the performance. Evaluating the performance of ANFIS-TORA is the simulation by using OPNET MODELLER. Evaluating the relative performance with respect to performance metrics are Throughput, End-to-End delay, and Network Load. We generate various simulation scenarios with varying network size such as small, medium and large. In this paper, ANFIS based TORA for MANETs are considered and their performance was analyzed for different network size. From the simulation results, we conclude that ANFIS based TORA outperforms for small medium and large network. Throughput was increased by 48.27% in small network, 61.29% in medium network and 8.29% in the large network in Reactive mode. In Proactive, the throughput is increased by 103.46% in small network, 4.58% in medium network and 5.05% in large network.
Interfacing omni flow computer to remote operation controller (roc) remote te...eSAT Journals
This document discusses interfacing an Omni-flow computer to a remote operation controller (ROC) remote terminal unit (RTU) for a SCADA network. The Omni-flow computer measures gas flow from a non-associated gas location but lacks Ethernet connectivity. By connecting it to a ROC RTU via a serial RS-232 connection and configuring the ROC RTU as a Modbus host and the Omni-flow computer as a Modbus slave, gas flow data can be transmitted remotely from the Omni-flow computer to the ROC RTU and on to the SCADA network via Ethernet. The configuration and data transfer process between the Omni-flow computer and ROC RTU
IRJET- Password based Circuit Breaker using DTMFIRJET Journal
This document describes a password-based circuit breaker system that uses dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology. The system is designed to provide safety for maintenance staff working on live electrical lines. It uses a DTMF decoder integrated with a microcontroller and relays to allow loads to be turned on or off remotely using passwords dialed from a mobile phone. The system was simulated using Proteus software and implemented on a printed circuit board. It provides a solution that ensures safety and security by only allowing authorized people who know the passwords to control the circuit breaker.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Development of Distributed Mains Monitoring and Switching System for Indus Co...iosrjce
Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron
radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses
to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed
for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It
includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This
work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication
protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and
switching of MCBs from main control room.
The document summarizes Profibus DP (distributed peripheral) and Profibus FMS (Fieldbus message specification). Profibus DP allows multiple masters that each assign slaves, while FMS allows peer-to-peer messaging between masters. Profibus DP uses EIA-485 physical layer and operates at speeds up to 12Mbps for high-speed sensor/actuator data transfer. It provides cyclic and acyclic data services between masters and slaves. Profibus FMS uses the same data link layer as DP and enables messaging between masters.
The document discusses the telecommunication systems used by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). It describes the key components which include fiber optic transmission, public information displays, public address systems, master clocks, CCTV, radio systems, and telephone exchanges. It focuses on the radio communication system, which uses TETRA technology. The radio system allows voice communication between train operators, station controllers in the Operational Control Center, and other staff via mobile and fixed radios installed across the DMRC network.
This document provides an overview of the telephone system used by DMRC. It describes two independent networks - the EPABX network for administrative communication and the direct line network for operational communication between stations and control centers. The core component is the EPABX system, specifically Alcatel OmniPCX 4400, which establishes connections between phones and maintains calls. It also details the different types of phones, cards used in the EPABX, numbering plans, and connectivity between stations.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the first practical telephone in 1876. He conducted the first telephone call between Cambridge and Boston using two miles of wire. In 1915, Bell and his former associate Thomas Watson spoke to each other over 3,400 miles between New York and San Francisco using telephone technology. The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) was originally analog but is now digital, connecting fixed and mobile phones globally through transmission links and switching centers. Telecommunications infrastructure includes telephone lines, fiber optic cables, cellular networks, and satellites to transmit calls worldwide.
IRJET- Intelligent Security and Monitoring System for VehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes an intelligent security and monitoring system for vehicles that uses GPS and GSM technologies. The system detects vehicle accidents using a vibration sensor and sends SMS alerts to authorities to request immediate help. It also tracks the vehicle's location using GPS. The system is implemented using microcontrollers and sensors. When an accident is detected, the vibration readings exceed a threshold and the system takes action by sending SMS messages with the vehicle's location to get help quickly.
Traffic Sign recognition And Auto Indication SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a traffic sign recognition and auto indication system. The system uses an RF transmitter and receiver to automatically detect road signs and display the sign image on a vehicle's dashboard. It also plays an audio message corresponding to the detected sign. When a vehicle comes within range of a traffic sign transmitter, the onboard RF receiver receives the signal and the microcontroller matches it to a database to display the appropriate sign image on the graphic display. It also directs an audio player to output information about the sign via a connected speaker. The goal is to help drivers easily view important traffic signs and follow rules of the road without distraction. The system design uses low-cost, ubiquitous components like a microcontroller, RF modules, graphic LCD,
This presentation deals with the training in Indian Railways.Basically it focus on Siganaling & Telecommunication.It has Basically 3 aspects-
1) how the pesengers are going to interect with Indian railways.
2) how the train are going to occupy speciic track.
3) How the various railway stations all over india are interconnected with each other -"RAILNET"
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
- The HART protocol allows devices to communicate digitally over analog 4-20mA loops, enabling both analog and digital communication over the same wiring.
