CBSE: GRADE 5 SOIL EROSION & SOIL CONSERVATION
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Explains in detail about the reason for soil erosion and the methods involved in conserving the soil.
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The soil
Soil is the layer of loose material on Earth's land surface and is made up of particles of rock, air, water, and humus. Soil is organized into layers with topsoil at the surface containing the most humus and nutrients for plant growth, subsoil below it containing some humus and rock particles, and bedrock forming the bottom layer underneath. Soil types vary depending on the amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles in them, with loam being an ideal mixture supporting plant growth.
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Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering causes no chemical change and includes temperature fluctuations, frost action, root growth, and abrasion by water and wind. Chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals and includes dissolution by water and acids, oxidation, and hydrolysis. The rate of weathering depends on factors like composition, cracks/holes, climate, topography, air pollution, and exposure time. Both mechanical and chemical weathering work together to slowly break down rocks over very long periods of time.
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The soil
Soil is the layer of loose material on Earth's land surface and is made up of particles of rock, air, water, and humus. Soil is organized into layers with topsoil at the surface containing the most humus and nutrients for plant growth, subsoil below it containing some humus and rock particles, and bedrock forming the bottom layer underneath. Soil types vary depending on the amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles in them, with loam being an ideal mixture supporting plant growth.
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Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering causes no chemical change and includes temperature fluctuations, frost action, root growth, and abrasion by water and wind. Chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals and includes dissolution by water and acids, oxidation, and hydrolysis. The rate of weathering depends on factors like composition, cracks/holes, climate, topography, air pollution, and exposure time. Both mechanical and chemical weathering work together to slowly break down rocks over very long periods of time.
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The document discusses air, water, weather, and seasons. It explains that air contains oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Water exists in three forms - liquid, solid (ice) and gas (water vapor) and goes through the water cycle of evaporation and condensation. Weather is defined as the daily conditions like temperature, wind and precipitation. Weather changes with the seasons - summer is hottest, winter coldest, and monsoon brings rain.
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Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil from a region by forces of wind, water, or human activities. It can occur naturally through weathering or be accelerated by human activities like farming. Factors that contribute to soil erosion include wind, rain, improper farming techniques, deforestation, flooding, and human development that removes vegetation. This can turn fertile regions into deserts and cause problems like famines, landslides, and flash floods by reducing the soil's ability to absorb water. Methods to prevent soil erosion include afforestation, crop rotation, terrace farming, providing drainage canals, and planting trees/grass along with river embankments.
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Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water, as well as human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, monoculture farming, and removing windbreaks. This accelerated erosion decreases soil fertility and crop production. Several methods can limit soil erosion, including terracing to hold soil and water, contour ploughing across slopes, planting shelter belts to protect soil, using strip farming to minimize bare soil, and installing stone lines along contours to reduce runoff.
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Soil is a complex mixture that forms on the Earth's surface and supports plant life. It is composed of minerals, water, air, and organic matter from decaying plants and animals. There are different types of soil including sand, clay, silt, and loam that vary in composition and formation. Soil is vital for agriculture as plants receive nutrients through their roots, and is also used in construction, pottery, medicine, beauty products, and other applications. Proper care and prevention of pollution and erosion is needed to protect this important natural resource.
Parts of the plants and their functions
The document discusses the main parts and functions of plants. It explains that most plants have three main parts: roots, stems, and leaves. The roots hold the plant in the soil and absorb water and minerals. The stem carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves, supports the plant, and can be thick like a tree trunk, thin like a bush, or soft like grass. The leaves make food for the plant using sunlight, air, and water. Flowers are the reproductive part where seeds form, and fruit protects the seeds so new plants can grow.
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- Key weather elements that are described include air temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud formation, and rainfall. Instruments for measuring these such as thermometers, anemometers, wind vanes, rain gauges, and barometers are also outlined.
- The Beaufort scale for describing wind speed is mentioned, as are terms for describing cloud coverage such as clear, partly cloudy, and overcast.
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1) Soil is formed from two main components - tiny pieces of weathered rock and humus, which is composed of decomposed dead plants and animals.
2) Rocks are weathered into smaller pieces through natural forces like water, wind, freezing and thawing. Over long periods of time, these break rocks down from boulders into soil.
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- Impacts of erosion include decreased soil quality and crop yields, increased production costs, water pollution, and flooding due to sedimentation. Eroded soil may deposit downstream and damage habitats.
- About 38% of the world's cropland is degraded and 15% of total land area has been degraded by human activities like poor farming practices, accelerating the loss of fertile topsoil.
Chapter 6 Section 3 (Revised)
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is worsened by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To prevent erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to minimize disturbance and keep the soil covered. On slopes, terracing creates level areas to reduce runoff. Exposed soil from activities can be controlled through spraying water or containing eroded soil until the land is reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
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- 3. Plants grow using nutrients in the soil and grow and make food. Animals live in the soil. Products from soil is used to build homes. Importance of Soil
- 4. By breaking down of rocks into small pieces- WEATHERING It is caused by animals, plants rain, flowing water, wind and weather changes. How is soil formed?
- 5. Moving water carries rocks break into smaller pebbles. How is soil formed?
- 7. Fast flowing rivers in hilly areas cause SOIL EROSION. Rivers carry more and more soil as they flow down. Erosion by water
- 8. xcc Erosion by wind Strong winds cause top soil to be blown away. Soil settles down when the wind speed is slow. Greatest in dry regions- Desert
- 9. Roots of plants hold soil particles – reduce erosion. Erosion by Human activities
- 11. Humans have cleared forests to build farms, cities, factories and roads. Bare land can cause soil erosion. Ploughing leaves the soil loose.
- 12. Cattle exposes soil by removing the plant cover.
- 13. After a crop is harvested and before the next crop is sown, the soil
- 17. Planting more trees and plants can reduce soil erosion.
- 18. Growing hedges or trees along the edges of farmland as WINDBREAKERS.
- 19. Along the slopes of hills, farming is done by cutting steps in the slopes.
- 20. Strong embankments of rocks and soil (BUNDS)built along the banks.