- It uses frequency-shift keying to superimpose digital signals on top of the analog 4-20mA current without interfering with the analog signal.
- The HART protocol supports point-to-point and multidrop communication and can be used to access device configuration, diagnostics, and process variables.
Protocol converter (uart, i2 c, manchester protocols to usb)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract now a day’s many industries are using different types of protocols to show data on computer. For this purpose different modules are used which increases the hardware complexity and cost. This project (PROTOCOL CONVERTER) is helpful to overcome these problem different types of protocols such as Manchester, UART and I2Cconverted to the USB format which is compatible to the laptops which is the major application .By using different components such as PIC microcontroller 18F452, LCD, Personal computer, Max 232, DB9 connector.
Keywords::USB (universal serial bus)1, UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter2), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit3), Manchester4.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy held in Johor Baharu, Malaysia from December 1-3, 2008. The paper discusses the development of a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) based Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) for distribution automation systems. Specifically, it presents the system architecture, design requirements, RTU specifications, interface with the SCADA system, input/output modules, communication protocols, and results. The SCADA-based RTU was developed to provide fault isolation, monitoring, and control capabilities for low voltage distribution automation.
Serial Communication Interface with Error Detectioniosrjce
UART is used for serial data communication. UART is a piece of computer hardware that translates
between parallel bits of data and serial bits. UART is usually an integrated circuit used for serial
communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Bits have to be moved from one place to
another using wires or some other medium. Over many miles, the expense of the wires becomes large. To reduce
the expense of long communication links carrying several bits in parallel, data bits are sent sequentially. Errors
may occur either internally or externally while we transmit information from source to destination. The errors
generated during the transmission would affect the performance of the overall system. In order to reduce the
errors we should incorporate any error detecting schemes like hamming decoder, check parity systems etc.
Different serial communication devices are available.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on:
- How layer 2 switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating separate collision domains for each switch port. This improves network performance over hub-based networks.
- The two main types of VLAN membership - static VLANs where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic VLANs where VLAN assignments are determined automatically based on device MAC addresses.
- How VLANs simplify network management by allowing logical segmentation of broadcast domains independent of physical port locations, and improve network security by restricting communication between VLANs.
الأجيال المختلفه في شبكات المحمول باللغه العربيه للدكتور عبد الكريم حسين الم...ibrahimnabil17
The document provides a detailed explanation of the four generations of mobile communications including their basic concepts, components, and transmission methods. It discusses the architecture and features of 1G networks like Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT), as well as 2G networks exemplified by the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The document also touches on goals and major networks of 2G and provides an introduction to 3G.
This document summarizes the implementation of pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBS), specifically maximal length sequences (MLS), for CDMA2000 using MATLAB Simulink. It discusses the properties of MLS, including their use as spreading codes in 2G and 3G standards. The autocorrelation and cross correlation properties of MLS are studied through simulation and verification. Implementation of a 42-stage MLS generator according to the CDMA2000 polynomial is presented.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
This document discusses the advantages of using a computer-based model railroad signaling system over traditional hard-wired logic circuits. Key advantages include low cost, easy expandability through additional interface cards, and great flexibility to modify the system through simple software changes rather than rewiring. Prototypical railroad signaling concepts can be easily modeled through computer programming.
El documento resume la historia e inicio del internet, cómo ha crecido el número de usuarios desde 2000 hasta 2010, los principales usos del internet como el correo electrónico y las redes sociales, y explica brevemente conceptos como HTML, correo electrónico e introduce los tipos de conexión a internet como IDSN y B-IDSN.
O documento lista diferentes opções de comunicação visual para um restaurante, incluindo adesivos para mesas e vidros, painéis de parede ou pilares, e divisores de fluxo para áreas de preparação e serviço de alimentos.
Development of Distributed Mains Monitoring and Switching System for Indus Co...iosrjce
Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron
radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses
to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed
for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It
includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This
work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication
protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and
switching of MCBs from main control room.
The document summarizes Profibus DP (distributed peripheral) and Profibus FMS (Fieldbus message specification). Profibus DP allows multiple masters that each assign slaves, while FMS allows peer-to-peer messaging between masters. Profibus DP uses EIA-485 physical layer and operates at speeds up to 12Mbps for high-speed sensor/actuator data transfer. It provides cyclic and acyclic data services between masters and slaves. Profibus FMS uses the same data link layer as DP and enables messaging between masters.
The document discusses the telecommunication systems used by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). It describes the key components which include fiber optic transmission, public information displays, public address systems, master clocks, CCTV, radio systems, and telephone exchanges. It focuses on the radio communication system, which uses TETRA technology. The radio system allows voice communication between train operators, station controllers in the Operational Control Center, and other staff via mobile and fixed radios installed across the DMRC network.
This document provides an overview of the telephone system used by DMRC. It describes two independent networks - the EPABX network for administrative communication and the direct line network for operational communication between stations and control centers. The core component is the EPABX system, specifically Alcatel OmniPCX 4400, which establishes connections between phones and maintains calls. It also details the different types of phones, cards used in the EPABX, numbering plans, and connectivity between stations.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the first practical telephone in 1876. He conducted the first telephone call between Cambridge and Boston using two miles of wire. In 1915, Bell and his former associate Thomas Watson spoke to each other over 3,400 miles between New York and San Francisco using telephone technology. The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) was originally analog but is now digital, connecting fixed and mobile phones globally through transmission links and switching centers. Telecommunications infrastructure includes telephone lines, fiber optic cables, cellular networks, and satellites to transmit calls worldwide.
IRJET- Intelligent Security and Monitoring System for VehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes an intelligent security and monitoring system for vehicles that uses GPS and GSM technologies. The system detects vehicle accidents using a vibration sensor and sends SMS alerts to authorities to request immediate help. It also tracks the vehicle's location using GPS. The system is implemented using microcontrollers and sensors. When an accident is detected, the vibration readings exceed a threshold and the system takes action by sending SMS messages with the vehicle's location to get help quickly.
Traffic Sign recognition And Auto Indication SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a traffic sign recognition and auto indication system. The system uses an RF transmitter and receiver to automatically detect road signs and display the sign image on a vehicle's dashboard. It also plays an audio message corresponding to the detected sign. When a vehicle comes within range of a traffic sign transmitter, the onboard RF receiver receives the signal and the microcontroller matches it to a database to display the appropriate sign image on the graphic display. It also directs an audio player to output information about the sign via a connected speaker. The goal is to help drivers easily view important traffic signs and follow rules of the road without distraction. The system design uses low-cost, ubiquitous components like a microcontroller, RF modules, graphic LCD,
This presentation deals with the training in Indian Railways.Basically it focus on Siganaling & Telecommunication.It has Basically 3 aspects-
1) how the pesengers are going to interect with Indian railways.
2) how the train are going to occupy speciic track.
3) How the various railway stations all over india are interconnected with each other -"RAILNET"
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
- The HART protocol allows devices to communicate digitally over analog 4-20mA loops, enabling both analog and digital communication over the same wiring.
- It uses frequency-shift keying to superimpose digital signals on top of the analog 4-20mA current without interfering with the analog signal.
- The HART protocol supports point-to-point and multidrop communication and can be used to access device configuration, diagnostics, and process variables.
Protocol converter (uart, i2 c, manchester protocols to usb)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract now a day’s many industries are using different types of protocols to show data on computer. For this purpose different modules are used which increases the hardware complexity and cost. This project (PROTOCOL CONVERTER) is helpful to overcome these problem different types of protocols such as Manchester, UART and I2Cconverted to the USB format which is compatible to the laptops which is the major application .By using different components such as PIC microcontroller 18F452, LCD, Personal computer, Max 232, DB9 connector.
Keywords::USB (universal serial bus)1, UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter2), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit3), Manchester4.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy held in Johor Baharu, Malaysia from December 1-3, 2008. The paper discusses the development of a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) based Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) for distribution automation systems. Specifically, it presents the system architecture, design requirements, RTU specifications, interface with the SCADA system, input/output modules, communication protocols, and results. The SCADA-based RTU was developed to provide fault isolation, monitoring, and control capabilities for low voltage distribution automation.
Serial Communication Interface with Error Detectioniosrjce
UART is used for serial data communication. UART is a piece of computer hardware that translates
between parallel bits of data and serial bits. UART is usually an integrated circuit used for serial
communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Bits have to be moved from one place to
another using wires or some other medium. Over many miles, the expense of the wires becomes large. To reduce
the expense of long communication links carrying several bits in parallel, data bits are sent sequentially. Errors
may occur either internally or externally while we transmit information from source to destination. The errors
generated during the transmission would affect the performance of the overall system. In order to reduce the
errors we should incorporate any error detecting schemes like hamming decoder, check parity systems etc.
Different serial communication devices are available.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on:
- How layer 2 switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating separate collision domains for each switch port. This improves network performance over hub-based networks.
- The two main types of VLAN membership - static VLANs where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic VLANs where VLAN assignments are determined automatically based on device MAC addresses.
- How VLANs simplify network management by allowing logical segmentation of broadcast domains independent of physical port locations, and improve network security by restricting communication between VLANs.
الأجيال المختلفه في شبكات المحمول باللغه العربيه للدكتور عبد الكريم حسين الم...ibrahimnabil17
The document provides a detailed explanation of the four generations of mobile communications including their basic concepts, components, and transmission methods. It discusses the architecture and features of 1G networks like Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT), as well as 2G networks exemplified by the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The document also touches on goals and major networks of 2G and provides an introduction to 3G.
This document summarizes the implementation of pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBS), specifically maximal length sequences (MLS), for CDMA2000 using MATLAB Simulink. It discusses the properties of MLS, including their use as spreading codes in 2G and 3G standards. The autocorrelation and cross correlation properties of MLS are studied through simulation and verification. Implementation of a 42-stage MLS generator according to the CDMA2000 polynomial is presented.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
This document discusses the advantages of using a computer-based model railroad signaling system over traditional hard-wired logic circuits. Key advantages include low cost, easy expandability through additional interface cards, and great flexibility to modify the system through simple software changes rather than rewiring. Prototypical railroad signaling concepts can be easily modeled through computer programming.
El documento resume la historia e inicio del internet, cómo ha crecido el número de usuarios desde 2000 hasta 2010, los principales usos del internet como el correo electrónico y las redes sociales, y explica brevemente conceptos como HTML, correo electrónico e introduce los tipos de conexión a internet como IDSN y B-IDSN.
O documento lista diferentes opções de comunicação visual para um restaurante, incluindo adesivos para mesas e vidros, painéis de parede ou pilares, e divisores de fluxo para áreas de preparação e serviço de alimentos.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Enrique Pérez nació en Cancún en 1995. Sus padres son de Mérida y se divorciaron en 1997, aunque él mantiene una buena relación con ambos. Tiene dos hermanos, Jorge que es 8 años mayor y Antonio que es 10 años menor. Ha asistido a la escuela IAS/CES desde 1999 donde ha tenido una experiencia escolar positiva a lo largo de su educación secundaria.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para crear una unidad de aprendizaje sobre las partes de la computadora usando el programa ExeLearning. Los objetivos son abrir ExeLearning, crear el árbol de contenidos sobre partes de la computadora, y guardar y cerrar el programa. Se guía al usuario paso a paso para crear el árbol de contenidos con tres niveles sobre partes externas, internas y periféricos de entrada y salida, y guardar el archivo como un proyecto terminado.
Este documento presenta preguntas sobre las Cruzadas, incluyendo su objetivo de recuperar Tierra Santa de manos musulmanas, las razones que llevaron a las Cruzadas como respuesta al aumento del poder islámico, y los reinos cristianos que se formaron como resultado antes de que finalmente los musulmanes recuperaran el control de Jerusalén.
Este documento es una plantilla de campo para recolectar información estadística. Contiene encabezados con fecha, hora, lugar y otros detalles. Luego incluye una tabla con 40 filas que recopilan datos demográficos como edad, sexo, estatura, deporte favorito y profesión preferida de las personas encuestadas. Al final hay secciones para observaciones y para que firme el responsable de la encuesta.
El documento anuncia que el secretario del Ayuntamiento de Medina de Pomar está de baja por incapacidad temporal y abre un periodo de cinco días para que cualquier funcionario de administración local interesado pueda manifestar por escrito su interés en ocupar el puesto de forma temporal hasta que el titular regrese. El alcalde firma el anuncio el 20 de enero de 2017.
Maximisez le taux de réponses : le mix-mode, une application concrète de la plate-forme multi-canal Converso
Découvrez comment :
- Augmentez le taux de transformation de vos interviews en multipliant et combinant les canaux de collecte.
- Accroitre votre productivité en capitalisant sur un design unique.
- Acquérir de nouveau marché en proposant une offre innovante.
- Réduire les coûts en rationalisant les dépenses d’infrastructure.
O documento discute conceitos gerais sobre projeto de fábrica e layout, abordando tópicos como melhoria organizacional, projetos de transformação, planejamento estratégico e tático de instalações. Explica o processo de intervenção organizacional, desenvolvimento integrado de produto e processo, e bases do planejamento de instalações.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis of aodv, olsr, grp and dsr routing protocols with databa...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Wireless Technology has an enormous use these days and is still becoming popular from times immemorial. It is at its peak when we
talk about research. This is because of the latest technological demands now days arising from Laptops, Wireless devices such as
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) etc. Because of its fast growing popularity day by day, it has led wireless technology data rates
higher and it has made its price cheaper, which is why wireless Technology is growing so fast. In this paper we have presented some
most commonly used routing protocols in MANET and compared the performance of AODV, OLSR, GRP and DSR routing protocol
by using OPNET simulator 14.5. The performance is evaluated under different parameters like Delay, Load, and Media access delay,
Network Load, Retransmission and Throughput for Database load.
Keywords— MANET, Peak Value, Protocol, Drop value
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study and comparison of olsr, aodv and zrp routing protocols in ad hoc netw...eSAT Journals
Abstract A mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is characterized by multihop wireless connectivity consisting of independent nodes which move dynamically by changing its network connectivity without the uses of any pre-existent infrastructure. MANET offers[1, 2] such flexibility which helps the network to form anywhere, at any time, as long as two or more nodes are connected and communicate with each other either directly when they are in radio range or via intermediate mobile nodes. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks and many routing protocols have been proposed like OLSR, AODV, DSDV,DSR, ZRP, and TORA, LAR so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. This research paper describes the characteristics of ad hoc routing protocols OLSR, AODV and ZRP based on the performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end–to–end delay, throughput and jitter by increasing number of nodes in the network. This comparative study proves that OLSR, ZRP performs well in dense networks in terms of low mobility and low traffic but in high mobility and high traffic environment ZRP performs well than OLSR and AODV. Keywords: MANET, AODV, OLSR, ZRP, routing
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative study of multipath extensions of aodveSAT Journals
Abstract A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a multi-hop wireless network with dynamically changing topology. With the development of MANET technology, various routing protocols have been proposed over the years with minimum control overhead and network resources. AODV is the most popular routing protocol among others. It is a single path, loop free, On-demand type routing protocol and its performance is better than other routing protocols in MANET environment. However, single path abstraction is considered one of the biggest drawbacks of AODV. Also, it has more routing overhead both at the time of route discovery and route repair. In the networks with light traffic and low mobility AODV scales flawlessly to the larger networks with low bandwidth and storage overhead. But in networks with heavy traffic, a big number of routes will break resulting in repeated route discoveries and error reports in the network, which is an overhead. The mobile nodes in MANET have limited resources such as battery power, limited bandwidth which the single path protocols cannot handle efficiently. Thus routing is a vital issue in the design of a MANET. Multipath routing allows the establishment of multiple paths between a single source and single destination node. Researchers have proposed many multipath extensions of AODV protocol to establish reliable communication and ensure better load balancing than the conventional protocol. This paper reviews some multipath extensions of AODV routing protocol and a comparative study is done. There is no frontrunner of the comparison, but there are important inferences for scholars who will design new routing protocols in future. Keywords: MANET, Multipath Extensions, Routing Protocols, AODV, AODV-BR, SMORT, AOMDV and AODVM
QoS Issues in MANET: A Comparative Study over Different Routing Protocolsrahulmonikasharma
MANETs are composed of autonomous nodes that are self-managed without any existing of infrastructure and centralized administration. Therefore, each node operates not only as an end system but also as a router to forward packets for other nodes. For these reasons, the network has a dynamic topology, so nodes can easily join or leave the network at any time. Routing information differentiates these networks from other ad-hoc networks. The study of QoS issues in Mobile Ad-hoc Network is done by simulation in MATLAB that can help in better understanding of the behavior of various routing protocols. This paper is intended to compare QoS parameters of various routing protocols.
Decision making approach to prefer route repair technique in aodv routing pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
MANET is a dynamic environment of mobile nodes and suffers link failure problem i.e. due to node mobility, loss of energy, node failure etc. To overcome the broken link problem, initiated route repair mechanism. The suggested two route repair techniques are used to repair the broken link of the network. Either the routes can be repaired by re-establishing a new route starting from the source node or the routes can be repaired by the node that detects the link break along the path. The mechanism is proposed to prefer route repair techniques on the basis of decision. According to this approach, the different route repair values are defined on the basis of the active path of network and calculate the link break value of the network for finding in which location the link break is occurring to initiate route repair mechanism. For implementation, apply the proposed approach on an AODV routing protocol and check which route repair techniques are used. Simulate the results on the basis of different parameter i.e. sent data packets, received data packets, dropped data packets and energy consumption.
Keywords: MANET, AODV Routing Protocol, Source Repair, Local Repair
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
MANET is
an autonomous system of mobile nodes attached by wireless links. It represents
a complex and
dynamic distributed systems that consist of mobile wireless nodes that can freely self organize into
an ad
-
hoc network topology. The devices in the network may hav
e limited transmission
range therefore multiple
hops may be needed by one node to transfer data to another node in network. This leads to the need f
or an
effective routing protocol. In this paper we study various classifications of routing protocols and
th
eir types
for wireless mobile ad
-
hoc networks like DSDV, GSR, AODV, DSR, ZRP, FSR, CGSR, LAR, and Geocast
Protocols. In this paper we also compare different routing proto
cols on based on a given set of
parameters
Scalability, Latency, Bandwidth, Control
-
ov
erhead, Mobility impact
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
This document summarizes and compares various routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It first describes the characteristics and challenges of MANETs. It then classifies routing protocols for MANETs into three main categories: table-driven (proactive), on-demand (reactive), and hybrid protocols. Examples of protocols from each category are described in detail, including DSDV, AODV, DSR, and ZRP. Key features such as route discovery, table maintenance, and use of proactive and reactive approaches are discussed for each example protocol. Finally, the document compares different protocols based on parameters like scalability, latency, bandwidth overhead, and mobility impact.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Hybrid AODV routing protocol for path establishment in MANETIRJET Journal
This document proposes a hybrid routing protocol for path establishment in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that combines the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol with bio-inspired optimization techniques. The performance of AODV is improved by applying ant colony optimization and bee colony optimization techniques to establish paths from source to destination nodes. The proposed approach then applies cuckoo search algorithm to further optimize path establishment. Simulation results show that the hybrid protocol has lower delay, lower packet loss, and higher throughput compared to basic AODV and an improved version of AODV.
Analyzing the Effect of Varying CBR on AODV, DSR, IERP Routing Protocols in M...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the performance of the AODV, DSR, and IERP routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) with varying constant bit rate (CBR) traffic loads. It conducts simulations in QualNet 6.1 and evaluates the protocols based on average end-to-end delay, throughput, average jitter, and packet delivery ratio under different CBR values. The results show that AODV generally performs best with low and stable delay, jitter and high throughput and delivery ratio. DSR has better performance than IERP for throughput and delivery ratio. IERP shows the worst performance for delay and jitter as CBR increases. The document concludes by stating AODV is best overall but
A comprehensive review on performance of aodv protocol for wormhole attackeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
Enhanced location based self adaptive routing algorithm for wsn in industrial...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative analysis of manet reactive protocolsprj_publication
This document compares two reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) - Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). It provides an overview of MANETs and characteristics of reactive protocols. AODV establishes routes on demand and uses destination sequence numbers to ensure freshness. DSR is similar but uses source routing where the source node specifies the route in packets. The document analyzes the operation of each protocol and compares their advantages and disadvantages, finding that AODV generally outperforms DSR under higher stress conditions while DSR is better under less stressful situations.
A Survey On Hybrid Routing Protocols In MANETSSabrina Ball
This document summarizes a survey on hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by defining MANETs and explaining that hybrid routing protocols combine reactive and proactive routing approaches. It then briefly describes proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols. The body of the document focuses on explaining several examples of hybrid routing protocols in more detail, including Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), and others. It provides overview information on how each protocol combines reactive and proactive routing mechanisms to optimize performance for MANETs.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the performance of three mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols: AODV, DSR, and DSDV. Through network simulations varying the number of nodes and connections, the paper evaluates the routing protocols based on average end-to-end delay, normalized routing load, packet delivery fraction, and throughput. The simulation results show that AODV generally has better performance than DSR and DSDV in terms of lower delay, higher packet delivery, and better throughput, especially as the network size increases. However, DSDV maintains more consistent performance than the reactive protocols as network conditions change.
Performance Comparison of IAODV and OLSR Protocols under Black Hole Attackijsrd.com
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile/semi-mobile nodes with no pre-established infrastructure, forming a temporary network.. MANET is a self organized and self configurable network where the mobile nodes move arbitrarily. The mobile nodes can receive and forward packets as a router. Each of the nodes has a wireless interface and communicates with each other over either radio or infrared. Laptop computers and personal digital assistants that communicate directly with each other are some examples of nodes in an ad-hoc network [4]. Nodes in the adhoc network are often mobile, but can also consist of stationary nodes, such as access points to the Internet. Semi mobile nodes can be used to deploy relay points in areas where relay points might be needed temporarily. Routing is a critical issue in MANET and hence the focus of this thesis along with the performance analysis of routing protocols. We compared two routing protocols i.e. IAODV and OLSR. Our simulation tool will be Network stimulator 2. The performance of these routing protocols is analyzed by three metrics: End to End delay, Packet delivery fraction and throughput.
Similar to Analysis of zone routing protocol in manet (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
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Analysis of zone routing protocol in manet
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ANALYSIS OF ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANET
Sandeep Kaur1
, Supreet Kaur2
1
M.Tech (CSE) Student, Punjabi University Regional Centre for IT & Management Mohali, Punjab, India,
sandeepdeol1_5@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor (CSE), Punjabi University Regional Centre for IT & Management Mohali, Punjab, India,
skaur.gujral@gmail.com
Abstract
MANET is combination of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without any kind of centralized control or any
device or established infrastructure. Therefore MANET routing is a critical task to perform in dynamic network. Without any fixed
infrastructure, wireless mobile nodes dynamically establish the network. Routing Protocols helps to communicate a mobile node
with the other nodes in the network by sending or receiving the packets. This research paper provides the overview of ZRP by
presenting its functionality. The performance of ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is analyzed on the basis of parameters Throughput,
Load, Data Dropped and Delay using simulator OPNET 14.0.
Index Terms: MANET, Routing Protocols, ZRP
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Computer networks were originally developed to connect
number of devices through wires so that the devices can
share some information and data with each other. With the
increase in network sizes, the requirement of inter network
communication was observed which leads to the
development of internet and suit of protocols. It was
necessary to provide network access to the entities which are
not physically attached to any wired network. To enable
this, the wireless networks were developed. Wireless
network is a computer network that utilizes wireless
network connection. There are two categories of wireless
networks [5]:
Infrastructured Network
Infrastructure-less Network.
Infrastructured network contains fixed and wired gateways
whereas infrastructure-less network contains multi hop
wireless nodes and it has no fixed infrastructure. MANET
comes under the second category. MANET [1] [2] is a
temporary wireless network in which no fixed infrastructure
is used. So in MANET, topology changes frequently as
mobile nodes moves independently and changes their links
to the other nodes very quickly. Each mobile node acts a
router and forwards the traffic to the other nodes in the
network. If two mobile nodes are within each other’s
transmission range, they can communicate directly,
otherwise the nodes in between have to forward the packets
for them [4].
A mobile ad hoc network may consist of only two nodes or
hundred nodes or thousand nodes as well. The entire
collection of nodes is interconnected in many different
ways. As shown in Fig-1 there is more than one path from
one node to another node. To forward a data packet from
source to destination, every node in the hope must be willing
to participate in the process of delivering the data packet. A
single file is split it into a number of data packets and then
these data packets are transmitted through the different
paths. At the destination node, all these packets are
combined in sequence to generate the original file. , routers
Fig-1: Mobile Ad hoc Network
2. ROUTING IN MANET
Routing [4] is the process of transferring a packet from
source to its destination. In the routing process, a mobile
node will search for a path or route to communicate with the
other node in the network. Protocols are the set of rules
through which two or more devices communicate with each
other. In MANET, routing tables are used for routing
purpose. Routing tables contain the information of routes to
all the mobile nodes.
The routing protocols in MANET are broadly classified into
three categories [2] [4] [6]:
Proactive or Table Driven Routing Protocols
Reactive or On-Demand Routing Protocols
Hybrid Routing Protocols
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2.1.Proactive or Table Driven Routing Protocols
In Proactive or Table-Driven [8] Routing Protocols, there
are routing tables which contains the information of routes
to all the nodes. Routes are predefined in the routing tables
and the packets are transferred to the routes. As route is
already specified in the table so packet forwarding is faster
and as the routes have to be defined first before transferring
the packets so overhead is more. All routes are maintained at
all the times so latency is low. Some highly used proactive
routing protocols are Destination Sequenced Distance
Vector (DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR),
Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP).
2.2.Reactive or On-demand Routing Protocols
In Reactive or On-Demand [1] [15] Routing Protocols,
routes are not predefined. For packet transmission, a source
node calls for route discovery phase to determine the route.
The route discovery mechanism is based on flooding
algorithm which employs on technique that a node just
broadcasts the packet to all its neighbours and intermediate
nodes forwards the packets to their neighbours [4].
Overhead is smaller in reactive protocols but latency is
higher. Some reactive protocols are Dynamic Source
Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
(AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA).
2.3.Hybrid Routing Protocols
Hybrid Protocols [6] [7] are the combination of both i.e.
Table-Driven and On-Demand protocols. These protocols
take the advantage of best features of both the above
mentioned protocols. These protocols exploit the
hierarchical network architecture and allow the nodes with
close proximity to work together to form some sort of
backbone, thus increasing scalability and reducing route
discovery [3]. Nodes within a particular geographical area
are said to be within the routing zone of the given node. For
routing within this zone, Proactive i.e. table-driven approach
is used. For nodes that are located outside this zone,
Reactive i.e. an on demand approach is used. So in Hybrid
Routing Protocols, the route is established with proactive
routes and uses reactive flooding for new mobile nodes [2].
In Hybrid Routing protocols, some of the characteristics of
proactive and some of the characteristics of reactive
protocols are combined, by maintaining intra-zone
information proactively and inter-zone information
reactively, into one to get better solution for mobile ad hoc
networks [3].
3. OVERVIEW OF ZRP
The Zone Routing Protocol was the first Hybrid routing
protocol [9] [11]. It was proposed to reduce the control
overhead of Proactive routing protocol and to decrease the
latency of Reactive routing protocol. It is suitable for the
networks with large span and diverse mobility patterns. For
each node a routing zone is defined separately. Within the
routing zone, routes are available immediately but for
outside the zone, ZRP employs route discovery procedure.
For each node, a separate routing zone is defined. The
routing zones of neighboring nodes overlap with each
other’s zone. Each routing zone has a radius ρ expressed in
hops [9]. The zone includes the nodes whose distance from
the source node is at most ρ hops.
In Fig-2, routing zone of radius 2 hops for node A is shown.
Routing zone includes nodes all the nodes except node L,
because it lies outside the routing zone node A. The routing
zone is not defined as physical distance, it is defined in
hops. There are two types of nodes for a routing zone in
ZRP [9]:
Peripheral Nodes
Interior Nodes
The nodes whose minimum distance to central node is
exactly equal to the zone radius ρ are Peripheral Nodes
while the nodes whose minimum distance is less than the
zone radius ρ are Interior Nodes. In Fig. 2, Peripheral nodes
are E, F, G, K, M and Interior Nodes are B, C, D, H, I, J.
The node L is outside the routing zone of node A.
Fig-2: Routing Zone of Node A with Radius ρ=2 hop
Fig-3: Architecture of ZRP [10]
The source node sends a route request to the peripheral
nodes of its zone. Route request contains source address, the
destination address and a unique sequence number. Each
peripheral node checks its local zone for the destination. If
the destination is not a member of this local zone, the
peripheral node adds its own address to the route request
packet and forwards the packet to its own peripheral nodes.
If the destination is a member of its local zone, it sends a
route reply on the reverse path back to the source. The
source node uses the path saved in the route reply packet to
send data packets to the destination. By adjusting the
transmission power of nodes, numbers of nodes in the
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routing zone can be regulated. Lowering the power reduces
the number of nodes within direct reach and vice versa [10].
ZRP uses both the strategies i.e. Proactive and Reactive
routing. Within a routing zone, Proactive strategy is used.
Between the routing zones, Reactive strategy is used. ZRP
refers to locally proactive routing component as IntrA-zone
Routing Protocol (IARP). The globally reactive routing
component is named as IntEr-zone Routing Protocol [9]. Its
architecture is shown in Fig-3. IARP maintains routing
information of the nodes which are within the routing zone
of a node. Route discovery and route maintenance is offered
by IERP. When global discovery is needed, if the topology
of local zone is known, it can be used to reduce the traffic.
Instead of broadcasting a packet, ZRP uses the concept of
Bordercasting [10]. Bordercasting packet service delivery is
provided by the Bordercasting Resolution Protocol (BRP).
The BRP [11] uses a map of an extended routing zone,
provided by the local IARP, to construct Bordercast trees
along which query packets are directed. The BRP uses very
special query control mechanisms to steer route request
away from areas of the network that have already covered
by the query [11].
3.1. Route Discovery Process
The discover process of ZRP operates as follows [10] [12]:
The source node first checks whether the
destination is within its zone. If so, destination
node is known and no further route discovery
process is required.
If the destination is not within the routing zone of
source, the source node bordercast a route request
to its peripheral nodes.
The peripheral nodes checks whether the
destination node is within their node or not. If so, a
route reply is sent back to the source node
indicating the route to the destination.
If the destination node is not available in the
routing zones of peripheral nodes, route requests
are forwarded to their peripheral nodes.
The route discovery process is shown in the Fig-4.
3.2.Route Maintenance
Route maintenance is important in ad hoc networks, in
which links are broken and established as nodes moves
relatively to each other with limited radio coverage. Route
discovery or route repair must be performed if the route
broken or fails. Until the new route is available, packets are
dropped or delayed. [9]
In ZRP, the knowledge of the local topology can be used for
route maintenance. Link failures and sub-optimal route
segments within one zone can be bypassed. Incoming
packets can be directed around the broken link through an
active multi-hop path. The topology can be used to shorten
the routes, for example, when two nodes have moved within
each other’s radio coverage. For routed packets, a relaying
node can determine the closet route to the destination that is
also a neighbour. [9]
Fig-4: Flowchart of Route Discovery Process
4. SIMULATION SETUP
4.1 Simulation Scenario
Fig-5: Simulation Scenario with 20 nodes
To analyse the performance of ZRP OPNET 14.0 simulator
is used. Three different scenarios are created with varying
number of mobile nodes. The three scenarios contain 20, 40
and 60 mobile nodes respectively. The pause time and
traffic load are kept constant under all the scenarios.
Simulation parameters used for the implementation of ZRP
are listed in the Table 1.
4.2 Performance Metrics
Throughput [2]: Throughput is the average rate of successful
data packets received at the destination [2]. It is the measure
of how fast we can actually send the packets through the
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network. It is measured in bits per second (bits/sec or bps)
or data packets per second.
Load [6]: Load in the wireless LAN is the number of
packets sent to the network greater than the capacity of the
network. When the load is less than the capacity of the
network, the delay in packets is minimum. The delay
increases when the load reaches the network capacity.
Data Dropped: Data dropped is the count of number of bits
per second which are dropped during the travelling of
signals from source to destination. Data can be dropped due
to unavailability of access to medium.
Delay [7]: The packet end-to-end delay refers to the time
taken for a packet to be transmitted across the network from
source to destination. In other words, it is the time a data
packet is received by the destination minus the time a data
packet is generated by the source. It is measured in seconds.
End. Lost packets due to delay have a negative effect on
received quality.
Table-1: Simulation Parameters
5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Throughput: It is observed from the Fig-6 that with 20
nodes the throughput of ZRP is about 20000 bits per second
till 1 minute and 40 seconds after that its value increases to
1,20,000 bits per second. With 40 and 60 nodes it gives zero
throughput till 1 minute and 40 second. After that the
throughput of ZRP is gradually increasing and fluctuating.
Maximum value of throughput of 10,000,000 is observed at
3 minute with 60 nodes.
Fig-6: Throughput of ZRP
Load: From Fig-7 it is observed that load of ZRP is 0 bits
per second till 1 minute and 40 seconds for 20, 40 and 60
nodes. Minimum load is observed with 20 nodes. With 40
and 60 nodes, a high load is observed. Load with 40 and 60
nodes is almost the same. Maximum load of 66,00,000 bits
per second is observed with 60 nodes at 4 minute.
Fig-7: Load of ZRP
Data Dropped: It is observed from the Fig-8 no data is
dropped till 1 minute and 40 seconds. Afterwards data is
dropped till the end of the simulation. Low data is dropped
with 20 nodes. With 40 and 60 nodes the data dropped rate
is almost same. Its value is fluctuates between 3,000,000
Parameters Values
Simulator OPNET 14.0
Protocol
Examined
ZRP
Simulation Time 300 seconds
Simulation Area 1000m×1000m
Pause Time 10 sec
Buffer Size (bits) 256000
Data Rate (bps) 11 Mbps
Mobility Model Random way
point
Mobile Nodes 20, 40, 60
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bits per second to 58,000,000 bits per second for 40 and 60
nodes. Maximum data dropped rate about 57,000,000 bits
per second is observed at 4 minute.
Fig-8: Data Dropped
Delay: From Fig-9, it is observed that delay of ZRP is high
with 60 nodes. Average delay is observed with 40 nodes and
minimum delay is observed with 20 nodes. High delay of 19
sec is observed with 60 nodes.
Fig-9: Delay
CONCLUSIONS
From the results it is concluded that with the increase in
number of mobile nodes, ZRP gives high throughput. Load
increases with the increase in nodes. With 20 nodes, it gives
minimum load but as the nodes increases, a high load is
observed. With high load, the delay is also high. Data
dropped also increases with the increase in number of nodes.
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